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MINERAL SPRINGS 



HEALTH RESORTS OF CALIFORNIA 



COMPLETE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS 



EVERY IMPORTANT MINERAL WATER 
IN THE WORLD 



LLUSTRATED 



A PRIZE ESSAY 

Annual Prize of the Medical Society of the State of California, 
Awarded April 20, 1889 

BY 

WINSLOW ANDERSON, M. D., M. R. C. P. Lond,, M. R. C. S. Eng., etc. 

Joint Editor and Publisher of the PACIFIC MEDICAL JOURNAL 

Asst. Chair Medical Chemistry and Materia Medica, and Teacher of Chemistry in the Laboratories 

of the University of California in the Medical and Dental Departments. 

Member International Medical Congress; Member Congress of Hygiene and Demography. 

Member of the American Medical Association, and of the Medical Society of the State of California. 

Member of the San Francisco County Medical Society, and of the College of Pharmacy and of 

Pharmaceutical Society. 

Secretary and Member of Alumni Association of Medical Department of Universit\' of California. 

Member of the Board of Medical Examiners for the State of California. 

Member of the National Educational Association. 

Analytical Chemist to the Coroner of the city of San Francisco. 

Author of 

"Desiccated Human Remains;" "Adulterations in Food Products;" "Western Mummies;" 

"Mortality in Diphtheria;" "Morphio-Mania," Etc., Etc. 

SAN FRANCISCO 

THE BANCROFT COMPANY 

1892 



o'\ 



*$.\ 6 



c> 



Kntered according to Act of Congress in the year 1890, bjr 

WINSI,OW ANDERSON, M. D. 
In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 



By transfer 

SEP 18 1§15 






R 



TO THE 

Acuity 

OF THE 

MEDICAL DEPARTMENT 

OF THE 

Wttit»£r$itg of California 

THIS LITTLE VOLUME IS RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED 
AS A SINCERE, THOUGH INADEQUATE, TOKEN OF ESTEEM FOR THEIR EMINENCE AS 

cTeacliers ano professional 

GENTLEMEN, AND AS AN ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF GRATITUDE FOR 

THEIR FRIENDSHIP DURING MY EARLY PROFESSIONAL 

CAREER, BY THEIR FRIEND 









The author desires to acknowledge his obligations to 
the following authorities : 



Homer, Puny, Tacitus 

Prof. Wm. Ireland, Jr. 

Prof. Edw. Everett Hale 

Prof. W. F. McNutt 

Prof. Wood 

Prof. Hatch 

Dr. McCall Anderson 

Prof. Lavoisier 

Dr. Rabateau 

Prof. Flint 

Dr. Tasse 

Dr. Sadtler 

Prof. Vupian 

Dr. Sigismund Sutro 

Mr. E. McD. Johnstone 

Maj. Ben C. Truman 

And many daily, weekly 



Prof. Ee Conte 
Prof. J. D. Whitney 
Prof. H. G. Hanks 
U. S. Dispenasory, 1880 
Prof. Bartholow 
Dr. Bennett 
Dr. Roberts 
Prof. Seguin 
Prof. Da Costa 
Dr. Sappey 
Dr. Scharling 
Dr. Pokrowsky 
Dr. Moreau 
Dr. Brunton 
Dr. Beinswanger 
Mr. Edward E. Eitel 
Dr. Walton 
and monthly journals. 




^P&T^*> -, 






THK GOLDEN W^ST 



CALIFORNIA 






The old Pacific harshly calls to Mendocino's shore, 
But sighs at Santa Barbara's feet his love-song evermore; 
The giant redwoods greeting send to orange, fig and lime, 
And Siskiyou holds out a cup for wine of Anaheim. 

Proud Shasta's snow-crowned head looks out to St. Helena's base, 
Where Napa's vine-wrouth glory smiles in fair Sonoma's face, 
Mt. Hamilton reads reverently the mysteries of the skies, 
Where San Jose's wide valley-sweep in fruited richness lies. 

Across the San Joaquin's broad reach of vines and waving wheat 
The old Sierras pour their gold to San Diego's feet; 
And northern pine and southern palm woo sea-winds from the west, 
While over all a spirit broods of romance and unrest. 

The rose entwines the orange tree, the sea-winds rock the pines, 
And wheat sheaves lift their golden heads amid the clustering vines; 
The latest glow of sunset still unfolds them evermore, 
While strength and beauty stand hand-clasped upon the Western 

[shore. 



Carrie Stevens Walter. 



PREFACE 

Several years ago while visiting some of the prominent mineral 
springs and health resorts in this State the author satisfied himself 
that California possessed as valuable mineral springs as could be found 
anywhere in the world, and all that is needed to make them as service- 
able in the restoration and maintenance of health as their famous sister 
springs in the East and in Europe is their further development, their 
chemical analysis, and the scientific administration and application 
of their waters. 

In Europe Balneotherapy and the scientific internal administration 
of mineral waters have been investigated for centuries, and have proved 
of great benefit in the alleviation and eradication of many of the most 
chronic and almost intractable diseases, such as — The many chronic 
articular disorders, rheumatism, rheumatic arthritis, synovitis, gout, 
indigestion, dyspepsia, torpidity of the liver, and intestinal tract, 
glandular enlargement, renal affections, Bright's disease, etc., irrita- 
tion and inflammation in the bladder, brickdust deposit, calculus or 
stone in the bladder, diabetes, blood glandular diseases, scrofulous, 
syphilitic and cutaneous contaminations, etc., etc. 

Having obtained analyses of every European and American 
spring of any note, the author commenced the task of analyzing the 
California waters and comparing the results. For several years he has 
been carying on his investigations, making a great many original analy- 
ses and several supplementary ones, and he presents in the following 
pages the results of his labors. 

It will be observed by referring to the analytical tables that the 
California waters compare favorably with those of the European and 
Eastern States, in fact many of them are almost identical in composi- 
tion. 

The springs of California have been alphabetically arranged, 
with a sketch of their surroundings, route of travel, etc., to facilitate 
ready reference. The analyses of the foreign and several of our local 
springs have been obtained from every available source that w T as 
authentic, and with each analysis has been appended the analyst's 
name whenever obtainable. 

IX 



PRE FA CE— Continued 

The article containing the mineral springs proper was read 
before the Medical Society of the State of California, April 20, 1889 
and awarded the annual prize of the Society. 

Short articles on the ancient uses of mineral springs, their classi- 
fication and theory of origin, with the therapeutics or medicinal uses 
of the different waters have been added. 

The medicinal virtues of the mineral waters and Moor baths 
have been dilated upon, for it is believed that they are among the most 
efficient auxiliaries in the treatment of these chronic disorders, pro- 
viding the baths are properly and intelligently used. 

The work contains the names of over two hundred California 
springs, with about one hundred analyses, and two hundred analyses of 
all the famous springs in America and abroad. 

Short sketches have been introduced on the fertility and natural 
productions of California ; its historical account ; climate ; comparative 
thermometric tables; rainfall, etc., from which it will be seen that our 
golden shores on the Pacific compare favorably with all the most noted 
health resorts, whether they be found in the Old or in the New World. 

Should the author succeed in directing attention to our fountains 
of health and to their scientific utilization in the treatment of disease, 
he feels certain of their beneficial effects, and should any of the springs 
through his efforts prove a boon to suffering humanity, as an auxiliary 
remedy, an adjuvant to regular scientific medicine, then shall his 
labors have been amply repaid. 



WINSIXW ANDERSON, 

829 Broadway, San Francisco, Cal. 



March, 1890. 



TABLE OK CONTENTS 



PAGE 

Authorities referred to iv 

Preface ix 

Table of Illustrations xiii 

Index to Springs xv 

General and Therapeutical Index xix 

Introductory , xxix 

Origin of Mineral Springs 3 

" Thermal Springs 5 

" Cold Springs , 9 

Medicinal Uses of the various Mineral Waters 12 

Therapeutic Action of Mineral Waters on the Human Economy 19 

Classification of Mineral Waters 21 to 38 

The Bath— its origin and use .38 to 43 

Classification of Baths 43 

Temperature in Bathing 45 

The Skin in Bathing 45 

Natural Mineral Water Baths 48 

Effects of Mineral Water Bathing 51 

How to Bathe , 53 

Temperatures 56 

Duration 57 

Treatment after Bathing 59 

Frequency of Bathing.» , 60 

Minor Ablutions 62 

Sitz Bath 62 

Douche 62 

Uterine Douche 63 

Spinal Douche 64 

Moor or Mud Bathing in Disease 64 

Gas or Vapor Bathing.... 65 



Mineral Springs and Health Resorts of California with complete Anal- 
ysis, Route of Travel, etc., etc., Alphabetically Arranged 68 to 270 

Noted Mineral Springs of Oregon 271 

" " " Western States 272-281 

" " " Southern and Southwestern States 282-290 

XI 



TABLE OF CONTENTS- Continued 

PAGE 

Noted Mineral Springs of Virginia 291-302 

" " " Pennsylvania 303-305 

u " New York 305-316 

•• u " New England States 317-318 

Canada 319-320 

" " " Europe 321-340 

Analyses of Dead Sea — Ocean, etc 340-342 



Origin of the Name California 343 

Historical Sketch of the Discovery and early Occupation of California 348 

Early Mission Fathers 356 

Franciscan Friars 359 

Sketch of Climate of California 368 

Rainfall 374 

Temperatures 375 

Comparative Climatic Tables of all the Noted Health Resorts in the World 377 
Comparative Tables of Mortality in the different Large Cities and Countries 

of the World 382 

A Trip to California and Pen Sketch by Bayard Taylor 384 



xn 



ILLUSTRATIONS 

The Golden West Frontispiece 

General Views of Yosemite Valley 2 

California Palms 8 

Nevada Falls — Bridal Vail Falls — Vernal Falls — Cascade Falls. . 10 

Scene in the Sierras 18 

Lake in the Sierras 27 

Yosemite Falls 35 

Tahoe Scenery 39 

Mirror Lake 43 

Cap of Liberty 49 

Bridal Vail Falls 61 

The Sentinel 63 

Ocean Sculpture near Santa Rosa 67 

Palm Valley 72 

Clear Lake and Uncle Sam 81 

Anderson Springs 83 

Sierra Scene 96 

Byron Springs 103, 105, 107, 109, and 113 

Scene in Petrified Forest, near Calistoga 117 

Hotel del Coronado 121 

Paso Robles 1 24 and 126 

Mt. Shasta 134 

The Geysers. 137, 139, and 141 

Gilroy Springs 157 

Susie Lake 159 

Yosemite Scene 1 60 

Glen Alpine Falls 161 

Harbin Springs •_ * • ■ 165 

Highland Springs 169 and 170 

Klamath Hot Springs 184 

Lake Tahoe (map) 185 

Tahoe City 186 

Litton Springs 189 

Nevada Falls 196 



ILLUSTRA TIONS— Continued 

Gems of the Sierras 197 

Napa Soda Springs 201 

Pagoda Spring 205 

Lick Observatory 212 

Palm Valley 215 

Paraiso Hot Springs 218 

Falls near San Bernardino 226 

San Marcos Hotel and Grounds at Santa Barbara 229 

Santa Ysabel, YsabelLake and Surroundings 232, 235, 236, 238 and 240 

Remains of Prehistoric Dam 242 

Clear Lake 247 

Lake Tahoe 252 

Doolan's Ukiah Vichy Springs 258 

Gas Well at Kelseyville 267 

Old Mission, Los Angeles 348 

Church and Study near Del Monte 353 

Old Mission Church at Santa Barbara 357 

Mission San Miguel 361 

Santa Cruz Beach. 363 

Monterey Baths 365 

Hotel Del Monte (Bird's-eye View) 367 

Typical Southern California 370 

Pacific Grove 372 

Views of Oakland 376 

Cliff House, San Francisco 381 

Monster Grapevine at Santa Barbara 383 



INDEX TO SPRINGS 

CALIFORNIA SPRINGS 



SPRINGS COUNTY PAGE 

Adams Lake 68 

^Btna Napa 69 

Aguas Calientes San Diego 72 

Agua Caliente Kern 73 

Agua de Vida 74 

Alabaster Cave El Dorado 76 

Alameda Warm Alameda 76 

Alder Glen Sonoma 76 

Alkali Mono 76 

Alkaline Lakes Modoc 76 

Alkaline Lakes Lake 76 

Allen Lake 76 

Alum Rock Santa Clara 78 

Anderson Mineral Lake 82 

Antifat San Bernardino 89 

Arrowhead, Hot San Bernardino 89 

Arroyo Grande....... San Luis Obispo 90 

Azule Santa Clara 91 

Bartlett Lake 91 

Bear Valley San Bernardino 94 

Benton Hot Mono 95 

Berkeley Soda Placer 95 

Big Hot Lassen 95 

Big Sulphur 96 

Bitter San Bernardino 96 

Black Lake Mono 97 

Black Sulphur 97 

Blank's Hot Sulphur Colusa 97 

Blodgett's Santa Clara 97 

Boiling Lakes Plumas 99 

Boiling Springs Inyo 99 

Boiling Sulphur Mono 99 

Bonanza Hot ...Lake 100 

Borax Pond Lake 101 

Borax Flat San Bernardino 101 

Borax Marsh San Bernardino 101 

Borax Patch San Bernardino 101 

Borax Springs Lake 101 



Boyd's Hot Modoc 102 

Branbeck's Lassen 102 

Byron Contra Costa 103 

Cal. Seltzer Mendocino 114 

Calistoga Napa 114 

Cameta Warm 116 

Campbell's Hot Sierra 116 

Campo's Chalybeate 116 

Carbonated Siskiyou 118 

Carnelian or Lake Tahoe Placer 118 

Casa Diablo Mono 118 

Castalian Inyo 118 

Castle Rock Shasta 119 

Chalybeate Mineral Tehama 119 

Chalybeate Shasta 119 

Coal Valley Modoc 119 

Cold Soda Lake Plumas 120 

Cold Soda Springs Tuolumne 120 

Cook's Colusa 120 

Coronado San Diego 121 

Corral de Luz San Diego 122 

Crystal Napa 122 

Crystal San Mateo 122 

CuyanaHot Santa Barbara 123 

Desert or Cave Kern 123 

Doolan's Ukiah Vichy 257 

Dos Palmas San Diego 248 

Dr. Soupan's Hot Plumas 123 

Ems and JEtna compared 72 

Elsinore San Diego 133 

Eureka... Humboldt 133 

Fairmount Sonoma 135 

Felt's Mineral Humboldt 135 

Fresno Hot Fresno 135 

Frey's Soda, bet. Shasta and Siskiyou 135 

Fulton Wells Los Angeles 136 

Geysers Mono 155 

Geysers Plumas 155 



INDEX TO SPRINGS 



SPRINGS COUNTY PAGE 

Geysers Sonoma 136 

Geysers Spa or Soda Sonoma 155 

Geysers in Long Valley Mono 155 

Gilroy Hot Santa Clara 156 

Glen Alpine Mineral El Dorado 158 

Gordon's Mineral Lake 163 

Harbin Lake 166 

HatchinHama Lake 168 

Hensley's Soda Tehama 168 

Hibb's Soda bhasta 169 

Highland Lake 169 

High Rock -...Lassen 176 

Hood's 176 

HotBorate Lake 176 

Hot Borax 177 

Hot Mild 177 

Hot 177 

Hot Soda Plumas 177 

Hough's Mineral Lake 180 

Howard Lake 180 

Inflammable Natural Gas 181 

Iodine Lake 183 

Iron Springs 183 

Kellogg's Napa 187 

Klamath Hot Siskiyou 183 

Lake Tahoe or Carnelian Hot Springs 185 

Lane's Mineral Calaveras 187 

Las Cruces Hot Santa Barbara 187 

Lick Tehama 188 

Little Geyser Sonoma 188 

Little Yosemite Soda Tulare 188 

Litton Seltzer Sonoma 188 

Lower Soda Shasta 191 

Madrone 191 

Magnetic Santa Cruz 192 

Mark West Sonoma 192 

Matilija Hot Ventura 193 

McCarthy's Shasta 194 

Mills Lake 194 

Mineral 193 

Mineral ..Los Angeles 194 

Mineral Siskiyou 194 

Mineral Calaveras 194 

Mission San Jose Alameda 195 

Mono Basin Warm Mono 195 

Mono Lake Mono 196 

Montecito Hot Santa Barbara 199 

Mountain Glen Santa Barbara 200 

Mud Lassen 200 

Mud Tehama 200 

Napa Soda Napa 201 



SPRINGS COUNTY PAGE 

Newsom's Arroyo Grande 207 

New Almaden Santa Clara 208 

Nicholas Santa Cruz 209 

Ojai Hot Sulphur Ventura 210 

Owen's Lake Inyo 211 

Pacific Congress Santa Clara 213 

Paert's Hot Mono 217 

Paraiso Hot Monterey 217 

Paso de Robles S an Luis Obispo 123 

Pearson's Lake 220 

Petroleum 221 

Piedmont Alameda 222 

Piru Ventura 222 

Rubicon Soda Placer 222 

Salt Lake Mono 225 

Salt 225 

Salt Wells San Bernardino 225 

San Bernardino Hot, San Bernardino 225 
San Juan Capistrano,San Bernardino 227 

San Juan Hot 228 

San Marcos Sulphur, Santa Barbara 228 

San Rafael Marin 228 

Santa Barbara Hot Santa Barbara 228 

Santa Rosa White Sonoma 231 

Santa Ysabel San Luis Obispo 233 

Saratoga Mineral Lake 242 

Saratoga Inyo 242 

Seigler's...... Lake .43 

Shafer's Hot Lassen 243 

Shasta Soda Siskiyou 244 

Simmon's Hot Colusa 244 

Skaggs'.- Sonoma 244 

Soda Bay 245 

Soda Lake San Bernardino 246 

Soda Pond Mono 246 

Soda Shasta 246 

Steamboat Plumas 248 

Stewart's Hot ....Modoc 248 

Sulphur Inyo 248 

Summit Soda Placer 250 

Tassajara Monterey 253 

Temescal San Diego 253 

Thermal Acid Inyo 254 

Thermal Plumas 255 

Tolenas Solano 255 

Tule River Soda Tulare 256 

Tuscan or Lick Tehama 256 

Ukiah Vichy Mendocino 257 

Upper Soda Siskiyou 260 

Vallejo Sulphur Solano 260 

Volcanic Inyo 261 



INDEX TO SPRINGS 



XV] I 



SPRINGS COUNTY PAGE 

Volcanic San Diego 261 

Warm Inyo 262 

Warm Kern 261 

Warm Sulphur. Kern 262 

Warm Lassen 262 

Warm Modoc 261 

Warm San Bernardino 262 

Warner's Ranch San Diego 262 

Waterman's San Bernardino 263 



SPRINGS COUNTY PAGE 

White Sulphur Amador 264 

White Sulphur Inyo 264 

White Sulphur Napa 263 

White Sulphur Sonoma 264 

White Sulphur Tehama 264 

Wilbur Colusa 265 

Witter's Mineral Lake 265 

Young's Natural Gas Well 266 

Zem Zem Lake 269 



OTHER SPRINGS— DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN 



LOCALITY 



Adirondack New York 305 

Aix-le-Bains France 321 

Aix-la-Chapelle Rhenish Prussia 321 

Albany Artesian Well New York 306 

Alburgh Springs Vermont 317 

Alpena Wells Michigan 272 

Alleghany Spring Virginia 291 

Apollinaris Prussia 322 

Arkansas Hot Springs Arkansas 282 

Auburn Springs New York 306 

Augusta Springs Virginia 291 

Avon Springs New York 306 

Baden-Baden Germany 322 

Bagnere-de-Bigorre France 322 

Bagnere-de-Luchon France 323 

Ballston Spa New York 307 

Bareges France 323 

Bath Alum Spring Virginia 292 

Bath England 323 

Bedford Alum Springs Virginia 293 

Bedford Springs Pennsylvania 303 

Beer Springs Oregon 271 

Berkeley Springs Virginia 293 

Bethesda Springs Wisconsin 272 

Bilin Bohemia 324 

Birchdale Springs. ..New Hampshire 317 

Bladen Springs Alabama 283 

Blount Springs Alabama 284 

Blue Ridge Springs Virginia 293 

Blue Lick Springs Kentucky 284 

Bourbonne . France 324 

Brighton England 324 

Buffalo Springs Virginia 293 

Butterworth Springs Michigan 272 

Canadian Mineral Springs. ..Canada 319 

Caledonia Springs Canada 319 

Capon Springs Virginia 294 



SPRINGS LOCALITY PAGE 

Carlsbad Bohemia 325 

Catusa Springs Georgia 285 

Caxton Springs Canada 320 

Charleston Artesian Well S. C. 285 

Cheltenham ...England 326 

Cherry Valley New York 308 

Chittenango Springs New York 309 

Church Hill Alum Springs. ..Virginia 295 

Clarendon Springs Vermont 317 

Clifton Springs New York 309 

Columbia Springs New York 308 

Contrexville France 326 

Cooper's Well Mississippi 286 

Crab Orchard Springs Kentucky 287 

Cresson Springs Pennsylvania 303 

Des Chutes Hot Springs Oregon 271 

Eaton Rapids Michigan 273 

EmsontheLahn Germany 327 

Estill Springs Kentucky 287 

European Mineral Springs 321 

Fachingen Germany 327 

Faye»te Springs Pennsylvania 304 

Florida Spring New York 310 

French Lick Indiana 274 

Friedrichshall Germany 327 

Fruit Fort Well Michigan 274 

Gastein Austria 328 

Geilman Germany 32S 

Gettysburg Spring Pennsylvania 304 

Gieshiibel Bohemia 828 

Green Spring...... Ohio 274 

Green Castle Spring Indiana 275 

Greenbrier White Sulphur Sp'g..Va. 295 

Hall Austria 329 

Harrodsburg Springs Kentucky 283 

Harrow-gate England 329 

Healing Springs Virginia 296 



INDEX TO SPRINGS 



Highgate Springs Vermont 318 

Holston Springs Virginia 297 

Holywell Wales 330 

Homburg . Germany 330 

Hot Springs Virginia 296 

Hubbardston Well Michigan 275 

Idaho Hot Springs Colorado 275 

Indian Springs... Indiana 276 

Jordan Alum Springs Virginia 297 

Jordan White Sulphur Springs. ..Va. 298 

Kimberling Springs Virginia 298 

Kissingen . Bavaria 331 

Kreuznach Prussia 331 

Lafayette Springs Indiana 276 

Lansing Well Michigan 276 

Lebanon Springs New York 310 

Leslie Well Michigan 277 

Leuk Switzerland 331 

Lodi Artesian Well Indiana 277 

Longmuir's Well New York 310 

Luber Springs Maine 318 

Luhalschowitz Moravia 332 

Manitou Spring „ Colorado 277 

Marienbad Bohemia 332 

Meinberg Germany 332 

Messena Springs New York 311 

Midland Well Michigan 278 

Minnequa Spring Pennsylvania 305 

Montvale Springs Tennessee 288 

Nauheim .....Germany 333 

Neundorf Germany 333 

Neuenahr Prussia 333 

Newbury Spring Vermont 318 

New England Mineral Springs 317 

New London Alum Springs Va. 298 

New York Mineral Springs 305 

Oak Orchard Spring ..New York 311 

Obersalzbrunn .....Silesia 334 

Ocean Springs Mississippi 288 

Old Stout Springs ..............Virginia 299 

Olympian Springs .Kentucky 289 

Oregon Mineral Springs........ 271 

Orkney Springs .............Virginia 299 

Owosso Spring ...Michigan 278 

Paroquet Springs. ............Kentucky 289 

Pennsylvania Mineral Springs 303 

Perry Springs ........Illinois 278 

Plombieres...., France 334 



SPRINGS LOCALITY PAGR 

Puellna Bohemia 334 

Pyrmont Germany 335 

Rawley Springs..... Virginia 300 

Red Sulphur Springs Virginia 300 

Richfield Springs New York 31 1 

Rock Enon Springs Virginia 30O 

Rockbridge Alum Springs... Virginia 301 

Salt Lake Hot Springs Utah 278 

Salt Lake Mineral Springs Utah 279 

Salt Sulphur Springs ....W. Virginia 301 

Sandwich Springs Canada 320 

Saratoga Springs New York 313 

Schlangerbad...... Germany 335 

Schuyler Spring..... Illinois 280 

Schwalbach Germany 335 

Seidlitz Bohemia 336 

Selters Germany 336 

Sharon Springs... New York 312 

Spa Belgium 336 

Southern and Southwestern Mineral 

Springs 282 

Sparta Artesian Well Wisconsin 279 

Spring Lake Well Michigan 280 

St. Louis Artesian Well Missouri 289 

St. Louis Spring Michigan 280 

St. Moritz... Switzerland 337 

Sweet Chalybeate Springs.. .Virginia 302 

Tceplitz. Bohemia 337 

Tunbridge England 337 

Vals France 338 

Variety Springs Virginia 302 

Versaille Spring..... Illinois 281 

Vichy Germany 338 

Victoriaquelle Prussia 338 

Virginia Mineral Springs 291 

Warm Springs. Georgia 290 

Warm Springs ......... North Carolina 290 

Warm Springs... Virginia 302 

Weilbach Germany 339 

West Baden Springs Indiana 281 

Western States Mineral Springs 272 

Wiesbaden..... Germany 340 

Wildbad. .... Wiirtemberg 339 

Wildungen Germany 339 

Wilhoits Soda Springs Oregon 271 

Yellow Springs Ohio 281 

Yellow Sulphur Springs Virginia 302 



GENERAL AND THERAPEUTICAL INDEX 



Abdominal Plethora, chlorinated waters in 32 

" sulphureted " ... 37 

Absorption by the skin 47 

Acids in atonic dyspepsia 21 

11 biliary or cystic calculi 22 

" lead poisoning 22 

" night sweats 22 

" oxaluria 22 

" pyrosis 22 

" serous diarrhoea, congestion of the liver, biliousness, jaundice, cirrhosis, 

hepatitis 22 

Acid secretions, alkalo-carbonated waters in „ ... 2& 

11 mineral springs 21 

Acidity of the urine and gastric secretions, flatulency, etc., alkalo-carbonated 

waters in 23 

" magnesian waters in , 36 

Adams Springs 68 

Adams Springs in chronic dyspepsia, portal conjestion, rheumatism, Bright's dis- 
ease, metritis 69 

^tna 69 

^Etna Springs in renal affections, rheumatism, neuralgia, dyspepsia, torpidity of 

the bowels, hepatic and uterine engorgements..... 70 

Age of the bath 38 

Aguas Calientes 72 

Aguas Calientes in rheumatism, syphilis, strumous affections, renal and hepatic 

engorgement 73 

Agua de Vida 74 

Agua de Vida in dyspepsia, cystitis, congestion of the kidneys, anaemia, malarial 

toxaemia, chlorosis and rheumatism 75 

Alkaline Mineral waters 22 

Alkalo-Carbonated waters , 23 

11 in atonic dyspepsia 23 

" acid secretions, fever, rheumatism, gout, chronic 

arthrites, congestion of the kidneys and bladder 23 

" vesicle catarrh 24 

" metritis, leucorrhoea and sterility 24 

" gout 24 

" rheumatism 24 

" diabetes. 24 

" difficult menstruation 24 

" obesity 25 

" rheumatism and gout 25 

" acidity of gastric secretions, flatulency, etc 23 



xx GENERAL AND THERAPEUTICAL INDEX 

Alkalo-Chalybeate waters in anaemia, lithaemia, gravel and sand 26 

Alum Rock , 78 

Alum waters in hemorrhages 26 

Allen 77 

Allen Springs in hepatic and renal affections, dropsy, dyspepsia, chronic constipa- 
tion $ malarial disorders 77 

Anaemia chalybeate waters in 31 

" alkalo-chalybeate waters in 26 

Aneurism, iodine waters in 33 

Annual temperature 373 

Arsenical Mineral Springs 26 

" waters in menorrhagia and functional impotence 28 

" " dyspepsia, gastric catarrh, dysentery, jaundice, chlorosis, 

malarial toxaemia, cutaneous diseases, scrofula and syphilis 26 

Articular affections 38 

Arrowhead Hot Springs in rheumatism and syphilis 90 

Asthma, iodine waters in 33 

" bromine waters in 29 

Atonic dyspepsia, acids in 21 

" alkalo-carbonated waters in 23 

Azule 90 

Azule Springs in dyspepsia, torpidity of the liver and intestinal tract, Bright's dis- 
ease and acidity of the urine 91 

Balneotherapeutics « = 45 

Bartlett 91 

Bartlett Springs in malarial, rheumatic and uterine diseases 93 

Bath 38 

Bathing at night '. 55 

" before breakfast not advisable 54 

' ' abstracts vitality 51 

" during the crusades 42 

11 as a religious rite 40 

Baths of Antonius 42 

" in Palestine 39 

' ' among the Egyptians 39 

" " American Aborigines 42 

Bear Valley Hot Springs in kidney and bladder affections 95 

Benefit to be derived from springs „ 13 

" of the bath to the nervous system 53 

Benton Hot Springs in rheumatism, gravel, etc 95 

Biliousness, acids in 22 

Biliary calculi, carbonated waters in 30 

Bladder irritation 163 

Blodgett's 98 

Blodgett's Springs in dyspepsia, catarrh of the stomach, constipation, kidney and 

bladder diseas es 98 

Blood Glandular diseases 168 

Borax Mineral Springs 28 

Borax in Commerce 28 

Borax waters in clergyman's sore throat 28 

' ' catamenial disorders, cystic and nephretic calculi 28 



GENERAL AND THERAPEUTICAL INDEX xxi 

Bright's Disease 69, 91, 191, 205 

" carbonated waters in 30 

" traced to imperfect cutaneous functions 48 

•' sulphureted waters in 37 

Brines 340, 341 

Bronchitis vapor baths for ' 66 

" Iodine waters in 33 

" bromine waters in 29 

Bromine waters in rheumatism, gout, blood-glandular diseases, obesity, mercurial 

poisoning, insomnia, bronchitis and asthma 29 

" waters in scrofula, syphilis 29 

" and Bromine Springs 28 

Byron 103 

Byron Springs in dyspepsia, chronic hepatic diseases, obstruction to the gall ducts, 
torpidity of the bowels, Bright's disease, its action on the mucous mem- 
branes of the throat and lungs, stomach, liver intestinal tract... 107 

Catamenial disorders, borax waters in 29 

Calcareous water in rickets and softening of the bones 29 

California— Poem — Carrie Stevens Walters vii 

11 " Bret Harte 343 

Callie L. Bonney 3 

" Bayard Taylor 384 

California Seltzer 114 

Cal. Seltzer in dyspepsia, constipation, acid conditions of the urine, cystitis 114 

Calistoga 115 

Calistoga Mineral Springs in rheumatism, cutaneous diseases, scrofula and con- 
stitutional taints 115 

Carbonated Mineral Springs 29 

waters in nausea, gastric irritation 30 

" dyspepsia 30 

11 " vesicle calculi 30 

" " Bright's disease 30 

Carbonic Acid Gas 20 

Carnelian 118 

Carnelian Mineral Springs in cutaneous affections 186 

or Lake Tahoe Springs in rheumatism, gout, liver, kidney, chronic 

constipation, and cutaneous affections 186 

Casa Diablo Hot Springs 118 

Castalian 118 

Castle Rock Springs in rheumatism 119 

Catarrh, iodine waters in 33 

" vapor baths for Q6 

Chemical action a cause of heat 6 

Chalybeate waters in anaemia 31 

or ferruginous waters 31 

Chlorosis, arsenical waters in 26 

Chronic arthritis, alkalo-carbonated waters in 23 

" malarial poisoning, iodine waters in 33 

" metritis, magnesian waters in 32 

" malarial fever, sulphureted waters in 37 

" eczema, magnesian waters in 36 



xxn GENERAL AND THERAPEUTICAL INDEX 

Chronic catarrh of the mucous membranes, chlorinated waters in 32 

Cirrhosis, acids in 22 

Classification of Baths ,.., 43 

Clergyman's Sore Throat, borax waters in 28 

Climate of California 368 

Coast winds 369 

Colic, magnesian waters in 34 

Comparative temperature table 377 

Congestion of the liver, sulphureted waters in 37 

" acids in 22 

" kidneys and bladder alkalo-carbonated waters in. 23 

Coronado 121 

Cook's Springs in liver and bowel complaints 120 

Cutaneous affections arsenical waters in 26 

Cystic disorders and nephretic calculi, borax waters in 28 

Death rate 382 

Decay of Roman Baths..... . 40 

Deep baths not necessary 58 

Deficient digestion, ferruginous waters in 32 

Diarrhoea, ferruginous waters in 32 

Diabetes, alkalo-carbonated waters in 24 

Difficult menstruation, alkalo-carbonated waters in 24 

Dr. Moorman on mineral waters 19 

Duration of the bath 57 

Dyspepsia a ..69, 70, 77, 91, 98, 107, 114, 163, 172, 205, 269 

" carbonated waters in 30 

" arsenical " 26 

Dysentery, arsenical " 26 

magnesian " 34 

Effect of bathing on the skin 46 

Elimination by the skin 46 

Engorgement of the liver, magnesian waters in 34 

of pelvic viscera, sulphureted waters 37 

Enlarged spleen, sulphureted waters in 37 

Enlargement of the body during the bath 50 

Eureka .133 

Fever, alkalo-carbonated waters in 23 

Ferruginous waters in hepatic engorgement, hemorrhoidal affections, diarrhoea, 

strumous diseases, albuminuria, etc 31 

Ferruginous waters in hysteria, paludal cachexia, leucocythemic exophthalmic 
goitre, anaemia, chlorosis, fluor albus, scrofula, rickets, passive hemorrhages, 
deficient digestion, neuralgia, malarial fever, wasting diseases of the repro- 
ductive organs, etc • 31 

Flatulency, magnesian waters in 34 

Fluor albus, ferruginous waters in 31 

Franciscan Friars $59 

Frequency of bathing 60 

Function of red blood corpuscles . 31 

Gastric irritation, iodine waters in 33 

" catarrh, arsenical waters in 26 



GENERAL AND THERAPEUTICAL INDEX xxm 

Geology of the Coast Range 9 

Geyser Spa 136 

Gilroy 156 

Gilroy Hot Springs in syphilis, rheumatism, scrofula and glandular swellings, 

chronic skin diseases 158 

Glandular diseases, bromine waters in 28 

Glen Alpine Springs in dyspepsia, torpidity of the bowels and kidney and bladder 

irritation 163 

Goitre, iodine waters in 33 

Gordon's 163 

Gordon's Mineral Springs in chronic bronchitis, catarrh, asthma and early stages 

of consu mption 163 

Gout, alkalo-carbonated waters in 24 

" bromine waters in 28 

" sulphureted waters in *. 37 

" chlorinated " , 33 

Great Salt Lake, comparative analysis of, with Dead Sea and Atlantic Ocean 342 

Harbin 164 

Harbin Springs in congestion of the liver, torpidity of the bowels, rheumatism 

and cutaneous affections 168 

Hemorrhages alum waters in 26 

Hemorrhoidal affections, ferruginous waters in 32 

Hemorrhoids, magnesian waters in 34 

" sulphureted " 37 

Hepatic disorders, acids in 22 

Hibb's Soda Springs in kidney and bladder troubles 169 

Highland's Springs in dyspepsia, neuralgia, kidney and bladder troubles, calculi, 

gout and skin diseases 172 

Historical sketch of the discovery and early occupation of California 348 

Homer, on the bath 40 

How to bathe 53 

Hot baths should never be used by persons subject to heart disease 57 

Hot Sitz Bath 62 

Hough's Mineral Springs in cutaneous and rheumatic troubles 180 

Hysteria, ferruginous waters in , , 32 

Hydropaths 45 

Increased pulse dangerous when heart disease exists 52 

Indiscriminate use of medical waters 13 

Individual needs of each bather 56 

Inflammation, magnesium waters in 34 

Intelligent use of the bath 49 

Internal tumefaction, iodine waters in 33 

Iodine Springs in consumption, glandular swellings, skin diseases 184 

Iodine waters in glandular enlargements 33 

" gastric irritation and acute inflammation 33 

" chronic malarial poisoning, goitre, tumors, syphilis, bronchitis, 
catarrh, asthma, pleurisy, rheumatism, gout, Bright's 

disease, internal tumefaction and aneurism 33 

Iodine Mineral Springs 33 

Insomnia, bromine waters in 29 

Islam, on the bath 40 



xxiv GENERAL AND THERAPEUTICAL INDEX 

Jaundice, acids in 22 

" arsenical waters in 26 

Kinds of Bath 43 

Klamath Hot Springs in liver and kidney, rheumatism, gout and joint affections... 184 

Lane's Springs in constipation, dyspepsia, chronic malarial poisoning, liver and 

kidney complaints 187 

Lead poisoning, acids in 22 

Leucocythemic exopthalmic goitre, etc., ferruginous waters in 32 

Leucorrncea, alkalo-carbonaced waters in 51 

Lithagmia, alkalo-chalybeate waters in 24 

Lithontriptic, value of alkalo-carbonated waters 23 

Litton 188 

Lower Soda Springs in gravel, cystitis, nephritis, albuminuria 191 

Madrone Mineral Springs in syphilis, rheumatism, skin diseases 191 

Magnesian waters 34 

" in painter's palsy, mercurial poisoning 34 

" in inflammation, renal and cardiac anarca 34 

" " in dysentery, sick headache, flatulency, colic, acidity, engorge- 

ment of the liver, sub-involution, chronic metritis and 

hemorrhoids 36 

" in obesity 36 

" for pendulous abdomen chronic eczema 36 

Malarial fever, ferruginous waters in 31 

" " arsenical waters in 26 

Matilija Hot Springs in syphilitic contaminations, strumous and skin diseases, 

rheumatism 193 

Mean temperature tables.... 373 to 380 

Medicinal uses of the various mineral waters 12 

Medical advice in connection with the bath 48 

Menorrhagia and functional impotence, arsenical waters in 24 

Mercurial poisoning, magnesian waters in 34 

" " bromine " 28 

Metritis alkalo-carbonated waters in 24 

" sulphureted waters in 37 

Meteorological tables 373 to 3S0 

Minor ablutions 62 

Mission Fathers 356 

Modern Oriental Baths 41 

Modus Operandi of the Turkish bath 45 

Mono Basin 191 

" Lake 196 

Mosaic Law 39 

Mud or Moor Bath 64 



Napa Sod 



203 

Napa Soda Springs, in Bright's disease, cystitis and dyspepsia 205 

Natural Mineral Water Bath 48 

Nausea, carbonated waters in - 30 

Never bathe either immediately before or after a meal 58 

Neuralgia, ferruginous waters in 31 

Newsom's Arroyo Grande 207 



GENERAL AND THERAPEUTICAL INDEX xxv 

Newsotn's Arroyo Grande in old chronic rheumatism, gout, catarrhal affections of 

the bladder and bowels, skin diseases, uterine troubles 208 

New Almaden Vichy.. ,...209 

New Almaden Springs in gastric and hepatic disorders, renal affections, gout 208 

Nicholas 209 

Night Sweats, acids in 22 

Noticeable phenomena of the Bath 47 

Oak Orchard Spring, Genesee Co., New York 21 and 311 

Obesity, bromine waters in 28 

" alkalo-caroonated waters in 25 

" magnesian waters in 36 

Ocean currents , 369 

Ojai Hot Sulphur Spring in stiff joints, rheumatism, gout, skin diseases 210 

Origin of the name of California 343 

" mineral springs 3 

Owen's Lake...... 211 

Pacific Congress 213 

Painter's palsy, magnesian waters in 34 

Paraiso Springs in rheumatism, skin diseases, constipation, dyspepsia 220 

Passage of water through mineral strata 4 

Passive hemorrhages, ferruginous waters in 31 

Paludal cachexia, ferruginous waters in.. 31 

Pendulous abdomen, magnesian " 36 

Phthisis, vapor baths for 66 

Pleurisy, iodine waters in 33 

Pores of the skin 46 

Power of, the skin to absorb foreign matters , 47 

Pulse increases by Hot Baths 51 

Pyrosis, acids in 21 

Rainy season 373 

Rainfall tables 375 

Regime at foreign spas ... 14 

Renal and cardiac anarca, magnesian waters in 34 

Rheumatism 69, 70, 73, 75, 90, 115, 119, 158, 168, 180, 186, 187, 191, 193, 

208, 210, 220, 259, 269. 

sulphureted waters in 37 

iodine " 33 

chlorinated " 32 

" bromine " 28 

" alkalo-carbonated " 23 and 25 

Rickets, ferruginous waters in 31 

" and softening of the bones, calcaiious waters in 29 

Roman Baths 40 

Rules for bathing .>» 53 

Russian Baths 42 

Rushing medical treatment..... 13 

Sand, alkalo-chalybeate waters in 26 

Santa Barbara 233 

Santa Isabel 230 



xxvi GENERAL AND THERAPEUTICAL INDEX 

Santa Isabel Spring in consumption, chronic bronchitis, asthma, catarrh, affec- 
tions of the nose-pharynx 241 

Scrofula ferruginous waters in 31 

" chlorinated " 32 

" iodine " 33 

" bromine " 28 

" and syphilis, arsenical waters in 26 

Seigler's Springs in lung, liver and rheumatism 243 

Seltzer Springs 114 

Sensation upon entering the bath 49 

Serous diarrhoea, acids in 22 

Shafers'Hot 243 

Sick headache, magnesian waters in 36 

Silicious Mineral waters 36 

Skaggs' 254 

Skin diseases, vapor baths for 66 

Slow baths 59 

Soothing baths 56 

Spinal Bath 64 

Sterility, alkalo-carbonated waters in 24 

Stimulants to be after the bath 59 

Stimulating baths 58 

Strumous diseases, ferruginous waters in 31 

affections, sulphureted " 37 

Sub-involution, magnesian waters in 34 

Subterranean heat causes of. 6 

Sulphur 250 

Sulphureted waters in rheumatism, gout, congestion of the liver, abdominal 
plethora, chronic malarial fever, enlarged spleen, engorgements of pelvic 
viscera, metritis, hemorrhoids, uterine tumors, syphilis, strumous affec- 
tions, Bright's diseases,tuberculosis 37 

Summit Soda , 250 

Syphilis, bromine waters in 28 

" sulphureted " 37 

Temperature of the bath 56 

in bathing 45 

11 of Mud Baths 65 

The skin 46 

Therapeutics of chlorinated or muriated waters 32 

" " iodine waters 33 

" action of mineral waters 19 

" arsenical mineral springs 26 

" " alkaline waters 23 

" acid waters 21 

" thermal springs 38 

" sulphureted waters 37 

11 magnesian waters 34 

" chalybeate or ferruginous waters 31 

" " bromine springs 28 

" borax springs 28 



GENERAL AND THERAPEUTICAL INDEX xxvu 

Thermal Springs 38 

" acid springs 21 

"' springs in articular affections. 38 

The Bath 38 

The Douche 62 

The effect of mineral water bathing on the circulation and respiration 51 

To promote perspiration after the bath 59 

Through Lake County — Poem — Carrie Stevens Walter 80 

Tolenas , 255 

Torpidity of the kidneys 163 

" bowels , 70 and 163 

" " liver and intestinal tract 76 

Total effect of suppressed elimination 48 

Transpiration 46 

Treatment after the bath 59 

Tuberculosis, sulphureted waters in. . , 37 

Tumors, iodine waters in... 33 

Ukiah Vichy Springs in gout, rheumatism, joint diseases, dyspepsia, renal calculi, 

chronic renal and cystic disorders 259 

Uniform temperature 371 

Upper Soda Springs 260 

Use of flesh-brush after the bath 59 

Uterine tumors, sulphureted waters in 37 

" douche 63 

Vapor baths for catarrh, bronchitis, phthisis and skin diseases 66 

" baths 44 

" and Gas baths 65 

Vegetable baths 45 

Velocity of winds 371 

Vesical calculi, carbonated waters in ,., 30 

" catarrh, alkalo-carbonated waters in 23 

Volcanic Mineral 261 

Warm Spring near Owen's Lake...... 262 

Wasting diseases of the reproductive organs, etc., ferruginous waters in 31 

Water as a diluent 19 

" " solvent 9 

Wilbur 265 

Witter 's Mineral Springs in liver and kidney diseases and bowel disorders 266 

Witter's Mineral 268 

Young's Gas Well 266 

Young's Natural Gas Well in kidney and liver complaints 269 

Zem Zem Springs for dyspepsia, rheumatism, kidney and liver diseases 269 



" There is a beautiful valley afar in the west, 
Where orange and fig trees are grown, 
Where dawnlight like Eden is flooding its breast, 
And the spirit of peace is ever its guest, 
Where storm and discord are unknown. 

" And the stars shine down on that glen in the west 
When the light of the daytime has flown ; 
They mirror their gleam in the river's clear breast, 
While the night zephyrs whisper each blossom to rest 
la the tenderest of loverlike tone." 



INTRODUCTORY 

Mineral Springs 



JJU 




ROM TIME IMMEMORIAL MINERAL WATERS 
have been highly valued as medicinal agents. The 
earliest Greek and Roman physicians admitted and 
advocated their efficacy in the treatment of many 
diseases, as may be seen from the writings of Hip- 
pocrates, Aristotle and Herodotus. Temples were 
erected in close proximity to mineral springs and 
dedicated to their healing god, ^Esculapius. The 
ancients had recourse to the sulphurous thermal 
springs of Tiberias (now Tabareah), which are also 
extensively used at the present day by patients from all parts of Syria, 
for the healing of painful tumors, rheumatism and skin diseases. 
Josephus mentions the thermal baths of Calirrhoe, near the Dead 
Sea, made famous by Herod, who used them during his sickness. 

The Egyptians, Arabians and Mohammedans have used mineral 
waters for the healing of the sick from a very early period down to the 
present time. Homer frequently speaks of bathing and using the nat- 
ural waters in the preparation of the sacrifice, in the reception of 
oracles and the holy marriages. Pliny, in his natural history, mentions 
a large number of mineral and thermal springs in different parts of 
Europe and speaks highly of their curative properties. For five cen- 
turies mineral waters were almost the only medicines emplo)^ed in Rome, 
and the aquas calientes have been in active use for drinking and bathing 
purposes for over two thousand years. The hot springs from which 
was derived the name Thermopylae, immortalized by the heroic Spar- 
tans, have also been used for over twenty centuries for the alleviation 
of human sufferings. The popularity of these living health-giving 



xxx INT ROD UCTOR Y 

fountains has not decreased with the modern discoveries of medical 
science, but, on the contrary, mineral waters have become more useful 
and their application more extended, inasmuch as they have been 
reduced to scientific exactness in their mode of administration. During 
these two thousand years, and particularly during the last five hundred 
years, it has been fully demonstrated that the greatest beneficial results 
obtainable at these springs, for the various maladies to which they are 
applicable, have accrued from the scientific use of the waters and the 
exhibition of judicious internal medication at the same time, together 
with an adoption of the carefully prepared regime observed at the dif- 
ferent spas, or mineral watering-places. Many of the ablest physicians 
of our day show their confidence in this plan of treating many of the 
intractable or chronic diseases, not only by going to the springs them- 
selves when they fall victims to these disorders, as well as sending 
many of their patients to them, but by the fact that qualified European 
professors have been appointed to take charge of the mineral springs 
and chairs have been instituted in the medical colleges and universities, 
which these professors fill, by which means Balneotherapy and the use 
of mineral waters have become recognized branches of medical educa- 
tion. Students and medical men are taught the virtues of mineral 
waters and the practical results obtained through centuries of research 
at the springs in many of the German, French, Italian and English 
universities at the present day. 

In America, and particularly in California, we cannot boast of 
twenty or even five centuries of continuous use of any of our mineral 
or thermal springs ; but with this exception our mineral waters on the 
Atlantic Coast, in the Mississippi Valley and on the Pacific Coast can 
truthfully be said to be as valuable as, and in many cases, as may be seen 
from the analyses, almost identical with, the famous spas of Europe. 

In California we have over two hundred cold and hot mineral 
springs, ranging from the cool, delicious, effervescent soda and spark- 
ling vichy to the ferruginous, saline, alkaline and sulphurous wells, ever 
ready and overflowing, to be utilized for the healing of the ' ' many ills 
to which the flesh is heir." 

When our California springs become more generally known, and 
their similarity to the famous European spas is better understood, our 
invalids may not find it necessary to undertake the long, tedious, 
expensive, and in many instances hazardous journey, when they can 
find right here in California, at their very doors, as it were, almost the 
identical waters, with all the conveniences and luxurious accommoda- 
dations found abroad, and with the additions of a variety of food 
products and a pure, dry and balmy atmosphere, and an invigorating 
and stimulating climate unequaled in any other country in the world. 




GENERAL VIEW OP YOSEMITK VAI.I.K\ 



MINERAL SPRINGS 

AND 

Health Resorts of California 



Beyond the Rockies' grand expanse 

Land of eternal Summer smiles ; 
Stern Winter's rude and hoary King 

Retreats before her magic wiles, 
And when in olden days agone 

He came snow-laden from afar, 
And scattered crystals in his train, 

And touched with frost each gleaming star, 
Until he came where Summer dwells — 

What plea she made I do not know, 
But this the King was vanquished here, 

And on the mountains left his snow. 

Callie L. Bonney. 

Origin of Mineral Springs. 

The chemical and physical phenomena of natural 
waters have been long and carefully studied by the ablest 
chemists and physicists of the times. Yet the phenomena 
are so complex and varied, that many problems connected 
with this subject still await investigation. The subject is 
such an extensive and intricate one that we shall content 
ourselves with giving a brief explanation of a few of the 
more important topics. 

In a general way a mineral spring may be defined as 
one yielding water impregnated to a greater or less extent 
with substances rendering it suitable for medicinal pur- 
poses. The quantity and the kind of these dissolved sub- 
stances vary greatly in different springs. To find the 



4 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

cause of this variance we must look to different circum- 
stances, such as the strata passed through by the water, and 
the temperature and pressure at which it exerted its solvent 
action upon the various mineral ingredients. 

Water may almost be said to be the universal solvent. 
Careful experiments show that water is capable of dissolving 
minute quantities of those minerals most difficult of solu- 
tion ; even glass is soluble to an appreciable extent, as 
careful experiment proves. Absolutely pure water is never 
found in nature ; even the rain from the pure skies, the 
purest water known, contains small amounts of dissolved 
oxygen, nitrogen, carbonic acid gas, ammonia, and nitrous 
compounds, besides small quantities of solid matter, organic 
and inorganic, previously suspended in the atmosphere as 
dust. 



Formation of Mineral Springs. 

A large proportion of the water that falls on the earth 
runs off in the streams and rivers ; the rest sinks into the 
ground, percolating through porous places and crevices 
wherever it can find a way, finally reappearing at the sur- 
face in the form of springs. As water passes through the 
soil it comes in contact with decaying vegetable matter, 
which takes from it part of its oxygen, and gives up to it 
small quantities of organic acids and carbonic acid. Such 
acids, especially carbonic, increase very greatly the solvent 
powers of water, enabling it to attack slowly, but still 
effectually, otherwise practically indecomposible and insol- 
uble substances. The carbonates of calcium and magnesium 
are readily dissolved ; even silica and refractory silicates 
are slowly acted on, and their elements carried off in the 
water. Thus from the decomposition of igneous and meta- 
morphic rocks, waters derive all the soluble compounds of 
their constituent minerals. Waters passing through sedi- 
mentary strata dissolve out many previously deposited salts. 
It is from such sources that salt springs derive their salt. 



FORMATION OF MINERAL SPRINGS 5 

In volcanic regions, where secondary volcanic agencies 
are still at work, large quanties of free carbonie acid gas are 
often given off beneath, the surface — its formation being in 
most cases probably due to the action of hot silicious solu- 
tions upon limestone, or other carbonates. Water coming 
in contact with this gas rapidly absorbs it, the amount vary- 
ing in proportion to the pressure and inversely as the tem- 
perature. Thus at 6o° F. and a pressure of one atmosphere 
(about 15 pounds to the square inch) water absorbs its own 
volume of the C0 2 gas ; at 32°F. and the same pressure, 
nearly two volumes. And the amount absorbed is increased 
directly as the pressure, so that at ten or twenty atmos- 
pheres (at 6o°), ten or twenty volumes of gas may be taken 
up ; and with this increase in the gas absorbed, there is also 
an increase in the amounts of carbonates of lime, magnesia, 
iron and other salts dissolved. 

When the excess of gas escapes, on the water standing 
long exposed to the air, the excess of salts is also deposited. 
In carbonated springs we often find large amounts of min- 
erals deposited in beautiful and fantastic forms. In rare 
cases waters, especially in volcanic regions, contain free 
acids, sulphuric, hydrochloric, or nitric. Such waters, of 
course, exert a most powerful solvent chemical action upon 
minerals, and usually soon find bases to combine with the 
acids. 

Thermal Waters. 

Water in its subterranean courses, sometimes from 
various causes, becomes heated to a very high temperature ; 
often, if at considerable depths, where it is under pressure, 
to a point far above 21 2° F., the ordinary boiling point of 
water. Heated or superheated waters exert a powerful 
chemical action, being capable of dissolving many times 
more solid matter than when cold. When such water cools, 
the ingredients, which are held in solution by heat alone, 
are usually deposited. Such deposits may be seen at the 
mouths of geysers and are often quite beautiful. 



6 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

Stalactites, curious and grotesque figures hanging like 
pendants from the roofs of caves, and stalagmites, from their 
drippings on the floors of caves, are formed in the same way 
from cold water charged with carbonate of lime. 

Causes of Subterranean Heat. 

There are three causes principally effective in raising 
the temperature of the water of thermal or hot springs. 
These are (i), Secondary volcanic action ; (2) Chemical 
action ; and (3) The interior heat of the earth. 

Volcanic Action. 

By far the greatest number of hot springs are located 
either in regions of active volcanic action or in regions 
where, although active eruptions have not occurred for hun- 
dreds or even thousands of years, the evidences of former 
eruptions, such as old craters and beds of volcanic rocks, 
may still be seen. In such regions feeble secondary phe- 
nomena, such as geysers, fumaroles and hot springs, linger 
on for ages to attest to the slumbering fires within. Water, 
percolating through the crevices of the slowly cooling 
rocks beneath the surface, is often heated to a very high 
temperature. The interesting phenomenon of hot and cold 
springs existing side by side is common in such regions. 
The waters of such springs have evidently come from dif- 
ferent strata of the rocks or from different depths where 
temperatures are different. (See cold springs.) 

Chemical Action. 

Another source of heat of certain mineral springs is 
chemical action. It is well known that while some chemical 
reactions have the effect of producing cold, there are many 
that produce great quantities of heat. There are many 
such that may take place in mineral waters, For instance 
sulphur maybe oxidized to sulphur dioxide (SO, S0 2 ) . thereby 



CHEMICAL ACTION 7 

producing considerable heat ; this substance dissolves in 
water, forming sulphurous acid (H 2 S0 3 ) which is capable of 
still further oxidation and the formation of sulphuric acid, 
(H 2 S0 4 ) heat being again produced. And sulphuric acid, 
if it comes in contact with suitable substances, limestone 
for instance, or other carbonates, acts upon them with still 
further liberation of heat, forming sulphates. 

Competent authorities estimate that under favorable 
circumstances and in waters highly charged with certain 
substances chemical action may raise the temperature of 
water as high as even 21 2° F. But it is usually not a pre- 
dominant cause of the heat of thermal springs, but only a 
subordinate one, often operating in conjunction with other 
causes, especially in volcanic regions. 

Heat of the Earth. 

Occasionally warm and hot springs are found in 
regions free from evidences of volcanic action. Where the 
elevation of temperature is not due to chemical action we 
must look to another cause, the universal interior heat of 
the earth. In the boring of artesian wells it has been dem- 
onstrated that in non-volcanic regions there is a rise in 
temperature of i° F. for about every fifty-five feet of 
descent. Thus a spring having a temperature of 120 
issuing in a locality where the mean temperature is 50 
should have come from a depth of about 3,850 feet. But 
such estimates are not always reliable, as in many places, 
even where there are no signs of volcanic activity, the rise 
in temperature is more rapid than that mentioned, owing, 
probably, to the inequalities of the earth's crust. 

As so many of the mineral springs of California are 
found in the Coast Range, it may be interesting to compare 
their geological history with that of the Sierra Nevada 

Note. — Warm and hot springs frequently become cool for a considerable 
period, varying from a few days to several weeks. Recently this phenomenon 
has been observed in the hot springs of Salt Lake City, Utah. These springs 
have temperatures of 122° F. ordinarily, but for one month, in June to July of 
1889, and preceding years, at irregular times, the springs became as cold as 50° F. 




CALIFORNIA PALMS 



HEAT OF THE EARTH , 9 

range. The Sierras were upheaved at the end of the 
Jurassic period, at the same time as the Wasatch range four 
hundred miles eastward. The Coast Range was not 
upheaved from the ocean until long after, toward the end of 
the Miocene Tertiary. On this subject Professor Le Conte 
says : 

" The Coast chain of California is a very complex sys- 
tem of ranges with narrow valleys between, contrasting 
strongly in this respect with the grand simplicity of struc- 
ture characteristic of the Sierra Nevada. The Cretaceous 
and Tertiary strata of which it is composed are strongly 
folded into repeated anticlines and synclines by the lateral 
pressure which produced the ranges. As shown by the age 
of the newest crumpled strata which enter into its composi- 
tion, its birth-time was the end of the Miocene. In some 
places the strata are unchanged and full of fossils, but in 
others they are intersected by dikes and overflowed by lava, 
and are therefore highly metamorphic. This is especially 
true of the region to the north of the bay of San Francisco.' ' 

Theory of Cold Springs. 

Cold springs, such as carbonated waters, are formed 
without the aid of subterranean heat. In the mountains 
and on the hillsides water percolates through the soil during 
the precipitating season, filling up all the underground res- 
ervoirs until it reaches a clay bottom or impervious stratum 
upon which to rest or flow. Following the declivities the 
water passes through the many crevices and fissures and 
finds an outlet at a lower level, perhaps several miles away. 
During its passage through the different stratifications of 
the mineral constituents of the earth's crust, the water dis- 
solves, first, some organic or vegetable matter, liberating 
gases, oxygen, carbonic acid gas, etc.; it next attacks the 
carbonates — limestone, etc. — in the rocks and becomes 
charged with gases and mineral ingredients from the chem- 
ical metamorphosis caused by the action of the various acid- 
ulous radicals on the baselous compounds. Hence the 



10 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

composition of a spring depends entirely on the rocks and 
minerals through which its water permeates. Passing 
through large salt deposits, the spring contains quantities 
of sodium chloride. Filtering through iron ores, we have 
a ferruginous spring. Permeating limestone or maible, we 
have water rich in calcium salts, and so on. Rain water, as 
we have remarked, contains enough gaseous impurities 
alone to act and react on the earth's crust. To these are 
added the organic acids and gases from the animal and the 
vegetable kingdoms, and when the action has once com- 
menced chemical evolution or reaction continues. Through 
these agencies the rocks and minerals are acted upon and 
greater or less quantities of the different mineral ingredi- 
ents are held in suspension and in solution in the mineral 
waters. 

It has been stated that certain spring waters in this 
State, subjected to chemical analyses, have shown larger 
amounts of mineral ingredients than the water could pos- 
sibly hold in solution, as the saturating point of such and 
such an ingredient was so much, hence the analysis has 
been deemed incorrect. It is not the writer's desire to 
champion inaccurate analyses, but to call attention to the 
fact that as carbonic acid gas (C0 2 ) , the great solvent power 
in mineral springs, is held in solution in the water directly 
as the pressure and inversely as the temperature, so does it 
increase the solvent action of the water, pari passu on the 
mineral constituents to such an extent that many thousand 
grains of solids may be held in solution in a gallon of 
water as long as the gases also remain. 




■■■-.' 



•"'" """Sffi 



12 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 



1 To suffering man from Nature's genial breast 
A boon transcendant ever mayst thou flow ; 
Blest holy fount, still bid old age to know 

Reviving vigor ; and if health repressed 
Fade in the virgin's cheek, renew its glow 

For love and joy; and they that in thy wave 

Confiding trust and thankful lave. 

Propitious aid, and speed the stranger band, 

With health and life renewed, unto their native land." 



Medicinal Uses 
Of the Various Mineral Waters. 

The internal administration and the external applica- 
tion of the natural mineral waters having been reduced to 
a scientific basis, it is. quite important that the rules regu- 
lating their administration should be followed. 

Thousands of invalids, ill-advised or perhaps wholly 
unadvised, seek the different springs and health resorts 
annually. During the author's travels among the springs 
of California he frequently found people whose cases were 
actually aggravated and the fatal termination hastened by 
the use of the wrong mineral waters. 

Mineral springs are not " cure-alls." As a rule, too 
much is claimed for them. The many marvelous cures 
cited and the many improbable and ridiculous statements 
seen on printed circulars do more harm than good. Sensi- 
ble people are not going to believe that a " magnetic" min- 
eral water is going to cure a bad case of consumption, or 
that any " mineral water" cures heart disease, etc. 

On the other hand, it would be quite as flagrant an 
error to suppose that all the reputed beneficial effects of 
mineral waters were only the result of extravagant or inter- 
ested imaginings. 



MEDICINAL USES OF MINERAL WATERS 13 

To obtain the greatest possible benefit from springs it 
is absolutely essential that the patient first consults his 
regular physician. A careful diagnosis should be made of 
his case, and then if a change of scene and a course of 
treatment at some spring be truly advantageous, let the 
physician, who is certainly the most competent to advise in 
such matters, recommend the resort best suited to the case. 
If the mineral waters and hygienic regime be used as an 
auxiliary to the regular internal treatment, the best results 
may be hoped for. Once at the springs the patient should 
implicitly follow the directions of the resident physician, 
who, if armed with a personal letter from the patient's Teg- 
ular physician, can prescribe wisely at once- 

The indiscriminate use of mineral waters, either for 
drinking or bathing purposes, cannot be too strongly con- 
demned, for while they look bland and harmless, they 
are potent therapeutic agents which may accomplish much 
good if judiciously employed, but may also do much harm 
and may be followed by serious if not fatal results in care- 
less hands. 

The climate here in California is conducive to the 
highest excellence in mental activity and physical strength. 
When an individual contracts a disease — rheumatism, for 
instance — which requires several weeks for a complete cure, 
he becomes restless and eager to follow his vocation. The 
result is that as soon as the patient is able to walk at all he 
commences the continuous rush of business, and neglects 
his disease, which gradually lapses into a sub-acute or 
chronic state. In this condition, perhaps, he goes to the 
springs. Here the same restlessness characterizes the 
average Californian, and, indeed, the majority of American 
patients. He will "rush" the treatment. If one glass of 
water be prescribed three times daily he will take half a 
dozen glasses as many times a day. If one sulphur water 
or mud bath be prescribed once in three or once in two daj^s 
he will want to take it two or three times daily in order to 
hurry up the treatment. 



--: MINERAL SPRINGS OF CAZIF0EX1A 

This is no: an overdrawn or an individual instance. 
Residen: physicians have repeated!}' in: erne a :he writer of 
the diuaculty experienced in keepirr patients within due 
bounds, and in n:re than cne case this raskiug and unau- 
cuiricea ser-treatneut nas resurea tata^r* in ^ess tnan ~ue 
week s tine. Ana as to cuicx reccvenes. in tae narrirv :: 
icstirate cases. rep:se. pure and sratple. is the n:s: rctent 
reneaial agent that can be enploved ; whilst her:i: treat- 
nent :rly hastens the fatal mnent :: ntter collapse. 
Business tares nay be pressing, ana of vital inpirtarie. 
but it is ■:: :hr rare inpinance that the fast vearirv 
ont machine be saved vrhile there is yet tine so that it 
nay net mn the risk :: beccnirg a helpless enennbrance 
on the already overbnrdened shoulders :: relatives ard 
friends. 

Thereftre, let suffering hnnanty nrst seek nedical 
advice, be rhorcughly exaninea and carefully diagnosti- 
cated, let the intelligent physician send the patient to the 
springs test suited t: the individual case, and whilst there 
drink the waters ana use the baths, and follow the regime 
directed by the resident or supervising physician. This 
clan, with yadiciius internal neai:ati:n pronises the test 
results. 

All we need at Anerican health restrts and nineral 
vaterlrco-r laces is t: follow the natural stientin: rerine 
which has teen worked rat fir cerrarles in Euripe. There 
even patient cinnaes in his physician, ana neaital nen 
abroad value the nineral springs n:re. apparently, than 

spring ::r :ne. tw: ;r three ninths. He places hinself 
entirely under the care of his family phy sir an ana the resi- 
dent physician at the springs. Patients who are aire r 
walk get up at f a. ::. and vralk to the springs, drink ihe 
prescribed amount of water and walk from one to two miles 
be:: re breakfast. They take their neals regularly. Their 
diet is carefully regula:ed for each disease. They recire 
earr exorcise freelv, use the baths or drink the waters 



MEDICINAL USES OF MINERAL WATERS 15 

regularly and improve twice as rapidly in Germany, France 
and England for the same class of diseases, and with the 
same— almost the identical — mineral water treatment as 
we use in America, simply because they follow a regular 
scientific system. This we hope will be done in California. 
Is it not well to follow in the footsteps of the sages who 
have gone before ? Is it not well to adopt anything we find 
abroad where the experience has been extended over centu- 
turies, when we know it is philosophic and conducive to 
our own health and welfare ? A moment's reflection will 
convince any one how much better the European plan is 
than our own. We sleep until breakfast is nearly over, use 
the mineral water when we feel like it, exercise as little as 
possible, and recognize no superior in this free and inde- 
pendent country. A medical man is not allowed to tell one 
of these sovereigns that he must get up at 6 A. M. and drink 
the prescribed amount of mineral water and walk the nec- 
essary number of miles before breakfast ; eat the regulation 
diet and strictly follow the regime best calculated to improve 
his disease ; it would jar too much on his sensitive republi- 
can feelings. Yet this is just what American watering-places 
and sanitariums need. // is the only thing our California 
mineral springs need to make them as successful in this 
treatment of the many chronic diseases as the spas of Europe 
are. In the writer's travels among the different springs of 
California he frequently found spring owners who advised 
their patients to throw away all their pills, powders and 
potions and rely entirely on the natural product from 
Nature's laboratory. This is not the wisest course to pur- 
sue. Many of our local springs could be made to assist the 
regular scientific medical treatment. The two combined 
(mineral waters and medicine) will effect a cure in many of 
the obstinate and intractable diseases, when either taken 
alone may not benefit the patient so much. Mineral waters 
hasten the cure by assisting in the absorption of appropri- 
ate remedies as well as by their eliminating powers. Com- 
paratively larger doses, for instance, of many blood purifying 



16 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

remedies can be tolerated when taken in conjunction with, 
mineral waters, because the medicine acts more rapidly on 
the disease, and is in turn more rapidly discharged from the 
body, carrying with it the poison from the disease under 
treatment. 

This is the explanation of the great secret in rapidly 
curing chronic diseases at the springs. At the Arkansas 
springs, at Virginia, at New York, and at the European 
spas, this is their successful plan- -medicine and mineral 
waters combined. Many a poor suffering mortal has had 
occasion to thank the intelligence of the medical man who 
first combined nature and art, and made it possible to rid the 
system of those serious and almost worse than fatal chronic, 
lingering, painful diseases by combining generous medica- 
tion with natural mineral waters. 

The following extract is from an editorial in the Jour- 
nal of Balneology and Medical Clippings, A. L. A. Toboldt, 
M. D., and J. A. Beebe, M. D., editors, New York, June, 
1889: 

Sanitariums and Heai/th Resorts 
It is a fact greatly to be deplored that more time and study is not 
devoted to the subject of mineral springs in this country, as they seem 
best suited to the treatment of so vast a number of cases, especially 
when properly directed by some physician who is thoroughly convers- 
ant, not only with the disease to be treated, but also with the mineral 
spring at his disposal. 

It would be a grand thing for this country, and we may say for the 
undertakers of the enterprise as well, to build a few large hotels in a 
location specially suited for the purpose, on account of its healthfull- 
ness, salubrious climate, hygienic surroundings, etc., to thoroughly 
equip these with all the latest appliances for the various kinds of baths, 
not excepting the moor, or, as they are sometimes styled in the coun- 
try, "mud baths." Let the place be thoroughly stocked with all the 
leading brands of imported as well as domestic mineral spring waters. 
Then let a physician be placed in charge who is thoroughly familiar 
with this branch of medicine, and we have no doubt but what the 
enterprise will receive the indorsement and support of all the more 
enlightened and intelligent physicians of this country. Such an insti- 
tution has become a necessity, and we have little doubt but what, if not 



SANITARIUMS AND HEALTH RESORTS 17 

this year, the next few years will see such an enterprise, not alone 
started, but nourishing. There is that so little understood disease, 
' ' diabetes. ' ' Let any patient, among the better class, be suffering from 
this disease and his physician at once orders him to Carlsbad. And 
why? Because experience has demonstrated the fact over and over 
again that diabetic patients get well at Carlsbad. The reason 
why they get well there quicker than when drinking the imported 
waters at home is no great secret to the profession. They know 
that in Carlsbad the patient at once places himself under the care of 
an intelligent physician who has mastered every detail of the treat- 
ment of this disease, a regular bill of fare is made out for the patient, 
which he adheres to as strictly as to the drinking of the Carlsbad 
waters. Then the fact of the patient being away from home comes in 
here as a very great factor, never to be overlooked. He is, by leaving 
home, at once removed from the probable cause of the disease, let this 
be mental overwork, worry, anxiety, grief or what not, he is placed 
under entirely different surroundings, and in addition to this there come 
the factors of a salubrious climate, systematic out-of-door exercise, reg- 
ular habits, and the diet specially adapted to his disease. It is, no 
doubt, largely owing to these factors that the patients improve so rap- 
idly at Carlsbad. But all these additions to the drinking of Carlsbad 
water can be had here as well as the Carlsbad water itself ; in fact, 
whereas the water must be imported we already have all the necessary 
adjuncts, we have the climate, the hygiene, etc., the only thing we 
lack as yet is the sanitarium or health resort under proper management. 
Diabetes is only one of the many diseases that can best be reached and 
conquered in this way. The many diseases of the female generative 
organs, let them be induced by inflammations in the pelvis, severe 
child-bed or other causes, may also be mentioned here ; that they are 
better treated away from home, from the cares and trials of a household 
or from the annoyance of officious and over-sympathetic friends, no one 
will question. 

Then there is that host of diseases due to nervous breakdown, from 
overwork, anxiety, worry, grief, dissipation, etc. To attempt to treat 
these at home is generally a long, tedious and wearisome task, and when 
convalescence has but fairly started, the physician, having regard for 
the other members of the family, hastens to suggest travel, the sea- 
shore, mountains, etc., generally, however, not before some other 
member of the family is thoroughly broken down with the nursing. 
What a boon a properly located and equipped sanitarium would be to 
those patients ; a place they could go to, knowing they would receive 
the best treatment, care and attention, instead as it is at present in this 
country, stay at home, wear out all the rest of the family, and either 



IS 



MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 



finally succumb to the disease, or else, what seems still worse, become 
an invalid for life, only a fit subject for the numerous institutions for 
invalids. 

In this category let us also mention the old liver diseases, chronic 
constipation, obesity, etc. The taking of these patients away from their 
daily tasks, their sedentary habits, compelling them to live out of doors, 
take properly regulated exercise, diet, etc., etc., and if their stay at 
such a sanitarium be ever so short, they will return home to their 
accustomed duties with a vim, activity and vigor they hardly deemed 
possible. 

But enough of these examples; let us hope that at no distant day 
this country, so rich in every kind of institution, will not have to send 
her sick to Europe to be treated at Carlsbad, Franzensbad, etc., but will 
have as good institutions here at home, and, if Carlsbad water must be 
drunk, let it be drunk here, no necessity of having to go to Europe to 
get that which is already imported and at hand, and surely no one will 
say that we need import a salubrious atmosphere, or healthy climate ; 
our climate is surely as good as any to be found in Europe. 




SCENE IN THE SIERRAS 



The Therapeutic Action of Mineral Waters on 
the Human Economy. 

The specific action of any mineral spring mnst of conrse 
depend upon the chemical ingredients found in its waters. 
In the following classification of the various distinct mineral 
waters, short notes on their therapeutic action have been 
added. Generally speaking, mineral waters are well 
received and well borne by the stomach. 

The following extract is from a description of Dr. 
Moorman, resident physician at the White Sulphur Springs 
in Virginia for over thirty years. He is probably the best 
qualified medical man in America on the special subject of 
mineral waters. He says, in speaking of the action of the 
mineral waters generally : 

" Mineral waters are evidently absorbed; they enter into 
the circulation and change the consistency as well as the 
composition of the fluids ; they course through the system 
and apply the medicinal materials which they hold in solu- 
tion, in the most minute form of subdivision that can be con- 
ceived, to the diseased surfaces and tissues; they reach and 
search the most minute ramifications of the capillaries, 
and remove the morbid condition of those vessels which are 
so frequently the primary seats of disease. It is thus that 
they relieve chronic disordered action, and impart natural 
energy and elasticity to vessels that have been distended 
either by inflammation or congestion, while they communi- 
cate an energy to the muscular fibre and to the animal 
tissues generally, which is not witnessed from the adminis- 
tration of ordinary remedies. Mineral waters also dissolve 
many pathological and morbific materials which are more 
readily eliminated from the body. They also act on the 
nervous system, regulating and stimulating important blood 
forming centers whose abnormal action is often the pri- 
mary cause of deleterious changes in the blood itself. The 
waters are also serviceable as simple diluents, washing out 



20 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

the gastro-intestinal tract, diluting the different fluids of the 
body, and serving as vehicles of waste products, besides 
having their own tonic action. 

" Carbonic acid gas, although a poisonous, effete, 
worn out substance when eliminated from the integumen- 
tary system and pulmonary mucous membranes, laden 
as it is, with noxious materials, when taken in the natural 
mineral waters, which nearly always contain more or less 
of this gas, not only dissolves the one substance without 
disuniting the combinations of the others, but it enters the 
system charged with mineral particles, and presents them 
to the mouths of the absorbent vessels in this highly diluted 
condition, while at the same time it promotes their direct 
absorption by naturally creating a stimulating power on the 
vascular and nervous system. Thus you may understand 
why six-tenths of a grain of iron imbibed into the duodenal 
lacteals with abundance of the gaseous acid may exercise a 
greater influence on the circulating system than three or 
four times the quantity of pharmaceutic carbonate of iron, 
which has to be dissolved in the gastric juice previous to 
absorption." 

The foregoing extract is from Dr. Sigismund Sutro of 
London, who is an expert on mineral waters, and whose 
able lectures delivered in London before the Hunterian 
School of Medicine, show that he has studied his subject 
thoroughly. Chemical experience teaches us that although 
a chalybeate water contains only a few grains of iron salt to 
each gallon, yet its tonic effect is greater than larger quan- 
tities given without the aid of the mineral water. 

From the foregoing it will be observed that mineral 
waters act beneficially on the economy from the fact that 
they are easily borne by the stomach and are pleasant to 
drink ; Besides their specific action depending on the pre- 
ponderance of any one or more special ingredients, the 
waters acts as stimulants, not only to the digestive organs, 
but also to the absorbing organs. By these means the 
fractional part of a grain of iron may become more powerful 



THERAPEUTIC ACTION OF MINERAL WATERS 21 

than vastly larger quantities otherwise administered. Min- 
eral waters also dissolve and remove morbific products and 
prevent their further development and deposit in the 
human economy. 



i. Acid Mineral Springs. 

There are mineral springs containing some natural 
mineral acid — notably sulphuric. The Oak Orchard Spring 
in Genesee County, N. Y., contains over 133 grains of sul- 
phuric acid to each gallon, having only 211 grains of solid 
ingredients. This is perhaps the strongest acid spring in 
America. The Thermal Acid Springs in California con- 
tain 78 parts in 1,000 of sulphuric acid. Several other 
springs contain appreciable amounts of sulphuric, hydro- 
chloric (muriatic), and nitric acids. Nearly all the cold and 
many of the hot springs contain carbonic acid gas. This 
in solution in the v* ater forms carbonic acid. When drank at 
the springs, or immediately after opening, that which is bot- 
tled, it is found to be acid, but allowing the water free 
exposure, the gas evaporates and the water becomes alkaline 
and loses much of its medicinal effect (see (8), carbonated 
waters) . 

Therapeutics of Acid Mineral Waters. 

These waters are highly useful in many conditions of 
the digestive apparatus. In atonic dyspepsia, the acids, 
especially hydrochloric, should be taken after meals to 
assist in the digestion of nitrogenous food in the stomach. 
Taken in conjunction with the usual concomitant mineral 
constituents found in spring waters, acids are important 
tonics in these cases taken after the meals. 

In the many cases of excessive formation of acid in the 
stomach from the faulty digestion or fermentation of sac- 
charine and starchy foods with the troublesome symptoms 
of acid eructation (pyrosis) or " heartburn," the mineral 



22 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

acids and waters are beneficial, bnt in these cases they mnst 
be taken before meals, otherwise the waters wonld be 
increasing instead of decreasing the trouble. These acid 
waters are useful in the treatment of colliquative or night 
sweats, acting as astringents ; for this purpose they should 
be taken before retiring. In chronic serous diarrhoea, con- 
gestion of the liver, so called " bilious attacks." jaundice, 
with portal torpidity, early stages of cirrhosis and chronic 
hepatitis, the acid waters are recommended — taken two 
hours after meals three times daily. 

For chronic lead poisoning the sulphuric acid waters 
are valuable, forming insoluble and inert sulphates of lead 
which pass from the system. 

Certain urinary disorders are much benefited by these 
waters, for example, the phosphate diathesis, oxaluria, 
alkalinity of the urine with a feeling of general malaise and 
a loss of ambition, etc. 

Mineral and acid waters are also useful in chronic 
catarrhal affections of the stomach and bladder, in biliary 
or cystic calculi (phosphatic), in fevers and certain skin 
diseases. 

Acid baths or topical applications of the acid waters 
are also recommended in chronic liver and skin troubles. 



2. Alkaline Mineral Waters. 
The alkaline waters may be divided into three classes, 
viz : (a) alkalo-carbonated. (b) alkalo-chalybeate. (c) 
alkalo-saline. 

(a) The alkalo-carbonated variety comprises a long 
list of cold mineral springs having carbonates and bicarbo- 
nates of sodium, potassium, etc., with a small amount of 
carbonic anhydride. Upon standing in the air a short time a 
small amount of gas evaporates. These waters are alkaline. 

(b) The alkalo-chalybeate waters contain besides the 
carbonates of sodium and potassium, etc., carbonates 
(usually) or some other salt of iron. 



ALKALINE MINERAL WATERS 23 

(c) Alkalo-saline mineral waters have in addition to 
the alkaline carbonates, sulphates of magnesia (Epsom 
salts) and sulphate of sodium (Glauber's salt). 

Therapeutics of Alkaline Waters. 

The medicinal uses of the alkaline mineral waters are 
quite considerable as well as beneficial if judiciously admin- 
istered as to time, quantity and quality. 

The Alkalo-Carbonated Waters, 

These are advised in dyspepsia with excessive acidity 
of the gastric secretions, with sour and disagreeable eructa- 
tions and regurgitations, with flatulent distention of the 
abdomen. For these purposes the waters are taken after 
meals. 

In atonic dyspepsia an acid is exhibited after meals to 
assist in the chymification of the nitrogenous elements of 
food in the stomach, Alkaline waters taken before meals 
will also stimulate the peptic glands into activity and 
thereby assist in stomach digestion. In this way these 
waters act as a tonic. For this purpose they are taken in 
moderate quantities fifteen to thirty minutes before meals. 

The alkalo-carbonated waters are usually diuretic and 
correct any acid tendency of the urinary secretions, hence 
they are of great utility in fevers and rheumatism, gout, 
chronic arthritis, congestion and irritation of kidneys and 
bladder, etc. 

The lithontriptic value of alkalo-carbonated waters has 
been established in the most conclusive way, by carefully 
conducted experiments at many of the celebrated spas in 
Europe. Many of the greatest masters of clinical medicine 
thoroughly indorse these waters in the treatment of calculi, 
gravel and gout. The waters are of special value in the 
cystic and nephretic calculi (urinary stones), which are 
made up of inorganic molecules united by crystallization or 
by mucous debris. Indeed, many of these little granules 



24 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

are composed of a little mucous epithelium or some acci- 
dental foreign body for a nucleus, around which uric acid, 
carbonate of lime, phosphates of magnesia, ammonia and 
soda or oxalate of lime crystallize. The active determining 
cause appears to be urinary fermentation which produces 
the crystallization. In uric acid gravel the alkalo-carbon- 
ated mineral waters assist in diluting the urine and render- 
ing it alkaline, thereby preventing the formation of calculi. 

It is also claimed that these carbonated waters dissolve 
the uric acid calculi, transforming them into urate of soda, 
which is more readily soluble in the alkaline waters. 

In vesical catarrh, with all the concomitant symptoms 
of irritation, pain, etc., the alkalo-carbonated waters have a 
pleasant effect. 

For metritis, leucorrhcea and sterility these waters have 
long been in use in Europe. 

M. M. Petrequin and Socquet, in their " Trait des Eaux 
Minerales," write as follows : " In women, alkaline waters 
have a complex physiological action on the uterine systems. 
They tend to diminish the catarrhal secretions, and the 
same result is observed in cases of leucorrhcea. 

u As for derangement of menstruation, resulting either 
from chlorosis or from obstruction of the womb, they also 
may be combated by the same springs. 

" Their influence favors conception. This is doubtless 
attributable to the above combination of circumstances and 
it is for this reason they can be prescribed in cases of ster- 
ility." (See also article on uterine douche.) 

In gout these waters are highly extolled. The excess- 
ive acid condition of the blood is modified and the uric acid 
is rapidly eliminated. 

The use of alkaline mineral waters forms the only 
treatment used for rheumatism in many cases and the 
patients recover rapidly. 

In diabetes (sugar in the urine) European springs, 
especially the alkaline waters, have been much used. The 



ALKALO-CARBONATED WATERS 25 



eminent chemist, Pelouze, expresses Himself in the follow- 
ing emphatic way in writing to his friend, Prof. Mialhe : 

" I shall not take npon myself to decide whether the 
theory which yon sustain respecting the destruction of 
sugar in the system be true or false ; but I can affirm that I 
myself have witnessed, as a result of appropriate alkaline 
treatment, the disappearance of sugar from the urine of 
many diabetic patients subjected to its action, and, more- 
over, in many of these cases it had not reappeared several 
months after the treatment was stopped, the system having, 
so to speak, laid in a stock of health." The salines which 
frequently become alkalo-salines are of much value in 
catarrhal conditions of the gastro-intestinal tract with chlyo- 
poietic engorgements. 

For obesity it is necessary to use large quantities of the 
alkalo-carbonated and alkalo-saline waters to keep the intes- 
tinal circulation well depleted. The water should be taken 
an hour before meals and again two or three hours after- 
wards, using several quarts daily. The hot alkaline baths 
may also be taken daily (under the immediate supervision 
of the medical attendant) with perfect safety and with much 
benefit. The diet must be carefully regulated. Nothing 
should be eaten that grows underneath the ground, and the 
starchy and saccharine foods which assist in the accumula- 
tion of adipose tissue should be sedulously avoided. Lean 
meats may be eaten and hot alkaline waters drank. Sys- 
tematic exercise should be observed. In this way the author 
succeeded in reducing one female patient from 255 pounds 
to 180 pounds in five months, the patient at the same time 
enjoying perfect health. 

For rheumatism and gout the alkaline springs have 
long had a deservedly high reputation. The water is taken 
in moderate quantities, six to twelve glasses daily, with its 
external application in the form of hot baths. In rheuma- 
tism the blood is surcharged with acids, and the alkaline 
waters seem to neutralize this condition. 



26 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

The alkalo-chalybeate waters are especially serviceable 
in anaemia and lithiaemia, or the lithic acid diathesis, in 
" gravel " or " sand " in the nrine; also in diabetes mellitis, 
especially when it is hepatic in origin or when it occnrs in 
obese people. The chalybeate waters are of great service 
in the many diseases snperindnced by a paucity of red blood 
corpuscles or depending on toxaemia which deteriorated the 
quality of the blood. 

3. Alum Mineral Springs. 

Several springs in California contain considerable 
quantities of alum. 

Therapeutically, as far as the alum itself is concerned, 
those springs are not of any special value. The waters 
have been used for hemorrhages and for uterine douches. 

4. Arsenical Mineral Springs. 

In many localities up and down the coast we find dis- 
tinct traces of arsenic in combination with other elements 
among the mineral ingredients of springs. 

THERAPEUTICS. 
Arsenical waters have proved highly beneficial in irri- 
tative dyspepsia, chronic gastric catarrh, gastralgia and 
enteralgia. For this purpose small draughts should be 
taken half an hour before meals. In chronic diarrhoea and 
dysentery it should be taken an hour before meals or two 
hours after meals. Jaundice with catarrh of the bile ducts 
and chronic cirrhosis of the liver are improved by these 
waters. The waters are also highly extolled in chlorosis 
and anaemia, chronic malarial toxaemia, hemicrania and 
malarial neuralgia, and in cutaneous diseases, scrofulous 
sores and syphilitic contaminations. The skin diseases 
most benefited are the chronic scaly variety— especially 
psoriasis, eczema, pemphigus and old 'cases of acne (pim- 
ples). For these diseases the waters containing both iron 



28 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

and arsenic are especially serviceable, taken one honr after 
meals. Menorrhagia and functional impotence are also 
improved by a course at these arsenical and chalybeate 
springs, with wholesome food and free outdoor exercise. 

5. Borax Mineral Springs. 
Springs containing borates and borax are plentiful in 
California. 

THERAPEUTICS. 

The waters are useful for catamenial irregularities, and 
for cystic and nephretic calculi depending on a uric acid 
diathesis. In these latter cases the borax probably acts 
by liberating the alkali sodium, which then neutralizes the 
uric acid, setting free the boric acid. 

The borax mineral waters have also been found very 
beneficial in clergymen's sorethroat, alleviating the hoarse- 
ness and curing the chronic or sub-acute inflammation of 
the mucous membranes and strengthening the larynx and 
vocal chords. 

Borax waters may be drank four to six times daily 
between meals. Gargles may be used. 

Borax forms quite an article of commerce. California 
produced during the last twenty years over $5,000,000 
worth. 

6. Bromine and Bromide Springs. 

The bromides of sodium, potassium, etc., are found in 
considerable quantities in several of the mineral springs 
on the coast. 

THERAPEUTICS. 

Bromine mineral waters are valuable adjuncts in the 
treatment of rheumatism, gout, blood-glandular diseases, 
goitre, synovites, etc. In obesity they hasten retrograde 
tissue metamorphosis and lessen the bodily weight. 
Chronic mercurial and saturnine poisoning are greatly 
benefited by a course of these waters. The bromides com- 
bine with the mercury or with the lead forming soluble 



THERAPEUTICS 29 

compounds, which are readily eliminated from the system. 
In many cases of wakefulness from mental worry and 
fatigue, unrest of the peripheral nerves, over-brainwork, 
etc., the bromine waters have proved of great benefit. 
Asthma and chronic bronchitis also improve under the 
waters. 

The bromine waters act as alteratives, and stimulants 
to the lymphatic system, promoting absorption and the 
elimination of morbific material ; hence they are of special 
value in scrufulous tumors and ulcerations, syphilitic 
swellings and nodes, and chronic cutaneous diseases. 

7. Calcareous or Earthy Mineral Waters. 

The solid ingredients of these waters predominate 
with calcium, carbonate and sulphate, producing the 
"temporary" and " permanently" hard water. 

Therapeutically, the waters are not much used. They 
may prove useful in rickets and softening of the bones 
when the lime salts are deficient. 

8. Carbonated Mineral Springs. 

This class of mineral waters is rich in carbonates and 
bicarbonates of many of the mineral compounds, such as 
soda, lime, potash, magnesia, etc., and has an excess of 
carbonic acid gas. The waters are all acid when first 
drawn, owing to the excess of the carbonic acid in the 
water. The carbonated waters resemble the alkaline 
waters in this, that they have carbonates and bicarbonates 
of the alkaline elements — alkalo carbonated, alkalo chaly- 
beate and alkalo saline — with the addition of an excess of 
carbonic acid gas, making the waters alkalo acidulous, 
alkalo-chalybeate acidulous and alkalo-salino acidulous. 
Most cold mineral springs contain free carbonic anhy- 
dride; hence become carbonated waters, unless some other 
ingredients predominate. 



30 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

THERAPEUTICS. 

The carbonated waters are used much the same as the 
alkaline {quo vide), as we have simple alkaline waters ; so 
have we also simple carbonated waters, such as seltzer, 
soda, apollinaris, etc. Most of the simple carbonated or 
soda waters are manufactured artificially and sold on an 
extensive scale as " soda" and " seltzer." 

The natural carbonated-acidulous mineral waters are 
much to be preferred on account of the several ferrugi- 
nous and alkaline ingredients they contain. 

These waters are very grateful to the stomach of 
febrile patients, lessening nausea and gastric irritability, 
rendering the fluids in the body alkaline, and promoting 
a more copious secretion of the urinary organs. 

The carbonated waters are pleasant vehicles in which 
to administer medicines, lemonades, etc., etc. 

Frequently these waters are better borne by the stom- 
ach than anything else. The carbonated waters are ant- 
acid, tonic and diuretic, very useful in dyspepsia, to be 
taken before or after the meal, according to the form of 
the malady. 

In biliary calculi the carbonated waters have been 
found very beneficial. An acid which dissolves feldspathic 
and micaceous rock must also have some action on urate 
of lime and biliary salts. 

Vesical calculi are also influenced by these waters. 
As in catarrhal affections of the bladder, chronic cys- 
titis, etc. 

Carbonated waters are also extensively used in 
Europe for albumenurea (Bright's disease of the kidneys). 
The chalybeate carbonated waters would be even more 
beneficial than the simple alkalo-carbonated. 

In the sick-room the waters may be taken in wine- 
glassful doses pro re naia. 



CHALYBEATE MINERAL WATERS 31 

9. Chalybeate or Ferruginous Mineral Water. 

These are waters impregnated with the salts of iron 
as well as with the other mineral constituents, in varying 
proportions. The (a) simple-acidnlons-chalybeate waters 
are the carbonated waters with iron. The (b) salino-acidu- 
lons chalybeate are the alkalo-salino-carbonated impreg- 
nated with ferruginous salts as well. 

Therapeutics. 

Chalybeate mineral waters are of great benefit in the 
treatment of anaemia — a condition of the blood in which 
there is a paucity of red blood corpuscles, haemato-globulin 
in the blood. The ferruginous waters produce a construc- 
tive metamorphosis creating more red blood corpuscles, 
thereby increasing the specific gravity of the blood and 
of the bodily weight, reproducing a healthy glow and the 
rosy cheek on the faded and bleached out face. 

It appears to be a well-established fact that one of the 
functions of the red blood corpuscles, besides taking up 
oxygen and eliminating carbonic anhydride is to convert 
oxygen into ozone, in which form the oxygen becomes so 
efficient in the system. After a course of iron water the 
bodily temperature rises, the cold feet and chilly nights 
are changed into warmth and comfort. The elimination of 
urea increases. 

The ferruginous waters are recommended in debility 
consequent upon chronic discharges, anaemia, chlorosis, 
fluor-albus, scrofula, rickets, passive hemorrhages, dyspep- 
sia, when depending on deficient energy of the digestive 
function, neuralgia, chronic malarial fevers, all of which 
destroy the health giving properties in the blood — the red 
globules — as well as the functions of the reproductive 
organs ; in all these wasting diseases the chalybeate waters 
are of undoubted value. Pure air, pleasant and healthy 
surroundings and plain, wholesome food, are important 
adjuncts in the restoration of the vital powers. 



32 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

The iron waters are best taken after meals after a lapse 
of from a half to one hour, in wineglassful to tumblerful 
doses. The stomach, gastric and intestinal juices are then 
in the best condition for absorption. Taken for passive 
hemorrhages, the hemorrhagic diathesis, ammenorrhcea, 
hysteria and the many pelvic disorders frequently depend- 
ing on anaemia, and in the paludal cachexia, leucocythemic 
exophthalmic goitre, etc., the waters may be taken every 
three hours in wineglassful doses. 

The ferruginous waters, more or less charged with 
the salines, are recommended in the treatment of hep- 
atic engorgement, hsemorrhoidal affections, chronic diar- 
rhoea, strumous diseases, albuminurea (Bright's disease), 
etc. To reap the fullest benefit of a course at the chaly- 
beate springs, it is necessary to pursue the treatment faith- 
fully, and under the guidance of competent medical advice. 
Under such conditions the author does not hesitate to say 
that these ferruginous waters are invaluable in the treat- 
ment of the many diseases above named. 

10. Chlorinated or Muriated Mineral Waters. 

This class of springs contains chlorides of sodium 
(common salt), potassium, lime, etc., and conveniently 
may be divided into : a. Simple chlorinated, b. Chlo- 
rino-lithiated. c. Brines. 

The (a) simple chlorinated springs are such as we find 
at the foot of the Salt Mountains. 

The (b) chlorino-lithiated contain in addition some 
salt of lithium, and the (^brines are the stronger chlorinated 
waters. 

Therapeutics. 

The chlorinated waters are strongly diuretic and ant- 
acid, useful in rheumatism, gout, scrofula and abdominal 
plethora. Chronic catarrh of the^ mucous membranes is 
also much benefited by these springs. As many of these 
salt springs are hot, bathing for rheumatics is found to be 
a beneficial mode of treatment. 



IODINE MINERAL SPRINGS 33 

(II). Iodine Mineral Springs 

The existence of iodine, bromine and arsenical nat- 
ural mineral waters has been doubted for a long time, but 
the author has now personal knowledge of their existence 
on this coast. (See analysis.) 

As iodine, bromine and chlorine exist in the sea-water 
and submarine vegetable life, a fact demonstratable at any 
time, it is not at all wonderful that a country for ages sub- 
merged in the briny deep, and in which we find mountains 
of salt, should also have iodides and bromides from the 
submarine deposits. Well-known spas on the continent 
contain them, and so do many of our springs in California. 

The principal salts of iodine found are: a. Iodo-bro- 
mine. b. Iodo-sodic. c. Iodo-potassic. d. Iodo-magnesic, 
etc. 

THERAPEUTICS 

The utility of iodine or any of its salts is most con- 
spicuous in the treatment of constitutional states, such as 
enlargements of the lymphatic glands, glandular swell- 
ings, enlargements of any of the internal organs, spleen, 
from chronic malarial poisoning, goitre, scrofulous tumors, 
syphilitic enlargements, etc. Iodine salts and waters are 
also found to be of great benefit in chronic bronchitis, 
catarrhs, asthma, chronic pleurisy, rheumatism, gout, and 
chronic Bright's disease, scrofulous and syphilitic contam- 
inations producing cutaneous or internal tumefaction or 
ulcerations are successfully treated by this class of waters. 
Aneurisms have also been benefited. 

Springs containing iodides have usually salines enough 
to act gently on the gastro-intestinal tract, ferruginous 
salts to act on the blood, chlorides and carbonates to act as 
diuretics, besides the iodides to act specifically on the con- 
stitutional state, counteracting, as they do, many patho- 
logical (abnormal) conditions, strumous or glandular 
enlargements, and producing disintegration of the mor- 
bific proliferation, by causing its absorption, removal and 
elimination. 



U MINERAL SPEINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

The iodine mineral waters are contra-indicated in 
stomachic irritation and acnte inflammation. The waters 
may usnally be taken freely one or two honrs after meals. 

(12), Magnesian Mineral Springs (Bitter Waters) 
These springs contain Epsom salts (snlphate of mag- 
nesia) in varying proportions, and may be divided into : 
a. Laxative mineral waters, b. Purgative mineral waters. 
c. Saline mineral waters, d. Salino-alkaline waters, e. Salino- 
sulphureted waters. 

The (a) laxative waters contain less and the (5) pur- 
gative more sulphates of magnesia and sodium. The (c) 
salines are more or less aperient according to the dose, and 
the (d) salino-alkaline contain alkaline chlorides and car- 
bonates, while the (e) salino-sulphureted have also sulphur 
or sulphureted hydrogen besides the magnesia salts. 

THERAPEUTICS 

As a rule these magnesian waters are carbonated and 
pleasantly laxative and purgative according to the dose. 
They are well received by the stomach. The action is due 
to an increased intestinal secretion superinduced by the 
active endosmotic and exosmotic action of the magnesian 
and saline salts, hence the easy watery evacuations pro- 
duced. This exosmotic or outward flow takes place chiefly 
from the blood-vessels and is not so much from the gland- 
ular appendages of the intestinal mucous membrane. 
The magnesian laxative, purgative and salines are of 
especial eihcacy in acute inflammatory diseases. They 
are important remedies in the treatment of renal and car- 
diac anasarca (dropsy), and in acites from obstruction of 
the portal circulation. 

There is probably not a better treatment for cachexia 
from saturnine poisoning or painters' palsy, etc., than 
these magnesian waters. Bitter-salz is also an important 
remedy in mercurial and copper poisoning, forming inert 



35 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

and insoluble sulphates of mercury, lead or copper, and as 
such is eliminated from the economy. 

For dysenteries, sick headaches, flatulence, colic, and 
acidity, magnesia waters are of great value. The engorge- 
ment of the liver, superinduced by congestion of the pelvic 
viscera, sub-involution, chronic metritis, etc., and in 
hemorrhoidal difficulties these waters have proved highly 
beneficial. The best time to take aperient or laxative 
waters is about half an hour to an hour before breakfast 
a gobletful or two according to circumstances. For 
chronic constipation nothing is better. For obesity the 
waters may be taken several times during the day in large 
doses with marked loss of weight in a week or two. 

The pendulous abdomen of middle life may be largely 
removed by a course of the magnesian waters. For 
chronic eczema and other skin diseases the salines are 
serviceable. 

The saline-sulphureted waters will be noted under the 
head of " sulphureted waters." 

13. Siliceous Mineral Waters 

These waters contain alkaline silicates and salines. 
They are not used in medicine. 

The springs are famous for their petrifying qualities. 
Many are so strong in silicates that a piece of bark or wood 
may be petrified in a few days. The wood is not "turned, 
to stone," but each atom and molecule of the woody fibre 
is dissolved by the silicates, and silicon oxide molecules 
and atoms occupy the identical spots, reproducing the fine 
lines and traces so admirably that the kind of wood can 
easily be determined by the grain of the petrification. 

14. Sulphureted (Sulphurous) Mineral Springs. 

These waters are usually surcharged with sulphureted 
hydrogen, characterized by the ancient-egg smell familiar 
to all who have visited sulphurous regions. The springs 



SULPHURETED MINERAL SPRINGS 37 

are usually hot or warm, and contain sulphates of many 
elements, sulphides and frequently sulphuric acid. 

The a. sulphides are rare, the b. sulphates and c. salino- 
sulphur are quite common, while the sulphureted hydrogen 
is more frequent in sulphurous waters. There are also 
cold or white sulphur springs, which do not have much sul- 
phureted hydrogen, but are frequently mixed with carbon- 
ates and carbonic acid gas. 



THERAPEUTICS 

The great reputation which sulphureted waters have 
acquired is the best proof of their efficacy as adjuncts to 
other treatment. Especially is this the case in rheuma- 
tism, gout and skin diseases. The waters being usually 
saline as well as sulphurous are valued in congestion of 
the liver, abdominal plethora, chronic malarial fever with 
enlarged spleen, etc., engorgements of the pelvic viscera, 
metritis and hemorrhoidal diseases. Uterine tumors are 
said to have been improved by using these waters. 

Syphilitic and strumous diseases are markedly bene- 
fited by the sulphur waters. Bright's disease also has 
been improved while using the mineral waters. Tubercu- 
losis during its incipiency is benefited by the inhalation of 
the sulphureted hydrogen and by drinking a moderate 
amount of the water. Acute and chronic rheumatism 
and gouty arthritis, synovitis, white swelling, chronic joint 
injuries, and the many chronic cutaneous diseases, are cer- 
tainly immeasurably benefited by a course at these springs, 
especially by the hot sulphurous water and mud bathing. 
(See baths.) The sulphureted waters are taken internally 
in six to eight ounce doses several times daily, according 
to the disease. It is best to take the water before break- 
fast and between meals. For chronic laryngeal, pharyn- 
geal and nasal catarrhs the waters are used as a douche 
with much benefit. Likewise in the chronic uterine 
catarrhs and disorders the hot sulphurous mineral water 



38 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

douche, using several gallons two or three times daily, 
has proved very successful in the author's experience. 

Thermal Springs 

Most thermal mineral waters are sulphurous, varying 
in temperature from 85 F. to 214 F. Thermal waters also 
contain salines, chlorides, carbonates, etc., etc. Occasion- 
ally thermal springs are not sulphurous, but calcic or 
alkaline. 

THERAPEUTICS 

The thermal waters are extensively used for bathing 
purposes, especially those that are sulphureted. For chronic 
cutaneous diseases, and cases requiring the absorption of 
chronic exudations in swellings of the joints, old gunshot 
wounds, chronic gout and articular affections, etc., etc., the 
treatment is very popular, and certainly aids materially 
judicious internal medication in alleviating and curing these 
obstinate and troublesome diseases. 

All over the State the thermal and mineral springs, of 
which there are about three hundred, are being rapidly 
developed. Extensive improvements are being pushed ; ele- 
gant and commodious hotels and cottages are being built, 
with all the modern conveniences and luxuries ; gardens 
and parks, with shady walks and commanding outlooks, are 
growing ; and California, with her excellent climatic advan- 
tages, may confidently be expected to rank first in the 
Union, if not in the world, as a health resort and mineral 
water sanitarium. 

The Bath 

Bathing dates back to the earliest existence of the 
human race. It was practiced for the treatment of diseases 
as well as for the preservation of health, and for luxurious 
enjoyment. The most ancient historical accounts, and the 
primeval mythologies speak of the bath as being of divine 
origin. 



THE BATH 



The Egyptians practiced bathing as a religions rite ; 
and thronghont antiquity purification of the body was sup- 
posed to be conducive to moral purity. Man was taught to 

present himself pure in 
body and in soul when he 
engaged in the service of 
his God. 

Thus we find that Moses 
made the bath a religious 
duty, partly, no doubt to 
prevent the many cuta- 
neous diseases so prevalent 
among his people, from 




spreading. The Mosaic 
law prescribes in special % 
cases the use of running 
water, which has probably 
given rise to the deleter- 
ious cellar bathing, at 
one time extensively 
practiced by the Jews. 

In the cities of the 
East, particularly Pales- 
tine, the wealthier people indulge in costly and extravagant 
bathing facilities and luxurious baths. Bathing conven- 
iences were established in their houses and in their gardens, 



40 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

where considerable time was spent each day in the enjoy- 
ment of the warm bath. The same arrangements still 
prevail in most of the civilized parts of the East. 

Homer frequently speaks about bathing among the 
early Greeks. It was indispensable in the religious prepa- 
rations for the sacrifice, for the reception of oracles, and for 
the holy sacrament of marriage. 

Most ancient civilized nations observed the practice of 
bathing as a religious rite. Public and private bathing 
establishments existed in the larger cities throughout 
Greece, some being exclusively for men, some others for 
women, and others again were for men and women promis- 
cuously. 

Rome, at the zenith of her power, possessed some of 
the finest edifices for bathing that the world has ever seen. 
The accommodations were perfect, and are scarcely equaled 
by those of to-day. The baths were taken warm or hot. 
After one of these luxurious baths the Romans had their 
bodies anointed with perfumed oils ; the bathers then 
indulged in gentle exercise, such as games, etc., and lastly 
the body was washed, rubbed, dried and perfumed with 
costly essence. The ancient Germans used medicated baths, 
but to a less extent than the Romans. In England bathing 
was first instituted by the Romans. 

When Roman luxury was driven out by German thrift, 
those splendid bathing edifices, the finest the world has 
ever seen, fell into disuse and ruin, and were it not for 
Christianity, by its institution of baptism preserving the 
religious signification of the bath, the dark ages would pos- 
sibly have wiped out its existence in the West for some 
considerable time. 

The Arabians and Mohammedans adopted bathing 
early. Islam enjoined on the faithful corporal purity and 
prescribed daily ablutions. The rich erected costly baths, 
and in every city in which there was a mosque the public 
bath was also instituted. 



THE BATH 41 

Imitations of those costly oriental bathing establish- 
ments are fonnd to-day in the structures in Constantinople 
and other European cities. The bathing process is described 
as follows — not a bad one, by the way, for many diseases of 
the present day : 

The bather undresses in a warm, comfortable room, 
wraps a blanket around himself, puts on wooden slippers to 
protect his feet from the hot floor, and then enters the bath- 
room proper. Here are plunges of hot and cold water, 
douches of hot and cold water and hot steam. After spending a 
few minutes in the steaming-room the bather soon breaks 
into a general perspiration. This lasts from five to fifteen 
minutes. The next step is a plunge into the cold-water or 
the use of the cold douche ; immediately after which the 
body is rubbed with woolen cloths and anointed with* salve 
which softens and whitens the skin. This is generally 
accompanied by " kneading" the body. The bath attendant 
stretches the bather on a table, pours warm water and salve 
over him and begins to press, squeeze and twist his whole 
body with wonderful dexterity. Every limb is straightened 
and stretched. The attendant kneels upon the bather, seizes 
him by the shoulders and makes his back crack till the 
vertebrae quivers. The bather is next treated to soft blows 
all over the fleshy parts of the body. After this he is 
rubbed with hair cloths. The hard and calloused skin on 
the feet is next rubbed with pumice-stone. The whole 
body is next rubbed with soft soap and the bather plunges 
into the hot water. Here he remains a few minutes and is 
taken out and thoroughly rubbed dry. The body is now 
anointed with perfumes, the hair and beard are trimmed 
and the bath proper is completed for one day. The bath 
lasts about two hours and makes one feel as if he were 
born anew. An inexpressibly delightful sensation of 
comfort pervades the entire body, and as the bather 
stretches himself in one of the cooler rooms the sense of 
luxurious contentment soon wafts him off into a sweet and 
refreshing sleep. At the end of an hour or two he is 



42 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

awakened and partakes of coffee, sherbet or lemonade, and 
the bath is completed. 

The healing of the sick by means of bathing in mineral 
and thermal springs became a recognized plan of treatment 
among the earliest fathers of medicine. The god of medi- 
cine, ^Esculapius, was invoked and temples were erected to 
his honor. 

Over the thermal baths of Antoninus was engraved on 
a large marble slab a Latin sentence imparting instruction 
and warning to the bathers and invalids that, if they 
wished to be relieved and cured of their diseases, they 
must first leave all cares behind them, otherwise the 
waters would be inoperative. 

During the Crusades the Europeans first felt the great 
necessity for frequent ablutions in medicated baths. The 
wanderers brought home leprosy and other skin diseases, 
which spread rapidly by contact; hence bathing became 
universal, and the mineral springs were sought out and 
used extensively. 

In Russia the hot steam and medicated and mineral 
baths are much used. The bathing facilities are not so exten- 
sive as they are farther south. Many of the poorer bathing 
establishments consist of a small apartment built of wood, 
with benches all around a central pit. In this pit water is 
thrown on red hot pebbles. Immediately dense hot fumes 
are produced, which envelope the bather, who lies undressed 
on one of the benches. The steam often rises to a tempera- 
ture of ii2° F. After sweating for some time cold water is 
dashed over the bather, who is then rubbed and anointed 
and dressed. 

Frequently a bather will run from the heated steam 
chamber out into the snowbanks, in which he rolls for some 
minutes before he is rubbed and dressed. 

Our American aborigines used the hot sulphur springs 
faithfully for nearly all their ills. They have been known 
to travel hundreds of miles to reach a special thermal 
spring. When, however, no mineral spring is within reach 



THE BAT h 



43 



they use an appliance very similar to that of the Russians. 
It consists of a hole in the ground, or a hut whose floor is 
covered with stones. These are made hot by burning logs 
of wood over them. When sufficiently heated water is 
thrown upon the fire and heated stones, and the patient is 
shut up in the hut or covered in the hole for a specific time, 
lasting from a few minutes to half an hour, and in some 
instances as long as three hours. This is the " sweat 
bath" so much in vogue by many tribes in California. 




s Classification of Baths. 

The bath may be classified according to the medium in 
which a part or the whole body is immersed or surrounded, 
and according to the temperature, etc., employed. Thus 
we have the hand and foot bath, the eye bath, the sitz bath 
and the half or the whole bath. We may take a sea 
bath, a river bath, a slipper bath, a plunge, shower, drip- 
ping or douche bath. The temperature may be cold, tepid, 
warm or hot. The medium may be pure water, mineral 



44 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

water, saline, sea or sulphurous water, or composed of sand, 
earth, mud or moor, or of animal excretions. / (This latter 
is used to a considerable extent in California, and some- 
times is mixed with mineral waters for bathing purposes.) 
In Mexico, Central America and among the Indians of Cali- 
fornia this method of applying animal egesta in the form 
of poultices to sores and inflamed limbs, etc., is much in 
vogue. 

\Then we have vapor baths, cold, warm or hot. These 
may be simple or medicated, natural or artificial. Com- 
pressed air baths have also been instituted^ The animal 
and vegetable baths are not used to any extent at present. 
\The vegetable medicated baths, in which the body is soaked, 
may be composed of wine, vinegar, solutions of essential 
oils, infusions of thyme, rosemary, lavender, wormwood, 
willow, oak or Peruvian bark, etc., etc? 

CAmmal medicated baths are made up of milk, blood, 
bouillon, oils or fat. 

Then there is the medicated vapor bath, in which aro- 
matics, incense, myrrh, benzoin, amber, sulphur, calomel, 
etc., may be used for a part or the whole of the body. 
These baths are usually administered in vapor boxes, in 
which the body is incased and the head is free. 7 

Suitable rooms are also arranged for vaporoaths, where 
the patient walks about naked for a specific time each day. 
Compressed air chambers and medicated heated air cham- 
bers for pulmonary diseases have also been introduced with 
some success. 

The animal bath, much used by the ancients and 
highly extolled by them for many cutaneous and joint 
diseases, consisted in wrapping the whole or a part of the 
patient's body in the warm skin of a recently killed animal. 
In the case of lameness the patient's limb would be incased 
in freshly drawn blood. Frequently the smaller animals 
were killed, split open and applied directly to the affected 
part. In some instances a patient's limb would be intro- 
duced into the breast or abdomen of one of the larger 



THE BATh 45 

animals while it was yet alive. This practice is now all 
bnt obsolete. 

The vegetable and animal medicated baths, in which 
the patient's body is surrounded by wine, milk or both, 
etc., for some considerable time, can be safely recommended 
in many cases of inanition, or where the stomach or diges- 
tive apparatus is out of order and starvation is imminent. 
The skin will absorb enough to keep the patient alive for a 
considerable time. 

The Temperature in Bathing 

The cold bath has a temperature of 40 to 6o° F.; the 
tepid bath is from 6o° to 95 ° F., and the warm bath from 
95 to ioo°, and the hot bath from 106 to uo° to 140 F. 

Bathing is recognized to-day as a very important agent 
in the preservation and restoration of health. Besides pro- 
moting the healthy and regular exudation and secretion of 
the sudoriferous and cutaneous glands, bathing assists very 
materially in absorbing and removing pathological products, 
particularly in the skin or in and around the joints. 

The virtues of water bathing, especially those of the 
natural mineral waters, have long been established and are 
daily receiving a more extended application. 

Since the modern developments of Balneotherapeutics 
a new school or class of people have styled themselves 
" hydropaths," "water-curers," etc., and, with the exaggera- 
tion which is incident to everything new, the promoters 
have promised a panacea for u all the ills to which the flesh 
is heir," which, of course, is as absurd as it is ill-founded. 
Now that these quackish pretensions are all but universally 
ignored or buried in oblivion, it is generally admitted by 
scientific and medical experimenters that mineral waters 
are capable of a large range of effects. Taken internally 
the action, of course, depends upon the mineral ingredients. 
Used externally in the bath the action depends upon the 
temperature at which it is employed, as well as upon its 
chemical composition, the duration of bathing, the reaction 
which follows, etc. 



46 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

The Skin 

An average-sized individual has from 200 to 240 square 
inches of cutaneous surface — sixteen to twenty square feet 
— containing from 2,300,000 to 7,000,000 pores or orifices, 
through which the normal healthy secretion and excretion 
of the sudoriferous ducts, sudoriferous and cutaneous glands, 
pass. The skin also exhales gases besides the solids and 
liquids. If these 7,000,000 little outlets, each one of which 
measures one millimeter or more in length (about half a 
line or one-twenty-fifth of an inch), were joined together 
in as straight line or tube we should have a canal or pipe 
over twenty-eight miles long! 

Many experimenters have carefully weighed the trans- 
piration passing through the skin. The most notable 
experimenter — Sanctorious — carried on for thirty years a 
most careful analysis. He daily weighed all his food and 
drink and the natural excretions from his person. By care- 
ful computation extending over more than a quarter of a 
century he determined that more than one-half of all foods 
and drinks were eliminated by means of the skin and pul- 
monary exhalations. The skin carries on one-fortieth to 
one-fiftieth of the entire respiratory act; that is to say, 
through the cutaneous surface we exhale carbonic acid gas 
and inhale oxygen. 

The skin throws off many poisonous substances from 
the body, such as urea, uric acid, lactic acid, biliary acids, 
poisons from malaria, cutaneous diseases, and blood diseases 
and water, fatty matters and epidermic debris. The activity of 
this eliminative process is hastened and kept in perfect 
order by the use of mineral baths, thus ridding the system 
of these morbific agencies. This supplementary action of 
the organs of the skin may be seen in the "yellow jaun- 
dice." Here the normal secretion of the biliary pigments 
and the natural flow of bile are interfered with through dis- 
ease. Almost immediately the skin attempts to throw off 
the bile and pigments. The perspiration will be found to be 
tinged yellowish, and react to bile acids. 



THE SKIN 47 

In many diseases the skin is made to act as an adjunct 
to the organ or organs affected. Thus, in kidney disease, 
the skin and lungs are made to eliminate the effete materials 
which should pass through the diseased organ. In lung 
troubles, the skin and kidneys work off what the lungs 
normally do, and so on. Indeed the skin can be made to do 
more. We can keep a person alive for a considerable time 
by frequent bathing in milk, broths and soups, etc., the 
whole nourishment passing through the cutaneous open- 
ings. Medicaments may be applied to the skin and be 
completely absorbed. The skin can even be made to inhale 
oxygen and exhale the poisonous waste product, carbonic 
acid gas, from the system. Hence we see that the function 
of the skin is far more important than we imagined, in the 
preservation and maintenance of health and in restoring the 
body in disease. As a rule too little attention is given to 
the subject of bathing and cutaneous medication in America. 
We have no time, " business, energy and push" absorbs us 
wholly. 

From the foregoing it will be seen that should these 
3,000,000 to 7,000,000 little pores be stopped up by decayed 
scales from the skin — epidermis, by oil, grease, or any waste 
product from the body, or by dust or dirt from without the 
body all or a part of this normal exudation or transpiration 
of solids, liquids and gases must of necessity be repressed 
and retained in the system to the detriment of health 
and strength. If half of all our ingesta were naturally 
eliminated from the cutaneous surface and lungs, the 
suppression of any of the outlets must throw an extra 
amount of labor on the remaining pores, or the effete 
materials must find their way out of the body by some 
other channel or produce immediately serious results. 
Fortunately the economy is so admirably constructed that 
if one organ gets out of order another steps in and takes 
its place - at least for a time. But this doing double duty, 
working without sleep or rest cannot be endured for any 
length of time. In this way, from any partial suppression 



48 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

of cutaneous exhalation and excretion the lungs, and more 
especially the kidneys, are obliged to dispose of any work 
the skin is incapacitated from doing, thereby throwing an 
extra amount of strain on these organs, which it is impossi- 
ble for them to endure long without showing signs of over- 
work. This frequently ends in kidney (Bright's) disease, 
and the long train of symptoms with which only too many 
have had personal experience. It is a sine qua non, that if 
the skin does not act, the organs of egestion must dispose 
of the morbific material, and most of the work, as before 
remarked, falls to the kidneys, producing irritation, inflam- 
mation and the many diseases which follow. 

The author does not doubt that many cases of B right's 
disease in California can be traced to an impaired function 
of the skin, because the hygroscopic state of the atmos- 
phere prevents the rapid evaporation of perspired fluids and 
interferes with a perfect function of the cutaneous surface. 
(This at least is, the case on the sea-coast.) Hence we see 
the necessity of keeping the skin in prime condition. Any 
impervious coating applied to the entire cutaneous surface 
of a person would produce death in a short time, as we 
know from the instance of the child who was once gilded to 
take a part in a great Roman festival. 

Natural Mineral Water Baths. 

The external application of several of our mineral 
waters is more efficacious in the treatment of many diseases 
than the internal administration. This is particularly 
noticeable in the rheumatic, gouty, strumous joint affections 
and in several varieties of skin diseases. 

The most beneficial bath in the world may, however, 
do great harm if injudiciously used. Indeed, fatal effects 
have been repeatedly observed. It is, therefore, urged that 
a careful diagnosis be made of the case and that medical 
surveillance be kept up constantly during a course of bath- 
ing, and that self-treatment and indiscriminate bathing be 



NATURAL MINERAL WATER BATHS 



43 



discountenanced. Not only will the spring waters do more 
good if intelligently used, but the many fatal results occur- 
ring every year will be prevented. 

To follow medical advice in the matter of bathing and 
using mineral waters becomes all the more necessary and 
important, when it is borne in mind that each thermal and 
mineral spring differs materially in composition and tem- 
perature from any that may have been used before. Hence 
it follows that when one water may be used in more than 
one way, to derive any benefit, or the greatest benefit, from 

it, it must be applied 
discriminately. Place 
yourself, therefore, un- 
der the management of 
the competent keepers 
of the baths and the at- 
tendant physician, and 
do not use your own 
judgment about a mat- 
ter which you but im- 
perfectly understand. 

With these precau- 
tions there can be no 
doubt about the bene- 
ficial results accruing 
from a systematic 
cap of liberty course of mineral water 

or mud bathing, instituted as an auxiliary measure, in the 
treatment of these chronic diseases. The beneficial results 
obtainable by the warm (95 to ioo° F.) and hot (ioo° to 
140 F.) mineral water and mud bathing are perfectly log- 
ical and susceptible of actual demonstration. 

The sensations experienced on entering a warm min- 
eral bath are exceedingly pleasant. A feeling of comfort 
and enjoyment steals over one immediately following 
immersion. This continues during the bath, imparting to 




50 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

the system generally a genial sensation productive of luxu- 
rious contentment. If in pain the patient is much, relieved, 
and if moderately well he feels at ease with the world and 
only wishes this paradise of enjoyment and physical well- 
doing could endure forever. 

The warmth with which the body is surrounded is 
communicated to its surface and rapidly permeates the 
entire system, internal as well as external, until it reaches 
the central nervous system, from which reaction supervenes. 

The first noticeable phenomena after the pleasurable 
sensations are a slight redness, and considerable swelling 
and expansion of the integument. These effects are pro- 
duced by the dilatation of the smaller blood-vessels under 
the relaxant influence of the heat. As the bath continues 
this relaxant action is not confined to the skin alone, but is 
also felt in the structures which lie beneath it, as well as 
in the organs within the body. The fascia, muscles, ten- 
dons, and particularly the products of inflammation and tume- 
faction in and around the joints, seem to soften and exhibit 
less tension. This influence of softening and expansion of 
the cutaneous surface observed after immersion in the warm 
bath is not an apparent but a real swelling and distension, 
as ma}' be demonstrated by the wearing apparel, such as the 
finger rings, etc , becoming too small. Now this increased 
circumference of a foot, hand or finger, and the enlarge- 
ment of the cutaneous surface generally, is not altogether 
due to the dilation of the blood-vessels and relaxant action 
of the warmth and moisture, but to the fact that part of the 
mineral waters, gases and mineral ingredients have actually 
been absorbed into the integumentary system and circula- 
tion throughout the bod}-, through the millions of little 
pores and absorbent orifices, and even through the skin by 
the well-known law of osmosis. This absorption is further 
found to be in direct ratio to the specific gravity of the 
bathing medium. The blood has a specific gravity of 1,050 
to 1,070, pure water being 1,000. An ordinary warm, fresh 
water bath has a specific gravity of 1,005 to 1,010. Applying 



NATURAL MINERAL WATER BATHS 51 

the law of endosmosis and exosmosis, the bath abstracts 
vitality instead of imparting vigor. This we know is 
actually a fact. A hot bath always leaves one weaker. 
Now the mineral saline and sulphureted, and the mud 
waters used for bathing at many of our spring resorts, have 
specific gravities of from 1,100 to 1,250, therefore it will be 
seen that the greater specific gravity medium may pass 
through the animal membrane — the skin — into the blood, 
which has a less specific gravity. This actually occurs. 
The mineral constituents — crystalline — readily penetrate 
the integument and enter the circulation, as may be demon- 
strated by a chemical examination of the blood and urine 
before and after bathing. Not only have the salts of min- 
erals — sodium, potassium, iodine, sulphur, etc. — been 
tested and verified, but the gases in the bath themselves 
have been observed in minute traces in the blood. 

It was not until recently that this question of the power 
of the skin to absorb water, mineral ingredients and gases 
assumed anything like definite proportions, as authorities 
and experimenters were at variance. The mooted point 
may, however, be regarded as satisfactorily settled now by 
the many carefully conducted observations of Maden and 
Collard de Martigne, confirmed by the excellent experi- 
ments of Barthold, Williams and Edwards, who unhesi- 
tatingly affirm that salines and mineral ingredients are 
absorbed into the system and may as such exert their 
specific influence and be tested chemically in the blood and 
secretions. 

The Effects of Mineral-Water Bathing on the 
Circulation and Respiration 

The temperature of the bath determines the relative 
force and frequency of the heart's action. 

Both pulsation and respiration are increased in fre- 
quency on first entering the bath. If the heat be moderate, 
however, say from 95 to 100 F., the normal pulsation is 



52 MIXER AL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

restored as soon as the body and the organs are thoroughly 
warmed. After that the only observable phenomenon is a 
greater fullness of the pulse, due in part to the absorption 
of the bathing fluid into the circulation and a relaxation of 
the arterial tension. 

With every additional degree of heat beyond 98. 5 c F. 
(blood heat ) to which the bath is raised, the rapidity of the 
pulse pari passu is increased. The bodily temperature also 
rises. This cardiac exhilaration often continues for a consid- 
erable time after the bath. It may run so high at the time 
of bathing as to be extremely dangerous where there is any 
heart disease at all, and may require prompt attention. 

The pulmonary and the cutaneous transpiration are 
also increased by the warm and the hot bath, rapid disinte- 
gration of tissue ensues. The same is accomplished by 
prolonged bathing at a temperature of 105° F. The waste 
products of the bod}' or of disease escape through the skin 
and pulmonary mucous membrane. Prolonged bathing of 
a high temperature in a water of low specific gravity can 
be advantageously and safely employed among the obese. 

With the general dilation of the capillaries and the 
concomitant relaxation of the integumentary, nervous, mus- 
cular and articular s}-s terns, and with the osmotic absorption 
of some of the salts and ba f hing fluids into the general 
circulation, there certainly seems to be a greater volume to 
the pulsations after a generous bath ; capillaries, small veins 
and arteries, and the absorbents apparently sluggish in the 
performance of their duties from the tumefaction or 
inflamed condition of the surrounding tissues about a joint, 
take up renewed activity under the relaxant influence of 
the warm bath, and this is probably one of the explanations 
of the modus operandi by which a swollen joint or an 
arthritic affection improves so considerably under the use 
of thermal baths. The blood-vessels and absorbents dilate, 
their capacity thereby allowing freer movement of the cir- 
culation. The inflammatory products, usually partially 
organized tissue, also seem to soften and become absorbed. 






EFFECTS OF MINERAL WATER BATHING 53 

Certain it is that these warm baths relieve the engorged 
condition of blood-vessels and inflamed tumefied joints, 
equalizing the circulation, as it were, and causing the 
swelling and stiffness to disappear gradually, especially 
when these means are combined with proper internal treat- 
ment. This can readily be demonstrated. 

The nervous system is also benefited. We are all 
familiar with the soothing result of the delightful warm 
bath. The hot bath (no° F.) is stimulating and exciting 
to the nervous system, but a bath at 98 to ioo° F. pro- 
duces a sedative effect, allays irritability and alleviates the 
pain in over-sensitive nerves. This is exemplified by the 
soothing effect of a poultice in local pains or the immersion 
of a hand or a foot in warm water when it is painful or 
inflamed. After a tedious railroad journey or a prolonged 
mental strain nothing so allays the nervous irritability and 
calms the over-sensitive nerves as a warm bath. This 
sedative action is probably due to the general equalization 
of the arterial circulation removing local congestions or 
internal inflammations. Try a warm mineral bath after a 
tiresome journey and see how it refreshes you. 

How to Bathe. 

The palliative or curative effects of mineral-water bath- 
ing depend largely upon the composition of the water, the 
temperature of the bath, duration of bathing, and the dis- 
eases for which the treatment is taken. 

Mineral baths are tonic, sedative, diaphoratic, deriva- 
tive and alterative, according to their composition and mode 
of administration. 

Rules for Bathing. 

Time of day. — It is almost impossible to lay down a 
hard and fast rule of universal application relative to the 
hour of bathing for invalids, as there may be man}' sub- 
jective and objective circumstances which demand consid- 
siderable latitude. 

The best time for the usual warm 95 ° to ioo°F. mineral 



54 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

spring bath is about two or three hours after breakfast 
and one or two hours before luncheon, about 10 or n 
A. m. for those who dine early, and about the same number 
of hours after luncheon for those who dine late. In any 
event the preceding meal must be digested prior to the bath 
and the system must be beginning to feel the effects of the 
conversion of the food-fuel into force and vital energy. The 
system is then placed in the most advantageous condition 
for deriving benefit from the bath, which is then both agree- 
able and safe. * 

Caution. — Never take a warm, hot or cold bath immedi- 
ately preceding nor directly succeeding a meal. The rea- 
son is obvious. During the process of digestion a relatively 
larger proportion of blood is invited to the digestive organs 
to assist in the chymification and chylification and absorp- 
tion of the blood in order that the process may be more 
efficiently performed. Any unusual stimulation, such 
as would be superinduced by the application of warm or hot 
water to the entire cutaneous surface, of the body, would be 
sure to abstract a large quantity of blood from the organs 
of digestion to the integumentary capillaries, and, in the 
case of bathing after meals, produce sudden interruption of 
the digestive process, checking the proper secretion of the 
digestive fluids, retarding assimilation and not infrequently 
producing congestive headaches, pre-cordial oppression, 
fainting and possibly cramps in the stomach and intestines 
from the undigested food. In the case of bathing just 
before dinner the same results are induced, with the excep- 
tion that the internal anaemia and the cutaneous engorge- 
ment are produced before food is taken, instead of afterward, 
which militates against digestion fully as much, for besides 
not having much appetite immediately after the bath the 
food that is introduced into the stomach finds no juices to 
digest it and remains for hours in an undigested condition, 
thus laying the foundation for dyspepsia and all the evil 
effects of retained, undigestive food. 

Bathing before breakfast, especially in cold (40 to 



RULES FOR BATHING 55 

6o° F.) water, is not recommended for invalids. Early 
morning ablntions can only be advantageously employed 
by one who is robust and vigorous in constitution, who has 
reactive power enough to render the bath beneficial or at 
least not injurious. 

The author knew of a case — a gentleman of fine 
physique, who used to go down to the San Francisco bay 
every morning about six o'clock, winter and summer, and 
take a cold plunge and a swim. It did him good, or at 
least it did him no harm, for he was well and full of vitality. 
One day a sickly friend of his remarked how well he looked. 
" Yes," said the bather, " that is the result of my plunge in 
the bay every morning before breakfast. Why don't you 
come down to-morrow morning and try it?" "I believe I 
will," was the reply. The next day, a bright January 
morning, the two friends plunged into the bay. Alas ! it 
was his last plunge, poor fellow, for the sickly friend did 
not have vitality enough to establish a reaction, although 
he walked home, a distance of about one mile. In the after- 
noon he was taken with a congestive chill, and in three 
days he died. 

In perfect health it is considered highly beneficial to 
take a cold plunge, a slipper or a sponge bath before the 
morning meal, inducing complete and thorough reaction by 
rubbing, exercise, etc. It certainly seems to prevent a sus- 
ceptible patient from taking cold as readily as without 
them, but one ought to be guarded about establishing the 
reaction. 

Occasionally circumstances might render it expedient, 
or the personal habits and conveniences of the patient 
might require a warm mineral bath at night. Let it always 
be taken sufficiently long after dinner to insure more or less 
complete digestion. After the bath take care of the night 
air, for it is never as pleasant nor as safe for bathing as the 
morning atmosphere between the hours of ten and twelve 
o'clock. 

The hot salino or alkalino-sulphureted waters, which are 



56 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

principally used for bathing, open the pores of the skin, 
dissolve and cut away the oils and debris from the little out- 
lets and induce more or less perspiration ; hence, while the 
liability to catching cold is not nearly so great as when 
using plain water, it is nevertheless wise to guard against 
such a possibility. 

TEMPERATURE OF BATHING 

The cold bath is from 40° to 6o° F. 

The tepid bath is from 6o° to 95° F. 

The warm bath is from 95° to ioo° F, 

And the hot bath ranges from ioo° to iio°, 120° and 
1 40° F. 

Steam baths range in temperature from 96° to 140° F. 
The temperature of every mineral bath should be ascer- 
tained by a thermometer in the bathtub all the time. 

The remarks on temperature will apply principally to 
warm and hot mineral water bathing, as cold or tepid baths 
are seldom used by, or recommended to, invalids seeking 
relief at mineral springs. 

Individual idiosyncracies require consideration in the 
matter of warm bathing. A temperature soothing and 
onic to one person might prove too exciting and too stimu- 
lating for another having a highly sensitive and nervous 
organization. 

As a general rule, a bath at 96° to 98° F. is found to 
produce an agreeable, soothing and tonic effect. It is the 
temperature most generally recommended for entering the 
water. Should it be desired to produce severe diaphoresis or 
a strong tonic effect the bath may be entered at ioo° F. to 
105° or no F., but the conditions requiring such a bath are 
not often met with. Enter the bath at blood heat 98.5^., and 
then gradually increase it to any desired temperature for the 
specific purpose of the bath. This will be found the most 
agreeable, as well as the safest and best plan. It will add 
much to the comfort of the patient and not a little to the 



TEMPERA T UEE OF BA THING 57 

efficacy of the treatment if the dressing-rooms be suffi- 
ciently warmed to be agreeable, say from 75° F. to 8o° F. 
This is quite important in the after-treatment {quod vide), 
and decidedly pleasant before the bath. 

Whatever degree of temperature is desired it should 
be reached gradually, if above ioo° F., and then steadily 
maintained throughout the duration of the bath, having a 
thermometer in each bathtub or plunge. 

Caution: Persons of weak constitutions and invalids 
reduced by disease, as well as delicate and convalescent 
patients, should on no account venture into the warm or 
hot mineral bath without medical advice. 

Hot baths should never be used by patients suffering 
with organic disease of the heart, nor by those who are 
subject to hemorrhages of the lungs. A plethoric condi- 
tion of the body, with a tendency to cerebral congestion, 
indicated by vertigo, or swimming in the head, also contra- 
indicates hot bathing. Consumptives, especially the more 
advanced cases, do not receive much benefit from mineral 
waters, and the baths may, and often do, hasten the 
unhappy end if persistently used. 

DURATION OF THE BATH 

The time during which complete immersion is observed 
requires considerable attention. The mineral bath is a 
potent agent for good or for evil, and not by any means 
devoid of danger, if the temperature and the duration are 
not carefully watched and considered. The bather must 
be governed by the requirements and peculiarities of his 
individual case. For this purpose medical advice should 
be sought from time to time. 

As a rule, the bath at a temperature of 98° to ioo° F. 
for ten minutes acts as a stimulant and a tonic to the gen- 
eral system, and especially to the cutaneous surface. 

Immersion from 15 to 30 minutes in the same temper- 
ature (98 to 100 F.) produces a decidedly relaxant effect, 



58 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

opening the twenty-eight miles of tubing and the 7,000,000 
pores of the skin, dilating the capillaries, softening the mus- 
cles and tendons and inflammatory products surrounding a 
swollen joint, assisting in the excretion of the effete mate- 
rials, and allowing the absorption of many of the saline and 
mineral ingredients found in the mineral waters. This is 
the bath for joint affections — keeping the temperature at 
the desired point by allowing more hot water to flow in when 
necessary. 

The patient must be watched. If faintness or giddi- 
ness, or precordial or pulmonary oppression occurs, the 
bath must be instantly discontinued and reaction brought 
on as rapidly as possible. (See treatment after bathing) . 
Should it be deemed advisable or necessary to continue 
the bath for a longer period in order to produce more pro- 
nounced effects, then greater care must also be exercised ; 
when a prolonged bath is used, such as may be beneficial 
in many cases of cutaneous diseases and in scrofulous and 
syphilitic contaminations, then the temperature ought not 
to be above ioo° F. Bloodheat98.5° F. will always be agree- 
able and just as beneficial. In prolonged bathing always 
w r atch the heart's action. 

One cause of faintness and precordial oppression and 
labored breathing is the amount of water on top of the 
chest. It is not necessary to fill the bathtub so as to have 
six or twelve inches of water on your body. One or two 
inches above you is all that is necessary, and the weight is 
much less. 

The lower the temperature the longer must be the 
immersion to produce the same results, and vice versa. 

For a soothing and tonic effect, a bath lasting from 
five to fifteen minutes at a temperature of about ioo° F. 
will prove most beneficial. For complete relaxation and pro- 
fuse perspiration, this may be extended to thirty minutes. 

In the case of a decided tonic and stimulant action, the 
hot bath may be used at a temperature of io6°-io°F., for 
a period of two to five minutes. 



TREATMENT AFTER THE BATH 59 

For the slow and continuous effect (used principally 
for skin diseases), a bath of 98°-99° F. for one, two or 
three hours, will be most serviceable. 

Treatment After the Bath 

It is important to establish complete reaction after 
bathing, be the temperature cold, warm or hot. The 
dressing-rooms and sweating-rooms should be comfortably 
warmed. Much additional comfort and benefit will accrue 
from having towels thoroughly warmed before using them 
for drying the patient. These are small matters, but of 
considerable importance in preventing bathers from 
becoming suddenly chilled by coining in contact with cold 
air and cold towels. 

Immediately after leaving the bath the cutaneous 
surface should be briskly rubbed and thoroughly dried 
with rough Turkish towels. Should reaction be feeble the 
flesh-rubber, or flesh-brush, or flesh-strap may be advan- 
tageously used to stimulate the integumentary circula- 
tion. 

In cases of retarded reaction, recourse may also be had 
to hot beef-tea or soup containing cayenne pepper, hot 
coffee, etc. In extreme cases Hoffman's anodyne (Spiritus 
Aetheris Compositus U. S. P.) fifteen to thirty drops in a 
hot whisky or brandy punch may be of great value. Let 
the bather observe the recumbent position, keeping him 
warm and continuing the rubbing process, and if the bath 
has not been indiscreetly used, reaction will soon follow. 

In many cases it may be desirable to promote profuse 
perspiration. Such patients are briskly rubbed and dried, 
and then wrapped in warmed woolen blankets and placed in 
a comfortable cot or couch in a warm room for an hour or 
two. After which the body is again thoroughly rubbed 
and dried and the patient is then dressed. It is also 
recommended in certain cases to use the cold douche after 
a hot bath. Weakly patients, or those suffering with acute 
inflammation in the joints or in the skin should not resort 



60 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

to its use unless advised by the attendant physician, as the 
shock may be too great. 

After a warm or hot bath great care must be exercised 
to prevent the possibility of taking cold. Take a gentle 
walk or exercise slowly in the open air, providing the sea- 
son permits. If this can not be done, then quietly remain 
in your own apartments for an hour or two after each bath. 

It has been observed that in mineral water and saline 
water bathing much more tonic and stimulating effects are 
produced if reaction be thoroughly established than after 
bathing in ordinary water. Mineral baths are much more 
strengthening and more derivative to the surface and the 
entire system and can be taken consecutively for a much 
longer period than with the use of ordinary water. The lia- 
bility to take cold is also much less. It is an excellent plan 
to gently rub a stiff or sore joint with some stimulating 
and anodyne lotion after each hot bath. This seems to 
assist in the absorption of the inflammatory proliferation 
around the joint. 

Frequency of Bathing. 

The frequency of bathing must necessarily depend 
upon the disease for which the patient is being treated, the 
condition of the individual's strength, the duration of. each 
bath, the reaction that follows and the temperature 
employed. 

At first the most benefit will probably accrue from the 
use of one or two baths per week. Then take a bath every 
other day, and, if necessary, one every day. It is a matter 
of great importance, and as each case is an individual one 
the best advice can only be given by your physician. 

Caution. — Do not commence a course of treatment at 
the springs by bathing once or twice daily. The American 
fashion, as noted elsewhere, of hastening and rushing 
through everything may do well enough for business, but 
where the life of an individual or the treatment of an 
obstinate disease is at issue this plan is not only delete- 
rious, but may prove fatal to the life of the patient. 







BRIDAL VAIL FALLS 

' Upreared within the azure sky, 
Like temples leaf-crowned, vast and high 

They firmly stand ; 
No breeze can sway their massive strength, 
Or shake their mighty breadth and length, 

By tempests fanned ; 
Their first of life what man shall know, 
That sprung two thousand years ago ? 

' ' Two thousand years ! two thousand years ! 
Of human sufferings, joys and tears, 

In ceaseless chase ; 
When these great structures had their birth 
Our Saviour had not walked the earth 

To save our race ; 
Yet then, amid their boughs on high, 
Time's diapasons swept them by." 



62 mineral springs of california 

Minor Ablutions. 

Occasionally, in the treatment of young children, del- 
icate women and persons of feeble constitutions, it may be 
deemed unadvisable to immerse the whole body in any 
kind of water. For such as these we can recommend the 
partial bath. 

The writer has repeatedly treated subacute and chronic 
rheumatic affections with marked benefit by the partial 
bath, immersing only the affected member, hand or foot, 
in the hot water or mud bath. At the springs the hands, 
elbows, knees and hips maybe similarly treated, with good 
results. 

In most partial ablutions the duration of the time may 
be longer, the water hotter, and the bath taken more fre- 
quently if thought advisable. 

HOT SITZ BATH 

The sitz bath is of great value in many pelvic disor- 
ders peculiar to females. The sitz bath may also prove 
serviceable in rheumatic and joint troubles in the hips and 
gluteal region when a general bath cannot be taken. 

THE DOUCHE 

This is a powerful agent and must be used with due 
consideration. It consists of a jet of water, usually cold, 
which is discharged with considerable force against the 
body for a few seconds to a few minutes' duration. If the 
patient be strong enough to stand it, the cold douche taken 
after a hot bath produces a marked stimulating effect, pro- 
viding complete reaction is brought about. 

A capital use can be made of the douche by employing 
hot mineral water and allowing it to strike a swollen joint 
such as the knee. Considerable force may be emplo3^ed 
and the douche applied one or more times daily. 

The douche, be it hot or cold, ought never to strike 
the head or the abdomen. 



THE UTERINE DOUCHE 



63 




THE SENTINEL 



THE UTERINE DOUCHE 



Several of the mineral waters used very hot (i 10-120° F.) 
by means of the douche have been found efficacious in the 
treatment of female disorders and uterine troubles, such as 
leucorrhoea, congestion, inflammation, menstrual irregulari- 
ties, etc., etc. For this purpose the patient observes a horizon- 
tal position and allows a gentle stream of hot mineral water 
to be directed into the vaginal cavity. The uterine douche 
may be applied twice daily for from five to ten minutes in 
duration, using several gallons of the hot sulphurous or 



64 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

mineral water at each operation. This has proved a most 
valuable and admirable plan in these chronic disorders, 
and is well worth trying. 

THE SPINAL BATH 

This consists in having a jet of cold, warm or hot water 
gently strike up and down the spinal column — a douche, in 
other words, applied to the spine. A pail or pitcher may 
be used for pouring the water on the spine instead of the 
pipe, although the latter, being continuous, is much more 
efficacious. 

The spinal bath is recommended in the nervous disor- 
ders of females, especially that form of nervo-hysterical 
troubles frequently observed in the young ladies who are 
fond of late evening parties, theatres, balls, etc., and who 
spend most of the following day in bed or in the house 
reading exciting novels. 

The bath can be advantageously used from three to five 
minutes every morning, according to the conditions of the 
patient. It should be followed by brisk rubbing and exer- 
cise in the open air. 

The shallow or slipper bath, dripping bath, sheet bath, 
or wet pack, etc., etc., are not used at mineral springs, and 
will not be dilated upon in this place. 

THE MUD OR MOOR BATH 

These mud baths have been in use on this coast 
for many years. The aborigines used them long before 
the pale-faced stranger arrived. Wonderful and miraculous 
cures are handed down in the traditions of the red men. 
Crude huts were erected over these mud springs, and many 
an Indian has traveled hundreds of miles to bathe in a cer- 
tain spring. 

These ancient Indian moor baths have been exten- 
sively utilized at several of the mineral springs in California. 
Modern bathing facilities have been constructed, and mud 



THE MUD OR MOOR BATH 65 

bathing has been rednced to a practical and scientific basis. 
A mud bath, can be borne at a much higher tempera- 
ture than one of water, on account of its low conducting 
power of heat. This aids in the absorption of the saline 
and mineral constituents and volatile gases and acids. The 
baths are stimulating to the skin, promoting secretion and 
excretion, and are much extolled in the treatment of obsti- 
nate joint affections of rheumatic, gouty, syphilitic or 
strumous origin. In chronic hypertrophy of the liver and 
the spleen, inflammation of the pelvic organs, kidney and 
bladder troubles, and in old, indolent skin diseases the 
writer has witnessed decided improvements. The tempera- 
ture may be taken from ioo° to 120° F., with the same pre- 
cautions and observations noted under the head of water 
bathing. For a partial bath for hand, foot or knee the mud 
promises every advantage. For chronic rheumatism there 
is no better treatment instituted anywhere than these hot 
sulphurous and saline mud baths, together with the proper 
internal treatment. 



VAPOR AND GAS BATHS 

In many localities on this coast hot vapors and gases 
arise from the earth in conjunction with the mineral springs. 
The fumes are principally sulphurous, with a certain amount 
of steam from the water. 

Suitable apartments are arranged for bathing purposes. 
The rooms are so arranged that the heated steam and sul- 
phurous fumes can be regulated to any desired tempera- 
ture. A hot and a cold plunge bath also adjoin it. The 
temperature of the vapor may range from ioo° F. to 140 F., 
and the duration of a bath from a few seconds to several 
minutes. Care should be taken that no sulphurous (SOo) 
or sulphuric (S0 3 ) anhydride is present in the inhaled 
vapors, as these gases are poisonous. It is also necessary 
to watch the heart's action and the respiratory process lest 
the gases be too oppressive and produce serious results. 



66 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

After a sweating vapor bath the plunge may be prescribed, 
after which the usual rubbing to establish reaction should 
be resorted to. If prolonged diaphoresis be desirable, wrap 
up the patient in a warm blanket and place him in the 
sweating-room for one or two hours. 

These natural vapor baths are very useful in catarrhal 
affections of the nose, pharynx, larynx and bronchial tubes. 
Chronic bronchitis and incipient phthisis improve by inhal- 
ing dry sulphurous vapors and mineral water steam. For 
inaction of the integument in chronic skin diseases the 
vapors have also proven beneficial. 

Partial vapor baths may also be taken ; and a limb, 
hand or foot can be encased in the hot steam. 

The mineral water and mud baths, and, indeed, the 
mineral springs themselves, are not held out as " cure-alls." 
The author merely desires to call attention to their utility 
and the proper method of their application. Thousands— 
yes, millions — are using mineral waters and bathing in 
mineral springs yearly with more or less benefit. Used 
intelligently, carefully and persistently as auxiliaries to 
the recognized internal treatment, there can be no doubt 
that natural mineral waters do assist in the alleviation of 
human suffering and in the cure of many of the obstinately 
chronic diseases which unfortunately attack our fellow- 
men. 

Note. — In making analyses of mineral waters and presenting them to the 
profession and public generally, it has been deemed expedient to employ the 
universal method of computing the mineral ingredients by the grains to the gallon. 
The more exact and scientific system of using grammes to the litre or parts per 
hundred or thousand, although superior, is not as universally adopted, and hence 
more imperfectly understood. Most of the analytical tables of foreign and 
domestic springs have, therefore, been reduced to conform to the analyses made 
by the author according to the old system of grains in each gallon of water. It 
will also be observed that all the salts of the same element are placed together, 
invariably beginning with those of sodium and following with those of potassium , 
magnesium, calcium, etc. The object in view has been to facilitate ready refer- 
ence, which is accomplished by this arrangement, and, as sodium chloride is 
nearly always present in mineral springs on this coast, it has been thought proper 
to begin each analytical table with the most universal mineral ingredient. 

— The Author. 



VAPOR AND GAS BATHS 



67 




OCEAN SCULPTURE NEAR SANTA MONICA 



' Imprimis, my darling, they drink 

The waters so sparkling and clear ; 
Though the flavor is none of the best, 

And the odor exceedingly queer ; 
But the fluid is mingled, you know, 

With wholesome medicinal things, 
So they drink, and they drink, and they drink, 

And that's what they do at the springs. 



In short — as it goes in the world — 

They eat, and they drink, and they sleep ; 
They talk, and the3' walk, and they woo ; 

They sigh, and they laugh, and they weep ; 
They read, and they ride, and they dance, 

(With other unspeakable things); 
They pray, and they play, and they pay, 

And that's what they do at the springs." 



Mineral and Thermal Springs of California 
i. adams springs 

These picturesque springs are in Lake county, two miles 
from Cobb's Valley, eight miles south of Clear Lake, and five 
miles from Glenbrook. They maybe reached by the train 
which goes by way of Oakland Pier, Vallejo and Calistoga. 
From the last point a stage is taken which carries one along 
a pleasant mountain road hedged in on either side by man- 
zanita copses, scrub oaks, and towards the summit fragrant 
redwood trees. 

The resort itself lies among rolling hills which are 
thickly shrouded in verdant loveliness a greater part of the 
year. Beyond these hills lie the larger mountains of the 
Coast Range, banked to the summits with their heavy 
growths of redwood and pine. Fogs are rare in Lake 
county, and the air is uniformly dry, pure and balmy ; 
more like Nice in the south of France than one would sup- 
pose from the difference in latitude. 

The springs lie at an elevation of 3,300 feet above the 
sea level. Commodious quarters have been prepared for 
guests, and every effort is made to make every one feel at 
home. Hunting and fishing are excellent. Deer is rather 
scarce, but quail and rabbit are plenty ; and the Clear Lake 
fish bite rapidly. 

ADAMS SPRINGS 
MAIN SPRING— ALKALO-CARBONATED WATER 
Dr. Winslow Andkrson, Analyst, 1888 
U. 8. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 4.64 Calcium Carbonate 27.95 

Sodium Carbonate 50.70 Calcium Sulphate 1.36 

Sodium Bicarbonate 8.07 Ferrous Carbonate 55 

Potassium Salts. traces Silica 7.42 

Magnesium Carbonate .97.90 Alumin a traces 

Magnesium Sulphate traces Organic Matter 2.60 

Total Solids, 201.19 
Gases Cubic inches 

Free Carbonic Acid Gas, 265.76 

(68) 



MINERAL AND THERMAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 69 

The water is cool and sparkling, and belongs to the 
alkaline-carbonated class. It is highly recrnitive to per- 
sons suffering from chronic dyspepsia and portal conges- 
tion. It is also used for rheumatism. In cases of chronic 
Bright's disease it is reported to have especial efficacy. 
Chronic metritis has also been benefited. Facilities for 
hot and cold bathing have been provided, and the springs 
have acquired a high reputation, and are much frequented 
by visitors and invalids. 

ADAMS SPRINGS 

MAIN SPRING— ALKALO-CARBONATBD WATER 

Prof. Price and Mr. Hewston 

U. S. gal contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 4.112 Calcium Sulphate.... 

Sodium Carbonate 57.036 Ferrous Carbonate... .517 

Sodium Bicarbonate Silica 7.218 

Potassium Salts trace Alumina 

Magnesium Carbonate 99.022 Organic Matter 2.811 

Magnesium Sulphate Nitric Acid trace 

Calcium Carbonate 28.714 

Total Solids, 199.430 

Gases Cubic Inches 

Free Carbonated Acid Gas, 304. 



2. ^TNA SPRINGS 
^5Stna Springs are located at the upper end of Pope 
Valley, at an altitude of 1,000 feet, in Napa County, sixteen 
miles northeast from the town of St. Helena. They are of 
easy access by rail via Napa to St. Helena and then by 
stage or carriage over a well-graded road. The drive is 
pleasant and full of interest; winding around and over Mt. 
Howell, along the canon with its picturesque tangle of 
shrubbery, over brooks, and mountain streams until the 
springs are reached. They are pleasantly situated in the 
midst of wild mountain surroundings. The atmosphere 
is delightfully dry and bracing, making one feel as though 
our primitive forefathers manifested their common sense 
when they scorned shelter of confining dwellings and lived 



70 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

out in the open air. The humidity is very low, con- 
sequently the heat of the middle of the day is not felt. 
The exhilarating, balmy breezes of the afternoon give way 
to pleasantly cool evenings and perfect nights, insuring 
refreshing rest and sleep. In climate and natural surround- 
ings JBtna springs are admirably located for a health as 
well as for a pleasure resort. There are ample accommoda- 
tions for guests at the hotel and several handsome cottages 
for private use. The grounds are particularly well adapted 
for camping parties. The mountains in the vicinity of 
the resort are well stocked with wild game and the streams 
afford good fishing. 

The temperature of the two principal mineral springs 
used for drinking purposes is about 98 F. The waters are 
sparkling, invigorating and tonic and slightly aperient. 
There are also springs having a temperature of 106 F., 
which are largely used for bathing, ample facilities having 
been provided for that purpose. Several other springs 
whose waters have not been analyzed are similar in compo- 
sition, with the addition of more iron. These are known 
as the " Iron- soda" springs and are much used for anaemic 
and wasting diseases, producing constructive metamor- 
phosis. 

iEtna soda springs are rapidly gaining in public favor, 
and from the large number of visitors who go there yearly 
it is certain that decidedly beneficial results accrue from 
the use of the waters. Especially is this the case in the 
renal affections so frequent on this coast. Beneficial results 
are reported in rheumatism and neuralgia ; also in dyspep- 
sia, torpidity of the bowels, hepatic and uterine engorge- 
ment. 

There is considerable similarity between the noted 
Ems water of European fame and our California ^Etna 
soda, as may be observed by the following analyses. The 
Ems analyst is Professor Fresenius of Wiesbaden and the 
iEtna analyst is J. A. Bauer of San Francisco, made sev- 
eral years ago. My own analysis was made in 1888: 



MINERAL AND THERMAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 71 

^TNA SODA 

ALKALINE WATER 

Dr. Winslow Anderson, Analyst, 1838 

U. S. Gal. contains U. S. Gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 28.75 Magnesium Sulphate 45 

Sodium Carbonate 73.06 Calcium Carbonate 8.94 

Sodium Sulphate 8.92 Ferrous Carbonate 05 

Potassium Sulphate 56 Silica 09 

Potassium Carbonate 13.23 Organic Matter trace 

Total Solids, 134.17 
Gases Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid Gas, 63. 



This analysis, made ten years after the preceding one, 
shows some little change in the composition of the water, 
Therapeutically, the change is probably for the better. 

There are several important mineral springs not yet 
named and but slightly developed, which will doubtless be 
as important remedial agents (and about which pleasure 
resorts will spring up when they are developed), as we find 
their improved sister springs to be. 



^TNA SPRINGS 

ALKALINE WATER 

J. A. Bauer, Analyst 

Temperature 98° F. 

JEtna, 1878 

U. S. Gal. contains U. S. Gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 29. Magnesium Carbonate 14. 

Sodium Carbonate 75. Calcium Carbonate 10. 

Sodium Sulphate 08. Ferrous Carbonate trace 

Potassium Sulphate trace Silica trace 

Total Solids, 136 
Gases Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid Gas, 58. 



72 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

EMS 
ALKALINE WATER 

Prof. Frksknius, Analyst, Ems, 1871 
Temperature 115 F. 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineial Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 62. Magnesium Carbonate 7. 

Sodium Carbonate 84. Calcium Carbonate 10. 

Sodium Sulphate trace Ferrous Carbonates.... trace 

Potassium Sulphate 3. Silica 3. 

Total Solids, 169. 

Gases Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid Gas, 59. 




3. AGUAS CALIENTES 

In the southern portion of the State are located a num- 
ber of important mineral springs. Several of these in dif- 
ferent parts have been known as " Agua Caliente." Those 
situated in the Coahuila or Cabezon Valley, some ten miles 
south of White River, on Warner's ranch, fifty miles from 
San Diego city, in San Diego County, having acquired con- 
siderable celebrity especially among the native population. 
They are believed to be infallible remedies in syphilis and 
in cutaneous affections. These springs are situated on the 
slope of one of the ridges at the most easterly part of 
Warner's ranch. They are thermal, varying in tempera- 
ture from 58 F. to 142° F. 

The water boils up from a granite ledge through a 
number of openings or cleavage-fissures. It flows copi- 
ously, giving a volume of about a two inch pipe under 



MINERAL AND THERMAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 73 

two foot pressure. Bubbles of sulphureted hydrogen and 
steam issue forth, with considerable force, producing the 
characteristic smell of sulphur and clouds of vapor. At one 
place a small geyser has developed, emitting steam and 
water with a hissing sound. Incrustations of crystallized 
sulphur are deposited on the surrounding rock. (Blake.) 

The waters possess a sulphurous and a not unpleasant 
acid taste, and are much used for drinking and bathing 
purposes. Formerly several Indian families were in charge 
of the springs and gave visitors the best accommodations 
they had in their crude huts. Latterly, since the springs 
have become generally known, better accommodations and 
facilities have been provided. 

These hot sulphurous waters are highly recommended 
by many persons who have been there and used the baths 
and taken the waters. The diseases treated most fre- 
quently are rheumatism, sub-acute and chronic, syphi- 
litic contaminations and strumous diseases, cutaneous 
affections, and renal and hepatic engorgement. 

ANALYSIS 
Analyzed by Mr. Oscar Loew 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Carbonate 8.3 Lithia trace 

Sodium Sulphate trace Silica trace 

Sodium Chloride 31. . Sulph-hydric acid trace 

Lime trace Organic Matter trace 

Magnesia trace 

Total Solids, 39.3 
Gases not given. 

4. AGUA CALIENTE 

Another Agua Caliente of some repute is located some 
thirty miles from Caliente station, on the Southern Pacific 
Railroad line in Kern county. 

These waters are also thermal and sulphureted. The 
temperature varies from 8o° F. to ioo° F. 

There is a small resort at the springs. 

I have not been able to obtain water for analysis. 



74 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

5. AGUA DE VIDA SPRINGS. 

The springs are on the Arroyo Mucho, among the 
foothills of Cedar Mountain, southeast of Livermore, and 
at an elevation of 1,700 feet. There are a number of min- 
eral waters on the place, both carbonated and sulphureted. 
The lower drinking spring is of light carbonated water, 
which is clear, sparkling and extremely palatable. In action 
it is tonic, antacid, diuretic and aperient. The upper or 
larger spring is mildly sulphurous, saline and laxative. 
These mineral springs were used man}' years ago, not only 
by the early settlers, but by the natives who dwelt in the 
valley before them. 

Extensive improvements are being made on the 
grounds, consisting of a magnificent hotel surrounded 
by commodious family cottages. The grounds, which are 
naturally picturesque, will be still further enhanced by 
the construction of broad driveways, rustic bridges, cool 
arbors, in fact everything that can add in any way to the 
luxurious comfort of the guests. 

Being only three hours' ride from San Francisco by 
rail, and possessing in the highest degree delightful cli- 
matic advantages, this ought to become a favored resort for 
health as well as pleasure seekers. 

We find a number of springs here, most of them being 
carbonated. The principal drinking spring is found on 
analysis to yield as follows : 

AGUA DE VIDA SPRINGS 

"LOWER SPRING "—LIGHT CARBONATED WATER 

Dr. Winslow Anderson, Analyist, 1888 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 4.02 Calcium Carbonate 13.75 

Sodium Carbonate 3.65 Calcium Sulphate 10 

Sodium Sulphate 14.73 Alumina 37 

Potassium Carbonate 55 Silica 42 

Magnesium Carbonate 7.95 Organic Matter trace 

Magnesium Sulphate 46 

Total Solids,. 46.00 

Gases Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid Gas 19.25 



MINERAL AND THERMAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 75 

This comes under the head of light carbonated water, 
gently aperient and diuretic, an excellent antacid in many 
cases of dyspepsia. In several cases of cystitis, congestion of 
kidneys, etc., etc., I have found it of great benefit. There 
are other springs said to contain iron, and still others are 
lightly sulphurous. These latter are used for anaemia, 
chronic malarial toxsemia, chlorosis and rheumatic troubles. 
Further analyses will be made in the near future. 

AGUA DE VIDA SPRINGS 
"LOWER SPRING "—LIGHT CARBONATED WATER 
(Unknown Analyst.) 
U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride. 3.68 Magnesium 8.89 

Sodium Carbonate 25 Calcium Carbonate 15.50 

Sodium Sulphate 12.45 Silica 42 

Total Solids, 41.19 
Gases Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid Gas Not determined 

This spring is one of the light carbonated mineral waters, 
gently laxative and diuretic, and excellent in certain forms 
of dyspepsia, liver and kidney troubles, etc. The writer 
has used it in a number of cases of cystitis with marked 
success. The springs have only lately been developed. 
A good hotel is built, and several cottages are nearing com- 
pletion for summer occupation. Bathing facilities are also 
being constructed. The route of travel is to Livermore on 
the Central Pacific Railroad, and thence by carriage a few 
miles to the springs. 

AGUA DE VIDA SPRINGS 

"UPPER" OR L ARGER SPRING-— LIGHT SALINO-SULPHURETED WATER 

Dr. Winsi,ow Anderson, Analyst, '89 

Temperature S7-S Q F- 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 5.07 Calcium Carbonate 11.92 

Sodium Carbonate 2.25 Calcium Sulphate 4.35 

Sodium Sulphate 17.50 Manganese Carbon ate... traces 

Potassium Carbonate traces Alumina 40 

Magnesium Carbonate 3.19 Silica 55 

Magnesium Sulphate 8.70 Organic Matter traces 

Total Solids, 53.93 

Gases Cubic inches 

Sulphureted Hydrogen, 2.74 

Carbonic Acid Gas 9.25 



76 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

This mineral water is of service in dyspepsia, torpidity 
of trie liver and bowels, rheumatism, glandular affections, 
renal troubles and skin diseases. It would also be an 
excellent bathing water. 

6. ALABASTER CAVE SPRING 
Located in El Dorado county. 

7. ALAMEDA WARM SPRINGS 

Near San Jose, in Alameda county. These are all alka- 
line and carbonated. 

8. ALDER GLEN SPRING 
Situated two and a half miles from Cloverdale, in 
Sonoma county, which is now being developed. 

9. ALKALI SPRINGS 

Several alkali springs are situated in the northern 
end of Mono county. There are no analyses and no 
improvements. 

Alkali springs, eight miles northwest of Quincy. No 
analysis. 

Alkali springs, one mile above the mouth of Spanish 
creek. No analysis has reached us. 

II. ALKALINE LAKES 

Several large sheets of alkaline waters, fed by springs, 
are found in Modoc county about fifteen miles southeast of 
Alturas. No analysis. 

There is also a small alkaline lake in Lake county, 
near Clear Lake. Not analyzed. 

12. ALLEN SPRINGS 
These valuable mineral springs are situated in the 
Coast Range of mountains in Lake county. They lie in 
a canon near the head of Cache creek, some forty miles 



MINERAL AND THERMAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 77 

west of the town of Williams, and three miles east of Bart- 
lett Springs. The altitude is 1,800 feet above tide water. 
The resort and springs are beautifully situated in the 
canon recess, shaded by huge oaks and towering pines, and 
surrounded by evergreen hills. The climate is delightful 
and salubrious, the atmosphere bracing and invigorating, 
and the evening air cool and pleasant. Out-of-door living 
is charming for a large portion of each year. There is 
good hunting and fishing near by, quite a consideration 
for overworked brains and underworked bodies reared in 
the cities like hot-house plants. 

There are three alkaline and two ferruginous springs 
on the place. All are cool and pleasantly aerated with 
carbonic anhydride. The " Soda " spring, cool and spark- 
ling, makes a delicious drink, which may be improved 
by adding a little syrup. The waters are all gently aperi- 
ent, and have gained considerable reputation in chronic 
hepatic and renal affections associated with dropsy. Dys- 
pepsia, chronic constipation, chronic malarial disorders, 
etc., are reported alleviated and cured by using the 
waters. The resort has ample accommodations and sets a 
good table. 

Hot and cold bathing conveniences have been erected. 
There is also a hot steam bath, the water being artificially 
heated for this purpose. The grounds afford good camping 
facilities. 

The following qualitative analysis is reported by Prof. 
W. T. Wenzell: 

AIXEN SPRINGS 

Mineral Ingredients Mineral Ingredients 

Sodium Chloride Magnesium Bicarbonate 

Sodium Bicarbonate Calcium Bicarbonate 

Sodium Sulphate Ferrous Phosphate 

Potassium Chloride Silica 
Magnesium Chloride 

The water is strongly charged with carbonic acid gas. 
The salts of sodium and magnesium predominate, while the 



78 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

relative amount of calcium salt is small ; therefore, the 
medicinal value of these waters is superior. 
On analysis I find the water to yield : 

ALLEN SPRINGS 

ALKALO-SALINE 

Dr. Winslow Anderson, Analyst, 1888 

Temperature 58 F. 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 23.16 Magnesium Chloride... .63 

Sodium Bicarbonate 4.25 Calcium Bicarbonate. .20.14 

Sodium Sulphate '. 78 Calcium Phosphate 55 

Potassium Chloride 1.90 Ferrous Carbonate 93 

Magnesium Bicarbonate 27.40 Organic Matter trace 

Potassium Bicarbonate 75 

Total Solids, 84.20 
Gases Cubic Inches 
Carbonic Acid Gas 36. 

Samples of other springs were also analyzed and found 
tc differ in some important particulars, viz.: in containing 
larger amounts of iron and less of magnesia and soda, and 
being less strongly aerated, rendering these springs more 
tonic and strengthening, and the former more antacid, 
diuretic and laxative. 



13. ALUM ROCK SPRINGS 

These springs are located in a romantic canon 
with an unromantic name — " Penitentiary Canon " — on 
the western slope of the Coast Range, about seven miles 
northeast of San Jose, in Santa Clara County. The 
canon is so named in consequence of the habit among the 
early Jesuits on this coast of assembling there to perform 
penance. 

The drive to San Jose is one of unusual grandeur, 
especially during the last two miles of the road, presenting 
an ever varying scene of ruggedness and natural beauty. 
Much of the roadbed is hewn out of the solid rock on the 
mountain side. The canon is densely wooded, and the 
almost perpendicular cliffs shade the carriage drive, making 



MINERAL AND THERMAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 79 

it delightfully cool and pleasant even in the hottest part of 
the day. The nearness of these springs to San Jose, and 
the splendid accommodations offered at the hotel, with the 
many natural advantages in consequence of the glorious 
Garden City climate, to say nothing of the health-giving 
constituents of the mineral waters, make Alum Rock 
Springs a favorite resort for tourists, Summer visitors and 
invalids. The temperature in Summer is rarely above 
90* F., and in Winter never too low for comfort. Trout and 
mountain quail abound, affording good sport for the rod 
and gun. 

There are several springs in activity at Alum Rock. 
The principal " soda" or drinking water is found on quan- 
titative analysis to contain : 

ALUM ROCK SPRINGS 

ALKALINE WATER 
Dr. Winslow Anderson, Analyst, 1888 

U. S. Gal, contains U. S, Gal, contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 10.21 Calcium Carbonate 19.05 

Sodium Carbonate 7.14 Manganese Carbonate trace 

Potassium Carbonate 76 Ferrous Carbonate trace 

Magnesium Carbonate 8.92 Alumina.,., 6.45 

Magnesium Sulphate 7.16 Silica 2.52 

Total Solids, 02.21 
Free Carbonic Acid Gas, Excess 

CHALYBEATE SPRINGS 

ALUM ROCK SPRINGS— CHALYBEATE AND ALKALINE 

Prof. Hatch, Analyst 

U. S. Gal. contains U. S.Gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Ferrous Oxide 30 Potassa 20 

Alumina 15 Chlorine 1.60 

Manganese 70 Sulphydric Acid 3.30 

Soda 3.40 

Total Solids (anhydrous), 9.65 

It is well to mention that in this analysis the salts and 
elements are reduced to an anhydrous state. The same 
analysis with the water of c^stallization would probably 
weigh several times more. 



80 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

There are also two sulphur springs at a temperature of 
85 F. These are used for bathing purposes. Alum Rock 
Springs have gained considerable reputation in the treat- 
ment of ansemia, chlorosis, chronic malaria, nervous pros- 
tration and debility. They ought to be of especial value 
in the hemorrhagic diathesis, menorrhagia, etc., on account 
of the iron, alum and acids the waters contain. 



THROUGH LAKE COUNTY 

A lake that seems a silver mirror, swung 

Up near the clear blue sky, 
Around whose loveliness the guardian hills 

In circling beaut}^ lie. 

Mountains that hide within their silent breasts 

Ashes of fires spent, 
Whose torches lighted through the night of Time 

Chaos' black firmament. 

Cedars and pines that strike their piercing roots 

In cold volcanoes' hearts, 
That throbbed their lives out in some dead world grief 

As human pain departs. 

Valleys whose curves are like the carved designs 

The hand of genius makes, 
Inheritors of all the riches left 

By long departed lakes. 

Unnumbered springs and rills that from the Earth 

Leap forth in melody 
And take, down mountain side and valley sweep, 

Their graceful, sinuous way. 

This lake, that lonely watched through untold years 

Orion his pathway trace 
Now takes, in Beauty's western wonderland, 

A proud and honored place. 



m 



II 
11 

■Ill 

j, 

II 

I 




82 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

Above the tombs of countless ages dead — 

Nature's mute battle-fields — 
Beauty and Strength have wrought their mysteries, 

Order his scepter wields. 

The burned-out passion of a dead world's pain 

This granite dust of Time 
Is re-incarnated in the lovely forms 

Of flower, and tree, and vine. 

The Spirit of the Past that wrought its work 

And seemed to pass away, 
Through loam and vine and grape is born again 

The rich wine of to-day. 

The old-world trees whose lavishness of leaf 

Formed this rich valley soil, 
Yielded their lives in travel, to the fruits 

That now reward our toil. 

Thus ceaselessly the mystic whirl of Life 

Makes its eternal round, 
No link is lost, no hurry mars its sweep — 

One perfect Whole is found. 

— Carrie Stevens Walter. 



ANDERSON MINERAL SPRINGS 
These valuable mineral springs are situated in Lake 
County, nineteen miles from Calistoga, five miles from Mid- 
dletown, and ten miles from the Great Geysers. They are 
of easy access by stage from the termini of the railroads, 
Calistoga and Cloverdale. The mountain roads are well 
kept, and the stage ride is one of the most picturesque in 
the State. The ever changing scene of hill and dale, forest 
and shrubbery, brooks with ferns and mosses, all combine 
to produce one of those pleasing scenes which one loves to 
mentally recall and review with realistic vividness. 

The springs and health resort are themselves roman- 
tically located in a cozy nook in a small canon, surrounded 
by forests and picturesque waterfalls. 



84 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

The climate is famous in Lake County ; and in and 
around the springs, in the pine groves, the climate is unri- 
valed. The atmosphere is balmy and exhilarating, and 
free from humidity. One could live out-of-doors for six 
months in the year. 

The worshiper at Nature's shrine, the lover of grand 
and varied scenery, will find all that can be desired at the 
Anderson Springs. The perennial mountain streams that 
softly murmur past the cottages, the bright water sliding 
over mossy banks and beds of pebbles, breaking into 
showers of sparkling diamonds ; the caves, cascades and 
waterfalls ; the cool, leafy dells ; the cozy nooks and com- 
manding outlooks; the conical shaped hills, covered with 
evergreen trees ; the profound silence and solitude of the 
forest, where one can commune with one's inmost selfj and 
where one might almost expect to surprise Pan and his 
pipes — all, in the glistening moonlight or brighter rays of 
old Sol — make a picture that only the pen of a Thoreau 
could describe or the pencil of a Bierstadt display. 

Hunting and fishing are found in abundance all the 
year round. 

During the season invalids and pleasure seekers come 
to Anderson Springs by the thousands and enjoy the 
invigorating mineral waters and the bracing mountain air. 

The hotel and cottages afford ample accommodations, 
with every facility for comfort. The table is superior. 
For camping and outdoor life the grounds around the 
springs are well adapted. Miss Joey Anderson, the pro- 
prietress, is untiring in her efforts to please her guests and 
make them comfortable. 

There are nine principal mineral springs. The main, 
drinking spring is the " Cold Sulphur;" it is located about 
one hundred and fifty yards from the hotel. It is a saline 
and mildly sulphureted water, very useful in chronic skin 
diseases of strumous and syphilitic origin. In liver and 
bowel troubles, glandular congestion, uterine and ovarian 



ANDERSON SULPHUR SPRINGS 



engorgement the water has been fonnd of special valne. It 
is aperient, diuretic and alterative in its action. 



"ANDERSON SULPHUR SPRINGS "—ANALYSIS 
MILD ALKALO-SULPHURETED WATER 
Dr. Winslow Anderson, Analyst, 1888 
Temperature 6j Q F. 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 1.09 Calcium Carbouate 20.40 

Sodium Carbonate 9.27 Calcium Sulphate 9.10 

Sodium Sulphate 6.18 Ferrous Carbonate 46 

Potassium Salts traces Arsenious Salts ..traces 

Magnesium Carbonate 11.73 Silica 2.45 

Magnesium Sulphate 16.95 Organic Matter traces 

Total Solids, 77.63 

Gases Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid Gas 243.50 

Sulphureted Hydrogen 4.20 

Another valuable water is the " Iron Spring." Its 
action is tonic, laxative and restorative, of value in 
ansemia, chlorosis and diseases requiring recuperative 
agents. It is clear and sparkling, and palatable to the taste. 



ANALYSIS ANDERSON SPRINGS ''IRON SPRING" 

MILD CHALYBEATE WATER 
Geo. E. Colby, Analyst, July, 1889 
Temperature 124° F. 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 183 Alumina 093 

Sodium Bicarbonate 196 Boracic Acid (with spec- 
Sodium Sulphate 3.421 troscope) Strong test 

Potassium Sulphate 1.168 Lithium (with spectro- 

Magnesium Sulphate 7.359 scope). .Well marked test 

Calcium Sulphate 10.884 Manganous Carbonate. 1.772 

Calcium Phosphate 154 Silica 4.217 

Ferrous Carbonate 1.184 Organic Matter Small 

Total Solids, 30.631. 

Gases Cubic Inches 

Free Carbonic Acid Gas 25.8 



MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 



THE "SOUR" SPRING 



This is one of the few mineral springs in California 
containing free sulphuric acid. Its sour taste was sup- 
posed to be due to alum, but from the following analysis, 
made for me by Mr. George E. Colby of the university, 
it will be seen that there is no alum present. The sour 
spring waters have proved very beneficial in haemorrhages 
of lnngs, menorrhagia, dyspepsia, etc. The water is tonic, 
astringent and gently laxative, pleasant to drink and of 
value in malarial poisoning and blood-glandular diseases. 



ANDERSON SPRINGS— "SOUR SPRING" 
SALINO-ACIDULOUS WATER 

George B. Colby, Analyst 
Temperature 64.3° F. 

JULY, 1889 
U. S. Gal. contains U. S. Gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 082 *Aluminium Sulphate 7.112 

Sodium Sulphate 492 Boracic Acid (with specro- 

Potassium Sulphate 866 scope) strongtest 

Magnesium Sulphate 4.766 Lithium (with spec). .well marked test 

Calcium Sulphate 2.073 Ammonia (manganous Sul) .326 

Ferric Sulphate 634 Silica 3.943 

Organic M atter traces 

Total Solids, 20.294 
Gases Cubic Inches 

Free Sulphuric Acid 1.225 

Total Mineral Ingredients, 21.519 
*A microscopical examination of the residue obtained by slow evaporation does not show 
any characteristic crystals of alum. 

The "Bellmer" spring, so named after Mr. Bellmer of 
San Francisco, who used it for several years during the 
Summer season with marked benefit in rheumatism, torpid- 
ity of the liver and irritation of the kidneys. 

The water is salino-sulphurous, laxative and antacid 
in its action. 



ANDERSON SPRINGS 87 

ANDERSON SPRINGS— " BELLMER SPRING" 

LIGHT SALINO-SULPHUROUS 
Dr. Winslow Anderson, Analyst, 1889 
Temperature 74? F. 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 64 Ferrous Carbonate 12 

Sodium Bicarbonate 1.32 Arsenic traces 

Sodium Sulphate 7.91 Alumina traces 

Potassium Carbonate traces Borates strong traces 

Magnesium Carbonate 2.74 Lithium traces 

Magnesium Sulphate 8 40 Silica 4.20 

Calcium Carbonate 12.63 Organic Matter traces 

Calcium Sulphate 9.17 

Total Solids, 47.13 
Gases Cubic Inches 

Free Carbonic Acid Gas, 149.6 

Free Sulphureted Hydrogen, 9.47 

The " Magnesia" or " Father Joseph" spring is an 
active laxative, rich in Epsom and Glauber's salt. 

Another spring, known as the " Caro," is carbonated, 
and much used in kidney and bladder irritation. 

Dr. Woolsey, of Oakland, has named one of these 
springs the " Cosmopolitan," because he considers it gen- 
erally applicable for tourists and pleasure seekers. 

It is a pleasant drinking water, gently laxative in its 
action, and of universal use. 

One of the most valuable springs at the Anderson 
resort is the " hot sulphurous" or "bathing spring." 
These waters have a temperature of 145. 5 F., and are very 
beneficial in rheumatism and chronic joint swellings, and 
skin diseases. Excellent facilities for bathing have been 
constructed, and the baths are extensively patronized. 
There is an abundance of hot sulphurous steam highly 
extolled in the treatment of weak lungs, chronic bronchitis 
and incipient phthisis, and catarrhal affections of the nose 
and throat. Many persons have experienced much relief 
from the inhalation of these vapors. 



88 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

ANDERSON SPRINGS— " HOT SPRING" 

THERMAL-SULPHUROUS 

GEO. E. Coijjy, Analyst, July, 1889 

Temperature 145.5 F. 
U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 443 Arsenic traces 

Sodium Bicarbonate 320 Alumina traces 

Sodium Sulphate 5.518 Boracic Acid (with spec- 
Potassium Sulphate 1.360 troscope strong test 

Magnesium Carbonate... 1.893 Lithium (with spectro- 

Magnesium Sulphate 6.010 scope) well-marked test 

Calcium Carbonate 19.397 Manganus Carbonate 636 

Calcium Sulphate 3.908 Silica 6.600 

Calcium Phosphate 164 Organic Matter small 

Ferrous Carbonate 133 

Total Solids, 37.382 
Gases Cubic Inches 

Free Carbonic Acid Gas, 70.20 

Free Sulphureted Hydrogen Gas, 3.34 

THE CATARRH SNUFF OR POWDER 

On the rocks over the hot sulphurous and vapor 
springs are deposited incrustations of the vaporized 
minerals. This is carefully collected and powdered, 
and used as snuff in cases of chronic catarrhal troubles. 
The snuff has already gained quite a name, and is 
said to afford almost instant relief. Even in acute coryza 
or colds in the throat it produces an agreeable effect", and 
shortens the attack. 

The following analysis is made from the dried powder : 

ANDERSON SPRINGS— ANALYSIS "CATARRH POWDER" 

INCRUSTATIONS ON ROCKS 

Dr. Winsi,ow Anderson, Analyst, 1889 

Mineral Ingredients Parts in 100 Mineral Ingredients Parts in 100 

Sodium Chloride 2.16 Arsenious Salts traces 

Sodium Carbonate 3.73 Alumina traces 

Sodium Sulphate 6.67 Lithium traces 

Potassium Salts 1.10 Borates. 43 

Magnesium Carbonate 5.18 Manganesium Salts 74 

Magnesium Sulphate 8.70 Silica 8.55 

Calcium Carbonate 36.45 Organic Matter 1.44 

Calcium Sulphate 9.13 Water and Loss 14.53 

Ferrous Oxide 1.19. 

Total, 100.00 



ANDERSON SPRINGS 89 

Thousands of people are benefited at Anderson 
Springs every year. The waters, as will be seen from the 
foregoing complete analysis, are among the finest in the 
State, and the pine forests, elevation and climate are of 
unquestionable value in many sub-acute and chronic dis- 
eases. As a pleasure resort it is one of the loveliest spots 
on the coast. 

ANTI-FAT SPRINGS 

These springs are located in San Bernardino County, 
twelve miles from Temescal. The waters are alkalo-saline 
in character. A glassful taken three or four times daily 
relieves the portal and intestinal circulation, producing 
gentle purgation and thereby a lessening in bodily weight, 
hence the name. 

There is a small resort at the springs. I have been 
unable to obtain water enough for a careful chemical 
analysis in time for this work. 

14. ARROWHEAD HOT SPRINGS 

These springs are located ten miles from Colton, in 
the San Bernardino Mountains, San Bernardino County. 
They are at an elevation of 1,600 feet above the sea. 
The Arrowhead Springs number twenty or more, and the 
combined volume of hot water issuing from the granite and 
limestone formation is very large. It has been likened to 
a good-sized millstream (Blake). The water is very hot, 
several springs having a temperature of 172* F. to 210° F.; 
others range from 166° F. to 108° F. The springs form one 
of the tributaries of the Santa Ana River. The springs are 
largely calcic or earthy, and contain : 

Calcium Carbonate. 

Magnesium Carbonate. 

Alumina. 

Ferrous Carbonate. 

Silica. 

Phosphoric Acid. 



90 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

The Arrowhead Springs are so named from being at 
the foot of what is known as "Arrowhead " Mountain, which 
has a large spot on the side facing the springs that is com- 
paratively free from brush and shaped just like an Indian's 
arrow. The length is 1,320 feet, and the breadth from 
shoulder to shoulder 350 feet. This space forms a con- 
spicuous landmark for miles around. When the Mormons 
first settled there they used it for part of their religious 
ceremony, and it was known as the "Lord's mighty arrow- 
head" for the wicked. 

These springs first came into general notice in 1858. 
Prior to that time the natives used to bring their sick and 
camp around the springs. They have gained favorable 
notice of late years in the treatment of cutaneous affections 
and rheumatism. 

A large artificial pond has been erected for bathing 
purposes, the dimensions of which are 100 by 75 feet (Prof. 
McNutt). There are also a number of hot soft mud baths, 
which the Indians used extensively in former years and 
which had the reputation of being a certain cure for 
syphilis. 

A large resort ought to be built at Arrowhead Moun- 
tain in the near future, as the springs are of undoubted 
value. 

15. ARROYO GRANDE SPRINGS 

These springs are located in San Luis Obispo County, 
fourteen miles north of the city. The waters are alkaline 
and carbonated and much used locally in bladder and 
urethral irritation and inflammation. 

There is a small resort at the springs. 

1 6. AZULE SPRINGS 
These are located twelve miles west of San Jose, in 
Santa Clara County. The name is derived from the Span- 
ish word azule, meaning blue. As the mountains in which 



AZULE SPRINGS 91 

these valuable springs are situated have a bluish tint 
when viewed from a distance, so the springs came to be 
known as the blue springs in early days. The mineral 
water flows pure and sparkling from the subterranean 
chemical laboratory at an elevation of one thousand feet 
above the sea level. The grounds are owned by Hon. J. 
W. Ryland of San Jose, and while there is no resort on the 
place, the waters are bottled and shipped in large quantities 
to all parts of the State. The mean temperature of the air 
is 62 F. and the mean rainfall not excessive, being only 
31 iuches. The temperature of the spring water is 59. 6° 
F. It is carbonated and pungent and is very similar to 
the famous seltzer of Nassau in Germany. Its action is 
antacid, aperient, diuretic and tonic, and it is of great 
value in dyspepsia, torpidity of the liver and the intestinal 
tract, increasing the process of secretion and excretion, and 
eliminating the morbific waste materials in the visceral and 
cutaneous systems. It is highly useful in habitual consti- 
pation, alcoholic dyspepsia, Bright's disease, uric and lithic 
acids in the urine, etc. On analysis one gallon of the 
water from the principal spring is found to contain : 

AZULE SPRINGS 

HEAVY CARBONATED (LAXATIVE) WATER 

Dr WinsIvOW Andkrson, Analyst, 1888 

Temperature 59. 6° 

U. S. Gal. contains U. S. Gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 86.73 Magnesium Chloride 17.42 

Sodium Carbonate 52.19 Calcium Carbonate 10.05 

Potassium Chloride 10.90 Silica 3.20 

Potassium Carbonate 2.85 Organic Matter 18 

Magnesium Carbonate 78.16 

Total Solids, 261.69 
Gases Grains 

Free Carbonic Acid Gas 153.77 

17. BARTLETT SPRINGS 

These famous springs are situated on the western 
slope of the mountain ranges near the head of Cache 



92 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

Creek, in the northeastern portion of Lake Connty. They 
are reached via Oakland, Vallejo and Calistoga and thence 
by easy stage, or by Sacramento and Williams, or by way 
of Cloverdale. 

LATEST ROUTE 

"Formerly there were 35 miles of staging from 
the Sacramento Valley via Bites, and 55 to 60 miles 
via either Calistoga and Lower Lake, or Cloverdale and 
Lakeport. Now, the San Francisco passengers will stop at 
Hopland, and, after a stage-ride of 16^ miles over an easy 
grade, will reach Lakeport to enjoy the steamer-ride of ten 
miles across the lake, while 14 miles more of staging 
brings them to Bartlett; so that passengers leaving San 
Francisco at 7:15 A. M. will get to Hopland abont noon, 
Lakeport between 3 and 4 P. M., and Bartlett's in time for 
supper at 7 o'clock on the same day, and at an expense of 
abont $2 less than by the old routes." 

The distance is abont 150 miles from San Francisco. 
The springs are located at an altitude of 2,325 feet above 
the sea. They are near the pine forests of the summits, in 
perfectly pnre atmosphere. At this elevation the temper- 
ature is io° F. cooler in Summer than in the valley 1,000 
feet below. It # averages 85 F. for Summer months. 
Humidity and fogs are seldom noticed. 



THE DISCOVERY OF BARTLETT SPRINGS 
Mr. Green Bartlett of Kentucky, having early suffered 
with rheumatism, came to this coast in 1856 in the hopes 
of being benefited by the climate. During one of his 
camping trips in Lake County Mr. Bartlett was taken ill 
with his rheumatism and happened to camp near the pres- 
ent springs. In the course of his disease he drank freely 
from the sparkling waters and rapidly convalesced. The 
springs were then taken up and a resort established. The 
springs are picturesquely located, with huge oaks and pines 



THE DISCOVERY OF BARTLETT SPRINGS 93 

to shade the now cultivated grounds. The hotel and cot- 
tages are excellently kept and offer facilities for about one 
thousand persons. 

The main Bartlett spring is quite a curiosity. It is 
walled with artificial stone and surrounding it is laid pave- 
ment of the same material. A jar-shaped chamber about 
two feet in diameter and three feet in height is constructed 
directly over the spring, having outlets similar to those of 
a public fountain. It is estimated that the spring flows 
about no gallons per hour. One outlet flows in pipes to 
the bottling house and another leads into the hotel for the 
use of guests. There are also a number of other springs 
at the resort. One of these, some little distance away, is 
known as the " gas well." It is continually bubbling up 
with great force, resembling a boiling spring, yet the tem- 
perature was found in 1888 to be 54 F. This remarkable 
gas spring emits a large quantity of carbonic acid gas. It 
is asserted that if birds or animals remain at the spring for 
a few seconds they are sure to die from asphyxiation. The 
^ater is strongly carbonated and said by many persons 
who have tried it to be a sure cure for corns. South of the 
hotel are the a soda" spring, the "iron" spring and the 
" magnesia" spring. There are also several cold sulphur 
springs. The springs are all charged with carbonic anhy- 
dride and are pleasant, sparkling carbonated waters. Thou- 
sands of persons visit Bartlett every year and much benefit 
has accrued from the use of the waters in chronic malarial 
and rheumatic affections, chronic uterine diseases, etc. 
The waters are diuretic, laxative and alterative in their 
effects. Bathing facilities have also been added. The 
mineral and sulphurous waters are artificially heated for 
this purpose. The following analysis was made by Geo. 
E- Colby some years ago : 



94 MIXER AL SPBIXGS OF CALIFOBXIA 

BARTLETT SPRINGS 

CARBONATED WATER 

Geo. E. Colby, Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 500 Iron Compounds traces 

Sodium Bicarbonate 1.050 Silica 3.469 

Potassium Bicarbonate 390 Lithium traces 

Magnesium Carbonate 6.620 Barium Carbonate 054 

Calcium Carbon ate 30.1 41 Stontium none 

Calcium Phosphate 494 Boracic Acid traces 

Calcium Sulphate 626 Organic Matter traces 

Total Solids, 43.349 
Gases Cubic Inches 

Free Carbonic Acid Gas 242.1 

Ammonia. .03 parts per million 



BARTLETT MINERAL SPRINGS 
LIGHT CARBONATED WATER 
Dr. Winslow Anderson, Analyst, ii 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 54 Calcium Sulphate 63 

Sodium Bicarbonate , 1.21 Ferrous Carbonate 51 

Potassium Bicarbonate 36 Barium Carbonate traces 

Magnesium Carbonate 7.74 Silica 3.73 

Magnesium Sulphate 1.62 Lithium traces 

Calcium Carbonate 29 .07 Borates traces 

Calcium Phosphate 50 Organic Matter trace 

Total Solids, 45.91 
Free Gases Cubic Inches 
Carbonic Anhydride 224. 56 

It is worth}' of remark that in a number of instances 
I have found these superficial springs to change in compo- 
sition in the course of years, or suddenly in the case of 
earthquakes. They are always changed by the surface 
waters and during rainy seasons, so that an analysis made 
in the spring of the year would necessarily be a little dif- 
fered from one made in the fall, even though carefully per- 
formed under the same conditions and by the same analyst. 



1 8. BEAR VALLEY HOT SPRINGS 

In San Bernardino County, near Bear Lake and north 
of San Bernardino Peak, are situated a number of hot 



BEAR VALLEY HOT SPRINGS 95 

springs. The waters are saline and calcic. The inhabi- 
tants in the vicinity use the water for kidney and bladder 
affections. 

Water for analysis has not been obtainable. 



19. BENTON HOT SPRINGS 
Near Benton, in Mono County, is a very hot spring. It 
has a diameter of eighteen feet, and flows 2,700 cnbic feet 
per honr. The temperature is 135° F. The waters are 
slightly alkaline, and much used for bathing purposes. It 
is claimed that an agreeable softness of the skin is obtained 
by its external use. The water is also used internally for 
rheumatism, gravel, etc. On evaporation it leaves very 
little residue, which is found to contain carbonates of 
sodium, magnesium and calcium. 



20. BERKELEY SODA SPRINGS 
These excellent soda springs are located about ten 
miles south of Summit Station, on the C. P. R. R , in 
Placer County. They are the same as those we describe 
later on as the " Summit Soda Springs," by which name 
they are generally known. 



21. BIG HOT SPRINGS 

In Lassen County, some three miles north of Hone}' 
Lake, we find a large hot saline spring several feet in 
diameter. The water is constantly boiling up in a large 
stream, and forms one of the wonders of that section of the 
country. It has a temperature of 200 F., and flows 2,700 
cubic inches per hour. There is no resort, and the water is 
not utilized. 



96 



MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 



2 2. BIG SULPHUR SPRING 

In section 36, township 32 s. and range 21 east, Monnt 
Diablo meridian, is located a large sulphur spring. It is 
not improved. 






|l|HHmHHpMKn| 



ill' 



ulllii: i::|iiiii!ii,i„ ,!il',!;;'i ii'd'.liMiwiiiUi.i'i:.,! . 




BITTER SPRING 97 

23. BITTER SPRING 
This unique spring is situated in San Bernardino 
County, about eighteen miles north of Camp Cody. It is a 
cold saline spring. The water is not used commercially, 
nor is there any resort at the place. The water is rich in 
magnesium sulphate (Epsom salt), hence its name. It is 
much used locally for u bilious" attacks. 



24. BLACK LAKE 

This is quite a sheet of water, fed by several springs. 
It is located in Mono County, one mile west of Benton. 
The water is sulphurous and saline. Not used. 



25. BLACK SULPHUR SPRINGS 

A number of these black sulphurous iron springs are 
located in section 4, township 32 s., range 18 e. No resort. 



26. blank's hot sulphur springs 
These hot sulphur springs are located in Colusa 
County, and are the private property of Mrs. Lottie Blank. 
The waters are used locally for purposes of bathing and 
drinking, and have acquired considerable fame in the 
treatment of chronic skin diseases and rheumatic troubles, 
etc. There is only a local resort. 



27. blodgett's spring 
These excellent mineral springs are picturesquely 
located in the Coast Range of mountains, about eight miles 
west of Gilroy. They are of easy access by the Southern 
Pacific Railway to Gilroy, and from there by daily stage to 
the springs. 



98 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

The springs are under the personal supervision of Mr. 
Blodgett, who has erected a hotel and several comfortable 
cottages. The surroundings are beautiful. The atmos- 
phere is pure, balmy and invigorating, and the mineral 
waters and mineral baths are of great therapeutic value. 

One of the principal waters on the premises is the 
" Soda Spring." Its waters are found on analysis to be ant- 
acid, diuretic, aperient and tonic, and of great value in acid 
dyspepsia and catarrh of the stomach, constipation, kidney 
and bladder troubles. 

The analysis shows that the spring is alkalo-carbon- 
ated and lightly sulphureted. 



BLODGETT SP RI N GS— " S OD A SPRING" 

ALKALO-CARBONATED AND SULPHURETED 

Dr. Winslow Anderson, Analyst, 1889 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 8.20 Calcium Carbonate. .. . 7.31 

Sodium Carbonate 9.92 Calcium Sulphate 2.19 

Sodium Sulphate trace Ferrous Carbonate trace 

Potassium Chloride trace Alumina 4.13 

Potassium Iodide ..trace Borates trace 

Potassium Carbonate 47 Silica 4.11 

Magesium Carbonate 6.65 Organic Matter trace 

Magnesium Sulphate 1.15 

Total Solids, 44.13 

Gases Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid Gas. 9.25 

Sul phureted Hydrogen trace 

The next most important spring is the " Sulphur." It 
also is antacid, laxative, tonic and dinretic, besides acting 
on the liver, kidneys and blood-glandular system. This 
water is good for rheumatism and sciatica, swelling of the 
joints and skin diseases. Excellent bathing facilities have 
been constructed, and Blodgett's Springs are rapidly gain- 
ing in reputation as a health and pleasure resort. 



BLODGETT SPRINGS 99 

BLODGETT SPRINGS— " SULPHUR SPRING" 

AIvKALO-CARBONATBD AND SULPHURETED 

Dr. Winsi,ow Anderson, Analyst, 1889 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 10.75 Calcium Carbonate 74 

Sodium Carbonate 3.14 Calcium Sulphate 4.90 

Sodium Sulphate 2.78 Ferrous Carbonate trace 

Potassium Chloride traces Alumina trace 

Potassium Iodide traces Borates traces 

Potassium Carbonate 3.55 Silica 5.42 

Magnesium Carbonate 7.10 Organic Matter 70 

Magnesium Sulphate 9.63 

Total Solids, 48.71 

Gases Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid Gas 3.75 

Sulphureted Hydrogen 7.25 



28. BOILING LAKES 

In Plumas County, seven miles south of Lassen's Peak, 
are a number of Hot bubbling and boiling springs. They 
are located quite close together, and several of them 
coalesce, forming lakes. The waters are alkaline. No 
resort. 

29. BOILING SPRINGS 

On the east side of Dry Salt Lake, and on the west 
side of Resting Mountain, in Inyo County, are several hot 
and boiling springs. The waters are reported alkaline. 



30. BOILING SULPHUR SPRINGS 

Several of these boiling sulphur springs are very 
picturesquely located on the south branch of Owen's River, 
northwest of Long Valley, in Mono County. They could be 
made valuable as a resort. The waters are alkalo-sul- 
phureted and well calculated for the treatment of many 
diseases for which these sulphur waters are frequently 
used. There are no improvements. 



100 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

31. BONANZA HOT AND COLD SPRINGS 

These springs are located in a sequestered spot on the 
side of the mountain, among the pines and old oaks. It is 
one of the coolest and pleasantest places in Lake County 
during the heated summer season. The springs are two 
miles from Seigler's, six miles from Glenbrook and eight 
miles from Lower Lake. The elevation is about 2,500 feet. 
There are several pleasant carbonated waters on the place. 
One of these — the " Cold Soda," is a sparkling antacid water, 
containing diuretic and aperient properties. On qualitative 
analysis the Soda Spring is found to contain : 

Sodium Carbonate, 

Potassium Carbonate, 

Magnesium Carbonate, 

Magnesium Sulphate, 

Calcium Carbonate, 

Silica, 

And Free Carbonic Acid Gas. 

Another spring close by is found to be sulphureted and 
has a temperature of 84. 2° F. This is used principally for 
bathing. It yields on analysis : 

Sodium Sulphate, 

Sodium Chloride, 

Magnesium Sulphate, 

Calcium Carbonate, 

Calcium Sulphate, 

Silica, 

And Free Sulphureted Hydrogen Gas. 

This is found beneficial in gouty and strumous joint 
affections. 

The chalybeate spring has found a large use 03^ the 
anaemic and pale-faced overworked city people who go to 
the resort. There is good gunning and fishing all the 
year round. 



BORAX POND 101 

32. BORAX POND 

This remarkable pond is situated about half a mile east 
of the lower end of Clear Lake in Lake County. The 
water is highly charged with biborate of soda (borax). 
During the dry season this water largely evaporates, and 
the borax, crystallizing out, is found around the margin of 
the pond. 

Twenty-five to thirty years ago large quantities of this 
saltwas manufactured here, supposedly the first made in the 
State, but latterly there has been no work done here, owing 
no doubt to the extensive borax discoveries in the southern 
portion of California. 

33. BORAX FLAT 

is situated in San Bernardino County, near the intersec- 
tions of 117 15' and 35° 45'. They are all cold. Large 
crusts of borates are seen on the surface as the water evap- 
orates during the Summer months. 

Another borax spring is known as 

34. BORAX MARSH 

and is located some eight miles southeast of Hawley's Sta- 
tion in San Bernardino County. Then we have 

35. BORAX PATCH 

near Black's ranch on the S. P. R. R. line in San 
Bernardino County. The supply of borax seems inex- 
haustible, and all we need to make this a large industry is 
a little experimentation. I do not see why the sun's rays 
could not be utilized in the evaporating process. 

36. BORAX SPRINGS 

On the edge of Clear Lake, in Lake County, are sev- 
eral borax springs. The salt exists in considerable quanti- 
ties as a biborate of soda. These waters are used locally. 



102 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

During the last twenty years California has produced 
$5,000,000 worth of borax. (Report of State Mineralogist, 
Prof. Wm. Ireland, Jr., 1888.) 



BORAX SPRINGS 

There are extensive borax springs in the southern por- 
tion of the State — large shallow marshes, through which 
flow the mineral waters richly laden with borates. 



37. boyd's hot SPRINGS 

By the side of Upper Alkaline Lake, in Modoc County, 
are located these springs. They are in Surprise Valley. 
The waters are alkaline and heavily charged with carbonic 
acid gas. Qualitatively the waters are found to contain : 

Bicarbonate of Soda and Potash. 

Carbonates of Soda. 

Lime and Magnesia. 

A resort will probably be established at the springs in 
the near future. 



38. BRANBKCK'S BOILING SPRINGS 

These springs are situated on the east side of Honey 
Lake, in Lassen County. There is one large boiling alka- 
line spring. No resort and no analysis. Water used 
locally. 

" Soon did the portals of the east unclose, 

Then all the waterfalls and mountain floods 
Shouted with joy, and up the mountains rose 

A solemn anthem from the bowing woods, 
And morning's misty curtains rolled away ; 
The clouds in their superb apparel shone 
As o'er the mountain tops the lord of day 

Rose like a gorgeous monarch from his throne, 
And shed refulgence on the lake below. ' ' 



BYRON SPRINGS 



103 




39. BYRON SPRINGS 

These excellent and already famous springs are pleas- 
antly situated near the foothills in a spur of the Coast 
Range of mountains in Contra Costa Count}", about sixteen 



104 MIXER AL SPRIXGS OF CALIFORXIA 

miles southeast of Mt. Diablo and sixty-eight miles north- 
east of San Francisco, and about one and a half miles from 
Byron Station, on the railroad line from San Francisco to 
Stockton and Sacramento via Martinez. The springs lie 
in a small valley leading from the San Joaquin plains. 
The surrounding hills are composed of calcareous shales ; 
the valley is covered with adobe clay and fine white sand, 
through which the springs bubble. About a quarter of a 
mile eastward from the springs a well has been sunk to a 
depth of 125 feet. The strata penetrated are coarse sand 
stone on the surface, and a conglomerate gravel, all bearing 
evidences of volcanic action. The gravel has been sub- 
jected to great heat and permeated with steaming gases 
from nature's laboratory below. The well contains about 
sixty feet of good water. The springs are among the 
many natural wonders in the State, and being centrally 
located and within easv access — only three hours from San 
Francisco — they are much visited by tourists. As a sani- 
tarium, however, Byron ranks among the first in the State; 
invalids go to the Byron springs from all over the coast 
and many remarkable cures are ascribed to the waters. A 
large and commodious hotel has been constructed for the 
accommodation of about two hundred guests. Several 
handsome cottages for private and family use have recently 
been added. The architecture is after the fashion of the 
ancient and middle ages, inclosing between the building a 
large square laid out in parks and walks. Two sides of the 
square are formed by the hotel proper, a third side by the 
several bathhouses, and a fourth side bv the cottages, form- 
ing quite a village, with picturesque surroundings. The 
cuisine is elegantly appointed, with an experienced chef at 
its head. A new dinino--hall has recently been added. It 

o 

is handsomely finished in paneled primavera and furnished 
with polished oak. Nourishing and appetizing viands are 
supplied in abundance and invalids are well cared for. The 
climate is mild and pleasant. Cool, balmy breezes spring 



BYRON SPRINGS 



105 



up from the tule lands every afternoon, making it pleasant 
even in the hottest day. The elevation is about one hun- 
dred feet above high tide. 

Admirable as are the location and appointments, the 
chief excellence lies in the mineral springs. These became 
renowned many years before the Spanish invasion. Our 
Indians and Mexicans hand down traditions of the cures 
effected by the waters. The Indian used to travel many 
miles to bathe in the mud and drink the waters. 




The springs and resort are now visited by thousands 
every year. Nothing succeeds like success, and these min- 
eral waters have certainly achieved success. 

During my visit to the sanitarium, in 1889, I counted 
more than fifty springs or outlets from the subterranean 
passages. Some are cold and others are hot, ranging from 
52 F. to 140 F. Within a few feet of each other there 
will be a cold carbonated spring and a hot sulphureted 
spring. The whole basin has the appearance of being an 
extinct volcanic crater. The cold soda springs come from 
the surface water, but the hot water — sulphurous — must 



106 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

come from a considerable distance down in the earth's crust. 
Chemical metamorphosis could probably not produce the 
amount of heat found at Byron. 

There are also several inflammable gas-wells or springs, 
two of which have been developed by sinking about thirty 
feet and erecting small receivers over them. I burned the 
gas for fifteen or more minutes and found it to consist 
largely of carbureted hydrogen (CH 4 ). The supply seems 
inexhaustible, amply sufficient to heat and light the entire 
resort. Special gas receivers, etc., for the utilization of this 
valuable natural product will shortly be erected and then 
Byron will be illuminated with natural gas. 

Of the fifty or more mineral springs only seven or 
eight are in active use. One of the most important of 
these is the " liver and kidney" spring. It is so named on 
account of the action of the water on these organs. This 
spring was used by many people prior to the occupancy of 
the place as a resort. For miles around they used to come 
and carry away the water in bottles and barrels and use it 
medicinally. 



The following analyses were made in the early part of 
1889: 

BYRON SPRINGS— "LIVER AND KIDNEY SPRING" 

HEAVY SALINE WATER 

Dr. Winslow Anderson, Analyst, 1889 

Temperature 66° F. 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 622.07 Calcium Sulphate .. 1.12 

Potassium Chloride 33.74 Calcium Carbonate 59 

Potassium Iodide 79 Barium Carbonate 93 

Potassium Bromide trace Ferrous Carbonate 72 

Magnesium Chloride 3.92 Ammonium Chloride. 3.05 

Magnesium Carbonate 15.75 Silica 1.00 

Calcium Chloride 85.37 Organic Matter trace 

Total Solids, 769.05 
Gases Cubic Inches 
Free Carbolic Acid Gas 7.82 



BYRON SPRINGS 



107 



This Has proved a most valuable water in dyspepsia, 
chronic hepatic diseases, obstruction to the gall ducts, and 
what is known as "gin livers." The action also extends 
to torpidity of the bowels. It is exceedingly diuretic, and 
has a record of curing several cases of albumenurea 
(Bright's disease). Its action also extends to the mucous 
membranes of the nose, throat and lungs. A glassful 
taken before breakfast acts agreeably on the stomach, 
liver and kidneys and intestinal tract, assisting the pro- 
cess of elimination, secretion and excretion of morbific 




BYRON SPRINGS 



and waste material in the visceral and cutaneous sys- 
tems. In alcoholic dyspepsia it is very beneficial. Gen- 
tlemen whose acquaintance with, and long, assiduous 
devotion to Bacchus, which has at last, as must of necessity 
follow such friendships, resulted in a worn-out gastric 
mucous membrane, with atonic or catarrhal dyspepsia and 
shattered health, will find wonderful improvement in a 
month's sojourn at Byron by using the "Liver and 
Kidney" water. 

Long before my chemical analysis had been made of this 
" Liver and Kidney Spring" water it was extensively used by 
alcoholics whose stomachs, livers and kidneys were diseased. 9 
Several people in Sacramento who had albumen in their 



108 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

urine from this cause were entirely relieved by the use of 
the water. Thus practice stepped in and demonstrated a 
fact before science had had a chance to announce it. 



Quite a contrast to this heavy saline water is the 
spring known as the 

BYRON SPRINGS— " WHITE SULPHUR SPRING" 

LIGHT ALKALO-SULPHUROUS WATER 

Dr. Winslow Andkrson, Analyst, 1889 

Temperature 76 ° F. 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 12.01 Magnesium Carbonate. 2.50 

Sodium Bicarbonate 12.94 Calcium Carbonate.... 1.13 

Sodium Sulphate 1.34 Calcium Sulphate 51 

Potassium Chloride trace Ferrous Carbonate 3.00 

Potassium Carbonate 2.37 Silica 26 

Potassium Sulphate trace Organic Matter trace 

Magnesium Chloride trace 

Total Solids, 36.06 

Gases Cubic Inches 

Carbouic Acid Gas 21.17 

Sulphureted Hydrogen 5.80 



This light alkalo-sulphurous water is palatable and 
invigorating, containing a large quantity of ferruginous 
salt, so necessary in strumous diathesis, rheumatism, gout, 
chronic malarial poisons, cutaneous diseases, etc., etc. Its 
action is tonic, diuretic, alterative, aperient and antacid. 
Its use is indicated in acid blood or acid urine, or diseases 
having or depending upon these pathological conditions, 
such as rheumatism, chronic joint diseases, glandular 
enlargements and many forms of skin diseases. It should 
be taken between meals in six to eight ounce doses. 



BYRON SPRINGS 



109 



BYRON SPRINGS—" BLACK SULPHUR " 
HEAVY CHLORINATED SULPHUROUS WATER 

Dr. Winslow Anderson, Analyst, 1889 
Temperature 90.3° F. 
U.S. gal . contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 395.00 



Sodium Sulphate trace 

Sodium Bicarbonate trace 

Potassium Chloride 35.62 

Potassium Sulphate trace 

Potassium Iodide 74 

Potassium Bromide 16 

Magnesium Chloride... 1.00 
Magnesium Carbonate 9.50 



U.S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Calcium Chloride 9.00 

Calcium Sulphate 3.20 

Calcium Carbonate 5.95 

Ferrous Carbonate 70 

Barium Carbonate trace 

Ammonium Chloride trace 

Silica 1.10 

Organic Matter trace 



Total Solids, 461.97 

Gases Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid Gas, 25.60 

Sulphureted Hydrogen, 8.00 

The action of the 
water is largely diur- 
etic, as it contains con- 
siderable quantity of 
the chlorides and car- 
bonates and a large 
amount of carbonic acid 
gas. It is indicated in 
catarrhal irritation and 
inflammation of the 
genito-urinary tract, 
is/*? i*«t , "■ ~"~ and has proved of ser- 

vice in Bright's disease, cystitis, acid dyspepsia and consti- 
pation. 

The water is largely used for bathing purposes. Used 
internally, it should be taken one hour before meals. 

The " Black Sulphur" water is an excellent alterative, 
containing potassium salts so valuable in scrofulous and 
blood glandular diseases. This water is much used for 
bathing purposes. 




110 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

BYRON SPRINGS— " IRON SPRING." 

ALKALINE AND CHALYBEATE WATER 

Dr. Winslow Anderson, Analyst, 1889 

Temperature 79. 5 Q F. 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 670.43 Calcium Chloride 9.75 

Sodium Sulphate trace Calcium Sulphate 10.80 

Sodium Carbonate trace Calcium Carbonate 6.03 

Potassium Chloride 48.05 Ferrum Peroxide.... 43 

Potassium Sulphate trace Barium Carbonate trace 

Potassium Bromide trace Ammonium Chloride trace 

Potassium Iodide 04 Silica 2.29 

Magnesium Chloride... 1.82 Organic Matter 06 

Magnesium Carbonate.. 15.94 

Total Solids, 765.64 
Gases Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid Gas, 25.00 

Sulphureted Hydrogen, 12.95 

This spring has been in extensive use for many years. 
When the Indians bathed in the hot snlphnrons mnd 
springs centuries ago they are also supposed to have drank 
the iron water. For years invalids have used this water as 
a cure for fever and ague and malarial chills. Its action is 
tonic, diuretic, antacid and laxative, and is used with suc- 
cess in anaemia, chlorosis, loss of appetite, want of strength, 
malarial toxaemia and allied diseases tending to destroy the 
vitality of the red-blood corpuscles and the organs presid- 
ing over their manufacture. It is a significant fact that 
although this spring contains considerably less than many 
other springs on the premises, yet the " Iron Spring" 
water is more tonic and invigorating. The secret lies in 
the kind of iron in the spring. Here it will be observed 
to be a peroxide. As the noted authority on mineral springs, 
Dr. Sigismund Sutro, of London, remarks (see therapeu- 
tics of mineral waters in front part of this book), you may 
understand why six-tenths of a grain of iron imbibed into 
the duodenal lacteals (absorbent vessels in the intestines 
just beyond the stomach), with the abundance of the gase- 
ous (carbonic) acid, may exercise a greater influence on 
the circulating system than three or four times the quantity 



BYRON SPRINGS 111 

of pharmaceutical carbonate of iron, which, has to be dis- 
solved in the gastric juice previous to absorption, hence it 
is that this spring has been so valuable and so extensively 
used long before any chemical analysis had been made of it. 



BYRON SPRINGS— "HOT SALT" 
ALKALO-CHLOBXNATED 

De. Winslow Anderson, Analyst, 1889 
Temperature 122.3 ° F. 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 555.26 Calcium Carbonate 68 

Sodium Carbonate 0.21 Calcium Sulphate 85 

Potassium Chloride 36.02 Ferrous Carbonate 86 

Potassium Bromide trace Ammonium Chloride... .09 

Potassium Iodide 0.03 Barium Carbonate 17 

Magnesium Chloride 2.06 Silica 2.00 

Magnesium Carbonate 12.11 Organic Matter 06 

Calcium Chloride 96.54 

Total Solids, 7C6.94 

Gases Cubic Inches 

Free Carbonic Acid Gas....,, 3.00 

The "Hot Salt" water is used for bathing. It has a 
temperature of 122.3° F. The water is alkalo-chlorinated, 
of a good specific gravity to be readily absorbed into the 
cutaneous system (see article on bath). The potassium 
salts and other mineral ingredients, principally chlorides, 
make the water diuretic, detergent and alterative. It has 
been drank and bathed in with marked success in rheuma- 
tism, gout and joint diseases, cutaneous affections, etc., etc. 



BYRON SPRINGS— " IRON PIPE" 
ALKALO-CHLORINATED 

Dr. Winslow Anderson, Analyst, 1889 
Temperature /6° F. 

U. S. Gal. contains U. S. Gal, contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 594.10 Calcium Carbonate 29 

Sodium Carbonate trace Calcium Sulphate 92 

Potassium Chloride 40.75 Ferrous Carbonate 90 

Potassium Bromide 0.07 Ammonium Chloride trace 

Potassium Iodide 0.13 Barium Carbonate trace 

Magnesium Chloride 3.25 Silica 0.05 

Magnesium Carbonate.... 10.78 Organic Matter 0.10 

Calcium Chloride 16.35 

Total Solids, 668.14 
Gases Cubic Inches 
Free Carbonic Acid Gas 10.24 



112 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

The "Iron Pipe" spring lies to the east of the hotel 
and is not mnch nsed. 



BYROX SPRINGS— "SURPRISE" 

HEAVY CHLORINATED 

Dr. Wixslow Anderson, Analyst 1889 

Temperature 74° F. 
U. S. Gal. contains U. S. Gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 15,417.03 Calcium Carbonate 5.42 

Sodium Carbonate Calcium Sulphate 66.14 

Potassium Chloride 142.00 Ferrous Carbonate 2.72 

Potassium Bromide 0.06 Ammonium Chloride trace 

Potassium Iodide .13 Barium Carbonate trace 

Magnesium Chloride.. 622.56 Barium Chloride , 0.13 

Magnesium Carbonate 151.92 Silica 0.85 

Calcium Chloride 2,364.77 Organic Matter trace 

Total Solids. 18,773.73 
Gases 
Free Carbonic Acid Gas trace 

The " Surprise" water is indeed a wonderful spring. 
The most careful analysis yields over 15,000 grains of 
common salt to each gallon of 231 cubic inches of water, 
and has over 18,000 grains — about 40 ounces, or 33 per 
cent. — of solid mineral ingredients in solution in the water. 
Comparative analyses of heavy waters show the " Surprise" 
to be the most remarkable. 

U. S. Gal. contains U. S. Gal. contains 

Total Solids Grains Total Solids Grains 

Sea Water 2,138.91 Salt Lake (Utah) about 11,000.00 

Mono Lake (Cal.) 2,915.16 Michigan Salt Wells. ..11,665.00 

CastalianMin. Sp. (Cal) 4,422,25 Dead Sea (Holy Land)13,488.10 

Owens Lake (Cal.) 7,000.60 Byron Surprise Spring 18,773.73 

Syracuse (N.Y-) Salt W 9,221.00 

For bathing purposes this " Surprise" water ought to 
be one of the most valuable on the coast, as the absorption 
is in direct ratio to the specific gravity of the bath. (See 
article on the bath at the beginniug of the volume.) 

The water is highly diuretic and laxative when taken 
internally. 



BYRON SPRINGS 



113 



The bathing facilities at Byron are a special feature. 
Two large bathhouses have been built, and baths, either 
sulphurous, steam, vapor or water, in tub or plunge, can be 
taken at all temperatures. 

The hot saline and sulphur waters are used with consid- 
erable success. But the most noted of all the baths are 
those of moor or mud. They are so constructed that com- 
plete immersion can be secured and the temperature regu- 
lated to suit each case. The baths can also be partial if 
desired. These baths are all taken in individual bathtubs, 
and the mud is changed after each bath. This hot sulphur- 
ous saline mud has become famous in the treatment of 
rheumatism, gout, swollen joints, chronic arthritis, scrofula, 
skin diseases, etc., etc. In several cases of chronic rheu- 
matism the writer can 
attest to its beneficial 
effects. The "Hot Salt" 
water has proved supe- 
rior to almost any other 
uterine douche in the 
treatment of leucor- 
rhcea and inflamma- 
tion of the pelvic 
^r^yroji^yijy^j-i organs. (See uterine 

douche.) The following is an analysis of the sulphurous 
mud and water used for bathing: 



ptj^;: 



-jLaJi x - "- t 




BYRON SPRINGS— " BLACK SULPHUROUS MUD 
SALINO-SUIyPHUROUS MUD WATER 
Dr. Winslow Anderson, Analyst, 1889 
Temperature no° F. 

U. S. gal contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 274.93 

Sodium Sulphate 42.16 

Potassium Chloride 26.40 

Potassium Iodide 0.32 

Potassium Bromide trace 

Magnesium Chloride 2.06 

Magnesium Sulphate 19.60 



U. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Calcium Chloride 7.50 

Calcium Sulphate 36.05 

Calcium Carbonate.... 3.09 

Ferrous Sulphate 0.76 

Ammonium Chloride, trace 

Silica 5.62 

Organic Matter 7.34 



Total Solids, 425. 
Gases Cubic Inches 

Free Carbonic Acid Gas 17.75 

Free Sulphureted Hydrogen 14.50 



114 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

This mud is used for bathing purposes by thousands 
of rheumatics every year, and it certainly has considerable 
therapeutic value as an auxiliary in the treatment of many 
of these cases. 

40. CALIFORNIA SELTZER 

These springs are pleasantly located in the Coast 
Range of mountains, twelve miles from Cloverdale, in 
Mendocino County, The surroundings are picturesque, 
and the climate is good. There is a comfortable resort at 
the springs. 

The waters are sparkling and carbonated and of espe- 
cial benefit in dyspepsia with acid eructations, constipation, 
acid conditions of the urine, cystitis, etc. The waters are 
diuretic and aperient, and highly charged with carbonic 
anhydride. They are quite palatable. 

On analysis the seltzer is found to contain : 
CALIFORNIA SELTZER 

ALKALINE CARBONATED 

Dr. Winslow Anderson, Analyst, 1889 

Temperature jf F. 

U. S. Gal. contains TL S. Gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 17,15 Ferrous Carbonate trace 

Sodium Bicarbonate 53.00 Calcium Carbonate 72.40 

Sodium Carbonate trace Organic Matter trace 

Magnesium Carbonate... 44.60 Silica trace 

Total Solids, 187.15 
Gases Cubic Inches 
Free Carbonic Acid Gas 18, 

41. CALISTOGA MINERAL SPRINGS 
These valuable mineral springs are situated in Napa 
County, nine miles south of Mt. St. Helena. There are 
two sets of springs — one set in the city of Calistoga and 
another set just outside the town. They are about the 
same in composition, so that one description will do for 
both. 



CALISTOGA MINERAL SPRINGS 115 

In 1858 Mr. Samuel Brannan purchased the springs 
and a large tract of land. He expended about $100,000 on 
the place, built an elegant hotel and twenty fine cottages, 
erected handsome and excellent bathing facilities, and had 
in the course of a few years one of the finest resorts on the 
coast. In 1868, ten years later, the hotel and several of the 
cottages burned down, and since that time the place has 
changed hands many times. We learned during our visit 
to the springs last year that Senator Stanford now owns the 
premises, and contemplates restoring the once handsome 
resort. The mineral springs number some twenty or more. 
They range in temperature from 75 F. to 186 F. The 
waters are used for drinking and bathing purposes, and 
have acquired considerable reputation. Dr. Alden M. Gar- 
diner, one of the leading physicians in Calistoga, informed 
the writer that he had used the waters with considerable effi- 
cacy in many obstinate cases of syphilitic contamination, 
rheumatism, etc. From what I saw of the place I should 
judge that it could be made a first-class sanitarium for 
chronic cutaneous diseases, rheumatism, scrofula and con- 
stitutional taints. 



CAUSTOGA SPRINGS— AT MAGNOLIA HOTEL 
LIGHT SULPHURETED WATER 
Dr. Winslow Anderson, Analyst, 1888 
Temperature #5° F. 

U. S. Gal. contains U. S. Gal, contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 20.76 Calcium Chloride 5.57 

Sodium Carbonate 5.10 Calcium Sulphate 63 

Sodium Sulphate 1.75 Alumina 47 

Sodium Iodide 16 Silica 4.55 

Potassium Iodide trace Organic Matter trace 

Magnesium Sulphate 2.90 

Total Solids, 41.89 
Gases Cubic Inches 
Free Sulphureted Hydrogen 4.74 



116 



MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORXIA 



CALISTOGA HOT SPRINGS 

(On Senator Stanford's Grounds) 
HOT SWIMMING POOL HOT SPRING BY CREEK 



Temperature 121.6' F. 

U. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride. . 23.07 

Sodium Carbonate 2.19 

Sodium Sulphate 6.92 

Sodium Iodide 73 

Potassium Iodide 21 

Potassium Carbonate 76 

Magnesium Sulphate 1.16 

Magnesium Chloride 40 

Calcium Chloride 96 

Calcium Sulphate 1.25 

Ferrous Protoxide 45 

Manganese trace 

Alumina 27 

Silica 3.61 

Organic Matter traces 

Total Solids, 41.98 
Gases Cubic Inches 

Sulphureted Hydrogen, 6.30 



Temperature io6.j a F. 

U. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 17.46 

Sodium Carbonate 3.70 

Sodium Sulphate 5.14 

Sodium Iodide 08 

Potassium Iodide trace 

Potassium Carbonate... trace 
Magnesium Su'phate... .62 
Magnesium Chloride ... .21 

Calcium Chloride 37 

Calcium Sulphate trace 

Ferrous Protoxide 10 

Manganese trace 

Alumina 46 

Silica 1.75 

Organic Matter 63 

Total Solids, 30.52 

Gases Cubic Inches 

Sulphureted Hydrogen, 4.23 



42. CAMETA WARM SPRINGS 

Lie in township 29 S., range 17, Alt. Diablo M. Unim- 
proved. 

43. CAMPBELL'S HOT SPRINGS 

These springs are located in Sierra Comity, one mile 
from trie town of Sierraville. There are three principal 
springs, one of which is cold and the other two hot, having 
a temperature of 104° F. The surrounding scenes is 
grand and a first-class resort has been established there. 
The elevation is 5,025 feet; climate, during the summer 
season, is fine. There is good fishing and splendid hunting 
in the immediate neighborhood. 

The waters are slightly saline and mildly sulphurous, 
and used for the same diseases that such mineral waters 
seem to help. 



44. CAMPO S CHALYBEATE SPRINGS 

Not developed, and I have been unable to obtain water 
for analysis. 



PETRIFIED FOREST 



117 



The Petrified Forest 

Near Calistoga, situated in the adjacent mountains, and forming 
an interesting study for the tourist and scientist, is the petrified forest 
grotto, composed entirely of the trunks and limbs of trees. Much has 
been written concerning the origin of this wonderful forest, which may 
have been submerged in distant ages by the eruption of some volcano, 
discharging water and ashes, covering it and sealing it in an eternal 
tomb. Ages gradually exhumed it in the original form, but turned to 
stone. The area covered is about twenty acres, and is well worth a 
visit. 

There are about one hundred trees and traces of trees, all lying in 
the same general direction, having been thrown down from north to 
south, the largest of which is called the " Pride of the Forest," and is 
sixty-seven feet in length and nearly twelve feet in diameter. 




SCENE IN PETRIFIED FOREST, NEAR CALISTOGA, CALIFORNIA 



118 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

45. CARBONATED SPRINGS 

Located on Shovel Creek road, in the northern part of 
Siskiyon Connty. They are nsed locally and are said to 
have a very agreeable soda taste. Unimproved. 

CARNELIAN, OR LAKE TAHOE HOT SPRINGS 
See Lake Tahoe springs. 

47. CASA DIABLO HOT SPRINGS 

These hot springs lie about ten miles east of Mam- 
moth, in Mono County. They are on the road to Burton. 
The waters are saline and sulphureted. Farther up the 
road are found a number of small steaming, boiling geysers, 
issuing from small crevices in the igneous rock. They 
spout up with considerable force. The temperature of 
these sulphurous springs is near the boiling point. Unim- 
proved. 

48. CASTALIAN MINERAL WATER SPRINGS 

These are found near Owen's Lake, in Inyo County. 
They number thirteen, mostly cold. One or two are 
sulphurous and the others are alkaline and carbonated. 
A resort is building up about the springs. Some of the 
water is also used commercially for the curing of cutaneous 
affections. 

The following analysis was made by Prof. Price in 
1880: 

CASTALIAN MINERAL WATER 
Thomas Price, Analyst, 1880 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Carbonate 1724.11 Silica 14.28 

Sodium Sulphate 651.02 Boracic Acid trace 

Sodium Sulphate 46.34 Phosphoric Acid trace 

Sodium Chloride 1840.72 Iodine trace 

Potassium Chloride 132.30 Bromine trace 

Lime trace Iron trace 

Magnesia trace Organic Matter 13.48 

Total Solids, 4422.25 
Gases not determined 



CASTALIAN MINERAL WATER 119 

This is one of the heaviest waters we have on the 
coast, and is much too dense to nse medicinally, it conld, 
however, be nsed very much diluted. We are informed that 
there are several other springs not so dense as this one, 
which are used medicinally. 



49. CASTLE ROCK SPRINGS 
On the Mt. Shasta scenic route are situated several 
sulphureted and carbonated soda springs, known as " Cas- 
tle Rock." They lie near the foot of Mt. Shasta. They 
are used locally for rheumatic troubles. 



50. CHALYBEATE MINERAL SPRINGS 
Unnamed springs of iron, soda, magnesia, etc., are 

found in several portions of the State. Several of these are 
in Tehama County, about two miles from Tom's Head 
Mountain. They have gained a local reputation in 
chronic malaria, anaemia, etc., chlorosis, hemorrhages, etc. 
There are no improvements on the grounds yet, and no 
analysis has been made. Other Chalybeate springs are 
located in Shasta County, northwest of Fort Crook on Bear 
Creek, near the head of Falls River. These springs are 
reported to be highly ferruginous. The water is said to be 
pleasant to the taste, sparkling and carbonated. Unim- 
proved. 

Coal. — Extensive coal beds are found in various parts 
of the State. 

Coal Oil Springs. — See petroleum. 

51. COAL VALLEY BOILING SPRINGS 

These hot springs lie some eight miles west of Canb}^, 
in Modoc County. They are truly boiling, having a tem- 
perature of 2 1 4° F- An egg boils in the water in a few 
minutes. White incrustations of soda form about the mar- 
gins of the springs. The property is unimproved. 



120 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

52. COLD SODA LAKE 

This alkaline sheet of water is found near the head of 
Mill and Battle Creeks, south of Lassen's Peak, in Plumas 
County, The Lake is fed by many small springs bubbling 
up all over its bottom. The water is palatable and spark- 
ling, and the location will no doubt develop into a resort 
before long. The water is found to contain : 

Sodium Chloride. 

Sodium Bicarbonate. 

Sodium Carbonate. 

Potassium Bicarbonate. 

Magnesium Carbonate. 

Calcium Carbonate. 

Free Carbonic Anhydride. 

53. COLD SODA SPRINGS 

These delicious springs are located near the Yosemite 
Valley, in Tuolumne County. The springs, though unim- 
proved, are much visited by tourists, who drink the water 
with decided relish. By adding sugar or syrup to these 
alkaline and carbonated waters a genuine soda may be 
prepared. 

54. cook's SPRINGS 

Located in Indian Valley, Colusa Count} 7 , some thirty- 
two miles from Williams. The waters are saline and sulphur- 
ous, acting pleasantly on the liver and bowels. They are 
used locally. 

11 The waves come crowding up on the shore like nymphs in silv'ry 

green ; 
Forward in line they trip to the time of orchestras unseen. 
They sport and leap by the rocky point, sparkling in gems and gold, 
Murmuring ever a liquid strain, like siren songs of old. 
With snowy plumes, which wreathe and curl and toss in wanton 

glee, 
Their riotous dance brings to the heart the gladness of the sea ! 
Oh ! the sea seems in a happ} r mood — happy ! and so am I, 
With heart as light as the foam}^ crest of waves that jostle by!" 



CORONADO MINERAL SPRINGS 



121 




HOTKU DEL CORON ADO NOHTH-W ESTERN VIEW 



55. CORONADO MINERAL SPRINGS 

In San Diego County and on the Coronado Beach are 
located some excellent mineral waters. The springs are 
at an elevation of thirty feet above the ocean tide, and flow 
the enormous amount of 50,000 gallons per hour. The 
water is clear and sparkling, pleasing to the eye and pleas- 
ant to the taste, being soft, pure and wholesome. 

On analysis it is found to compare favorably with the 
noted Waukesha Water of Wisconsin, the Betheseda Spring, 
as follows : 



CORONADO SPRINGS 

LIGHT ALKALO CARBONATED WATER 

C. Gilbert Wheei,ER, Analyst 

SAN DIEGO BETHESDA, WIS. 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains 

Sodium Chloride 10.168 1.160 

Sodium Carbonate .872 

Sodium Sulphate , .544 

Potassium Chloride 912 

Potassium Sulphate , .552 .456 

Magnesium 4.728 7.344 

Calcium Carbonate 6.488 11.824 

Calcium Sulphate 1.328 

Ferros Sesquioxide 040 .032 

Alumina .120 

Silica 1.080- .728 

Organic Matter 992 1.984 

Total Solids 26.288 25.064 

Gases Not determined Not determined 

The waters are gently aperient, diuretic and tonic, of 
value in dyspepsia, anaemia, renal and cystic disorders. 
The accommodations at the Coronado Hotel are amone 



122 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

the finest in the world. The building is a magnificent 
structure, and the scenery on the beach, on the banks of the 
grand Pacific Ocean is never to be forgotten by one fortu- 
nate enough to have beheld it. 

56. CORRAL DE LTJZ WARM SPRINGS 
These noted springs are found in San Diego County, 
near Oceanside. They are pleasantly located in a valley 
about two miles in diameter, with mountains on all sides; 
about eight miles from the ocean. Sycamores, oaks and 
alders are scattered in wild profusion about the springs. 
There is only a small resort at these springs at present, 
owing, no doubt, to the fact that an old gentleman nearly 
eighty years of age, owns the place. The climate is delight- 
ful, having a temperature of yo° F. to 85 ° F. Winter and 
Summer. 

The de Luz Springs — several in number — from their 
surroundings and natural advantages offer a sanitarium 
second to none in the State. The temperature of the water 
ranges from 85° F. to 135° F., and all the place needs is 
some live man with a little capital to develop the country 
and build up a first-class resort. The waters are highly 
charged with sulphur and sulphurous acid, sulphates of 
magnesia, soda and calcium. 

Crude baths are arranged and several small cottages 
are for hire. The place is much frequented by Spaniards 
and Mexicans, and the usual number of diseases are treated 
by the baths and sulphur waters. 



57. CRYSTAL SPRINGS 

Several carbonated-alkaline waters are found in Napa 
County and known as "Crystal Springs." The water is 
used by the people in the vicinity. No improvements. 

In San Mateo County Ave find several more mineral 
springs named " crystal." The waters are reported to be 



CRYSTAL SPRINGS 123 

alkaline and saline, acting on the stomach, bowels and 
kidneys. It is a favored remedy in the neighborhood for 
" biliousness." 

58. CUYANA HOT SPRINGS 

These springs are also sulphurous, and located in the 
canon and valley of Cuyana in Santa Barbara County. 
There is no analysis. 



59. DESERT OR CAVE SPRINGS 

These are located in Kern County, and consist of alkaline 
carboneted waters with borates. Unimproved. 

60. DR. SOUPAN'S HOT SPRINGS 

We find these hot sulphur springs at the head of the 
road on a branch of Battle Creek, in Plumas County. The 
surroundings are picturesque, and we understand improve- 
ments are contemplated. No analysis. 

DE LUZ SPRINGS 
See Corral de Luz warm springs. 

El Paso de Robles 

HOT AND COLD SULPHUR SPRINGS 

These valuable mineral springs are situated midway 
between the mission of San Miguel Archangel and La Casa 
del Paso de Robles. They lie in the beautiful valley of 
the Salinas River about sixteen miles from the shores of the 
Pacific and two hundred and sixteen miles from San Fran- 
cisco. The springs are of easy access by the Southern 
Pacific Railroad (northern division) via Soledad, through 
trains daily. Also from San Luis Obispo by stage. The 
name, El Paso de Robles (ail-parso day roh-blais) is derived 
from the Spanish, meaning " in a pass of the oaks/ 1 from 



EL PASO BE ROBLES 125 

the fact that the main highway ran through this valley. 
For many miles this picturesque valley is covered with 
gigantic white oaks, live oaks and huge cotton woods, and 
nestled in one of these cosy groves is Paso Robles retreat. 

The once wild " pass in the oaks" is now transformed 
into a blooming resort, with cultivated grounds, and Paso 
Robles is a delightful little town of about one thousand 
inhabitants. It is situated in the center of a very rich 
agricultural section in San Luis Obispo County. The town 
is principally built of handsome brick buildings and is 
growing rapidly. When the Southern Pacific Railroad is 
completed Paso Robles will be of considerable commercial 
importance. 

Near the springs, and overlooking the prosperous little 
town, there is in course of construction an elegant and 
commodious hotel, which is to be built of solid brick 
throughout. This building, when completed, will not only 
be an ornament to the town, but of great comfort and con- 
venience to the many guests who go to the springs yearly 
for their health. 

Under the umbrageous oaks in different parts of the 
extensive grounds are located some eighteen cosy cottages 
for private and family use. On each side of the resort and 
valley the evergreen hills, covered with forests of pine, 
oaks, manzanita groves and sweet-scented shrubbery, form 
a pleasant contrast to Paso Robles proper. The climate 
is remarkably mild and luxurious all the year round, and 
the atmosphere is pure, balmy and invigorating. 

Few mineral springs in America have acquired such a 
favorable reputation for the treatment of constitutional 
contaminations, rheumatism, gout, joint, blood, glandular 
and cutaneous diseases as Paso Robles have, and thousands 
go there yearly to receive the joint benefit of the bathing 
and drinking* waters, as well as the internal medical 
treatment. 

The waters at Paso Robles are sulphurous and alka- 
line, ranging in temperature from 59° F. to 104 and 12 2° F., 



126 



MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 



and comprise the " Main Hot Sulphur" spring, the " Mnd 
or Moor" springs, the "Soda," "Sand," "Cold White 
Sulphur," " Iron" and " Garden" springs. 

The great hot sulphureted spring is located about three 
hundred yards from the hotel in a southeasterly direction. 
Over it has been constructed one of the finest bathing estab- 
lishments on the coast, consisting of sixty individual bath- 
tubs, and a large vat fifteen by thirty feet for a swimming 
or a plunge bath. One side is used for women and the other 
side for men. Immediately over the source of the spring is 




built a large dome-shaped receptacle twenty-five feet in diam- 
eter and about twenty feet high. This tank collects the 
hot water and gases as they issue from the subterranean 
laboratory, and, being constructed of solid masonry and 
hermetically sealed, all the vapors and mineral properties 
are kept saturated in the water. From this tank or reser- 
voir lead several faucets, whereby the water may be drawn 
for drinking purposes. Most of the water, however, is used 
for bathing, for which purpose it is led into the several 
bathtubs. 

The flow of this main spring is about 5,000 gallons 
per hour, and it has a temperature from 105 F. to no° F. 



EL PASO BE ROBLES 127 

EL PASO DE ROBLES— "MAIN SULPHUR WATER'' 

AIvKAIvOSULPHUROUS 
Flows 5,000 gallons per hour 
Profs. Price and Hewston's Dr. Winslow Anderson, 

Analysis, several years ago. Analyst, 1889 

Temperature no° F. - Temperature ioj.6° F. 

Imp. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains 

Sodium Chloride 27.18 25.73 

Sodium Bicarbonate 50.74 41.19 

Sodium Carbonate 7.62 

Sodium Sulphate 7.85 7.25 

Sodium Iodide trace 

Sodium Bromide trace 

Potassium Chloride 1.57 

Potassium Carbonate 2.05 

Potassium Iodide trace 

Potassium Sulphate 88 trace 

Magnesium Bicarbonate 92 

Magnesium Carbonate 2.15 

Magnesium Sulphate 5.11 

Calcium Carbonate 1.23 

Calcium Sulphate 3.21 2.94 

Ferrum Peroxide 36 .73 

Borates trace 

Lithiates trace 

Alumina 22 .25 

Silica 44 1.75 

Iodides and Bromides trace 

Organic Matter 1.64 1.90 

Total Solids 93.44 101.47 

Gases Grains Cubic Inches 

Free Sulphureted Hydrogen 4.45 3.75 

Free Carbonated Acid Gas 10.50 8.90 

These waters are found to be especially serviceable in 
acute and chronic rheumatism and articular affections, 
scrofula, blood, glandular and cutaneous diseases. In 
catarrh of the naso-pharynx the water, used as a hot 
douche, has proved highly beneficial, likewise in leucor- 
rhceal discharges and engorgement of the pelvic organs, 
etc., etc. 

It is important, as has been remarked when speaking 
of the therapeutic properties of mineral waters, to carefully 
follow the instructions of the resident physician, in order to 
fully and rapidly receive the benefits of the springs. Con- 



128 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

nected with Paso Robles is an experienced physician, Dr. 
David L. Deal, who has made a special study of the action 
of these waters in health and in disease, and his instruc- 
tions should be conscientiously followed. 

The next most important water at Paso Robles is that 
used for the mud or moor baths. This now famous spring 
is situated about one mile and a half north of the hotel, 
near the line of the Southern Pacific Railroad and on the 
edge of the Salinas River. 

The walk from the hotel to this spring is a pleasant 
one under the shady oaks and along the well-kept road and 
grassy lawns. Patients unable to walk, and others who 
may desire it, can ride in the hotel carriage to and from the 
mud baths twice daily. 

These mud springs — for there are several — cover a 
space of about twenty-five feet square, over which has been 
constructed suitable bathing conveniences, consisting of 
dressing-rooms, hot sulphurous water plunges and the mud 
plunge. This latter is a compartment or vat four by eight 
feet and nearly filled with prepared moor or mud, and so 
arranged that the hot sulphurous water and gases rise 
directly into it from the ground beneath. 

The facilities are admirably arranged for both ladies 
and gentlemen, and competent persons administer the baths 
under directions of the resident physician. 

During my visit to these springs, in 1889, I found the 
temperature of the mud and sulphurous waters to vary 
from 104 F. to 122 F. Baths are prescribed once, twice 
or three times a week of different degrees of temperature 
and of varying duration, to suit each individual case. The 
mud springs flow collectively about 6,000 gallons per hour. 

Moor bathing has been practised by the Indians for 
generations, and of late years it has been extensively intro- 
duced among the white people all over the world. These 
baths at Paso Robles have gained considerable celebrity, 
and justly so. The writer has had occasion to note the 
beneficial results in many cases subjected to this plan of 



EL PASO DE ROBLES 



129 



treatment and lie does not hesitate in remarking that for 
rheumatism, arthritis, stiff joints, sprains, white swellings 
(synovitis), glandular enlargements, chronic cutaneous dis- 
eases, etc., much benefit will accrue, especially if the inter- 
nal medication be kept up during the treatment. 



KIv PASO DE ROBLES— "MUD SPRINGS" 
SULPHUROUS 
Flows 6.000 gallons per hour 
Profs. Price and Hewston's Dr. Winsi,ow Anderson 

Analysis, several years ago Analyst, 1889 

Temperature 122 F. Temperature 104 to 122° F. 

One Imp. Gal. contains One U. S. Gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains 

Sodium Chloride 96.48 83.72 

Sodium Carbonate 5.21 7.41 

Sodium Sulphate 41.11 30.97 

Sodium Iodide trace 

Potassium Chloride 3.19 

Potassium Iodide trace 

Potassium Sulphate trace .82 

Magnesium Carbonate 3.10 4.25 

Magnesium Sulphate 1.13 

Calcium Carbonate 2.10 

Calcium Sulphate 17.90 15.75 

Ferrous Sulphate .23 

Alumina... .80 

Manganese Salts trace 

Silica 1.11 .251 

Lithium Salts trace 

Organic Matter 3.47 7.14 

Total Solids 168.38 166.02 

Gases Grains Cubic Inches 

Ammonia and Nitrogen trace 

Free Sulphureted Hydrogen 3.24 4.16 

Free Carbonic Acid Gas 4784 42.50 



Abont two hnndred yards north of the Mnd Baths is 
the "Soda Spring." Its temperature is 77 F., and its flow 
is limited. The water is much used for drinking purposes. 
By allowing the small amount of sulphureted hydrogen to 
escape the water becomes very palatable. 



130 



MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 



EL PASO DE ROBLES— "SODA SPRING" 
Dr. Winslow Anderson, Analyst, 1889 

Temperature 77 F. 






U. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 25.10 

Sodium Carbonate 7.25 

Sodium Bicarbonate 19.70 

Sodium Sulphate 5.05 

Potassium Carbonate 1.16 

Potassium Sulphate 83 

Magnesium Carbonate 3.17 

Total Solids, 



U. S. gal. contains 
Mineial Ingredients Grains 

Magnesium Sulphate... 7.80 

Calcium Carbonate 5.32 

Calcium Sulphate 6.47 

Ferrum Peroxide trace 

Silica 92 

Alumina. 85 

Organic Matter trace 

83.82 



Free Gases Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid Gas 9.20 

Sulphureted Hydrogen 1 .60 

About midway between the "Mud Springs" and the 
" Sand Spring" is found a carbonated spring, known as the 
"Garden." The water is palatable, and of value in B right's 
disease, bladder troubles, etc., as an antacid and diuretic. 

On analysis it yields : 



EL PASO DE ROBLES SPRINGS— " GARDEN SPRING 

CARBONATED WATER 
Dr. Winslow Anderson, Analyst, July, 1889 



U. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 20.76 

Sodium Carbonate 1.16 

Sodium Bicarbonate 25.17 

Sodium Sulphate traces 

P otassium Chlo ride traces 

Potassium Carbonate 83 

Magnesium Carbonate 4.95 

Magnesium Sulphate 3.47 

Total Solids, 



U. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Calcium Carbonate 6.23 

Calcium Sulphate 12.35 

Ferrous Carbonate traces 

Manganese Carbonate.traces 

Alumina 47 

Silica 22 

Organic Matter traces 



"5.61. 



Free Gases Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid Gas 25.60 

S ulphureted Hydrogen traces 

This soda water is found to be of special value in kid- 
ne}^ and bladder irritation. 



SAND SPRINGS 



131 



"SAND" SPRING 



About one-quarter of a mile south of the mud springs we 
find a large "sand" spring. It is about twelve feet in 
diameter, and situated in the old bed of the Salinas River. 
The waters are carbonated and sulphureted and bubbling 
up with considerable force, carrying with it quantities of 
white silicon oxide, which sparkles in the water as it rises 
and falls. 

The waters have a temperature of 79. i° F., and are 
not utilized to any extent at present. 



EI, PASO DB ROBIvES "SAND" SPRINGS 

ALKALO-SUIvPHUROUS 

Dr. Winslow Anderson, Analyst, 1889 

Temperature 79. 1 F° 



U. S. gal. contains 



Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 92.20 

Sodium Carbonate 9.41 

Sodium Sulphate 36.95 

Sodium Iodide trace 

Sodium Bromide trace 

Potassium Chloride 7.50 

Potassium Carbonate 5.03 

Potassium Iodide trace 

Potassium Bromide trace 

Magnesium Carbonate 3.72 



U. S. gal. contain 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Magnesium Sulphate 4.10 

Calcium Carbonate 6.62 

Calcium Sulphate 16.04 

Ferrous Carbonate 29 

Manganese Carbonate 13 

Alumina 1.17 

Ivithium Salts trace 

Barium Salts trace 

Silica 6.51 

Organic Matter 87 



Total Solids, 190.54 

Gases Cubic Inches 

Free Carbonic Acid Gas, 11.76 

Free Sulphureted Hydrogen 3.40 
Nitrogen trace 



A. quarter of a mile southeast of the hotel is located 
the large "White Sulphur" spring. It is inclosed in 
twenty feet square masonry walls. The waters are salino- 
sulphurous, and strongly charged with hydrogen sulphide. 
The waters are not extensively used. 



132 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

EL PASO DB ROBLES i{ WHITE SULPHUR SPRING" 

SALINO-SUIvPHUROUS 

Dr. Winslow Anderson, Analyst, 1889 
Temperature 59° F. 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 31.76 Magnesium Chloride 9.03 

Sodium Carbonate 3.19 Calcium Sulphide 5.10 

Sodium Sulphate 23.14 Manganese trace 

Potassium Chi oride 10.73 Ferrous Sulphate trace 

Potassium Sulphate 13.23 Alumina 84 

Potassium Iodide trace Silica 1.05 

Magnesium Sulphate 14.76 Organic Matter trace 

Total Solids, 112.85 
Gases Cubic Inches 

Free Sulphureted Hydrogen, 9.40 

Free Carbonic Acid Gas, 5.25 



EL PASO ROBLES "IRON SPRING" 

A little farther eastward and towards the bank of the 
river is located the "Iron" spring. It is a small spring 
incased in a box two by fonr feet, and has a moderate flow. 
Its temperature is 64.4° F. The waters are restorative, 
tonic, diuretic and aperient, and of value in the treatment 
of anaemia, chronic malarial toxaemia, chlorosis and the 
many diseases requiring recuperative ferruginous tonics. 

EL PASO ROBLES "CHALYBEATE" SPRINGS 

FERRUGINOUS AND CARBONATED 

Dr. Winslow Anderson, Analyst, 1889 
Temperature 64. <f F. 
U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 23.18 Calcium Sulphate/ 6.20 

Sodium Carbonate 7.14 Ferrous Carbonate 1.49 

Sodium Bicarbonate 20.87 Borates trace 

Sodium Sulphate 1.03 Alumina 26 

Potassium Carbonate trace Manganese Carbonate trace 

Magnesium Carbonate 6.23 Silica 85 

Magnesium Sulphate 10.06 Organic Matter trace 

Calcium Carbonate 2.11 

Total Solids, 79.42 
Gases Cubic Inches 

Free Sulphureted Hydrogen trace 

Free Carbonic Acid Gas trace 



ELSINORE SPRINGS 1?3 

6l. ELSINORE SPRINGS 
Near Elsinore, in San Diego County, lies a little val- 
ley, which is teeming and steaming with mineral springs. 
Some are hot and others are cold. They number some two 
hundred. The temperature ranges from 57°F. to 21 2° F. 
The cold springs are carbonated, containing soda, magnesia 
and iron; the hot waters are sulphurous, with lime, mag- 
nesia and borax. There are also hot mud springs. The 
place is not developed. We predict a large resort for the 
valley in the course of a few years. 



62. EUREKA SPRINGS 

These springs are located in Humboldt County, near 
the town of Eureka, and they issue from the bank of the Bay. 
The waters belong to the chlorinated-sulphureted class, and 
were analyzed by Professor W. D. Johnston in 1885, as 
follows : 

EUREKA SPRINGS 

CHLORINATED— HEAVY 

Prof. W D. Johnston, Analyst, 1885 

U. S. gal contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 1,403.00 Alumina 1.30 

Sodium Carbonate 10.10 Silica 95 

Sodium Bromide 14.00 Ferrous Carbonate 12 

Potassium Sulphate 12.20 Manganese trace 

Magnesium Chloride 101.00 Boracic Acid trace 

Magnesium Sulphate 211.30 Iodine trace 

Calcium Carbonate y 3.80 Lithium trace 

Calcium Sulphate 42.50 

Total Solids, 1,800.27 
Gases 

Carbonic Acid Gas small amount 

Sulphureted Hydrogen saturated 

This Eureka Spring water is now extensively used by 
the inhabitants. It is also shipped to San Francisco. The 
action of the water is laxative and diuretic, acting also on 
the glandular and lymphatic systems. It has also been 
used in skin diseases. 



FA1RM0UNT MINERAL SPRINGS 135 

FAIRMOUNT MINERAL SPRINGS 
These recently developed springs are located in Sonoma 

Valley, abont five miles from Cloverdale. 

The water is alkaline and carbonated, very palatable 

and has a pleasant antacid effect on the stomach. The 

bnilding of a resort is contemplated. 



felt's mineral springs 
These springs are located in Hnmboldt County, about 
twenty-five miles from Eureka, near the head of Strong's 
Valley. There are quite a number of springs on the place, 
the most important of which yields, on analysis : 

Sodium Chloride. Magnesium Chloride. 

Sodium Carbonate. Magnesium Carbonate. 

Potassium Chloride Calcium Carbonate. 

Potassium Carbonate. Manganese. 

Potassium Sulphate. Traces of Iron. 

Silica. Alumina. 

The grounds are elegantly laid out, and commodious 
quarters have been erected for the accommodation of guests. 
The resort is illuminated by natural gas from the premises. 
The waters are said to be beneficial in dropsical tendencies 
depending on the liver or kidneys. 



65. FRESNO HOT SPRINGS 

Located near Warthau, in Fresno County. Unim- 
proved. 

66. frey's soda springs 

These springs lie near the line between Shasta and 
Siskiyou Counties. The waters are alkaline and carbon- 
ated. Temperature 52 Q F. 



136 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

6j. FULTON WELLS 
This resort is located in Los Angeles County, about 
three miles north of Norwalk Station, on the Los Angeles 
Railroad, and thirteen miles from Los Angeles City. The 
wells were bored by Dr. Fulton, a very intelligent physi- 
cian, who conducts the sanitarium himself. The two prin- 
cipal wells are 350 feet deep and flow copiously. The 
waters are carbonated and sulphurous, and contain: 



FULTON WELLS— 350 Feet Well 

CARBONATED AND SULPHUROUS 

Dr. Winslow Anderson, Analyst, 1888 

Temperature, 64.^ F. 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 9.60 Calcium Carbonate 12.62 

Sodium Bicarbonate 2.90 Calcium Sulphate 23.41 

Sodium Sulphate 95 Silica 2.45 

Magnesium Bicarbonate ..17.45 Organic Matter trace 

Ferrous Carbonate 11.75 

Total Solids, 81.13 
Gases 

Free Carbonic Acid Gas excess 

Free Sulphureted Hydrogen excess 

Comfortable cottages, a large hotel and excellent bath- 
ing facilities have been erected, and the resort enjoys con- 
siderable reputation in the treatment of anaemia, malarial 
troubles, atonic dyspepsia, congestion of the liver, etc. It 
will be observed that the waters contain a very large per- 
centage of iron salts. 



California Geysers 
This marvelous region — this branch of Hades, nest- 
ling among the umbrageous oaks and firs in the pine-clad 
mountains, rich in manzanita groves, sweet-scented shrub- 
bery and wild flowers, and surrounded on all sides by his 
Satanic Majesty's prodigious laboratory — is located in the 
northeastern part of Sonoma County, about one hundred 
miles north of San Francisco, sixteen miles from Clover- 



138 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

dale, and twenty-six miles from Calistoga. This Plntonian 
realm was discovered in 1847 by Mr. William B. Elliot. 
One day while ont hunting in that section of the country 
he scaled the northern mountain overlooking this partially 
extinct volcanic region, and came suddenly upon this won- 
derful scene. Imagine his fear and astonishment at 
beholding for the first time the Geysers ! He remained 
awestruck for a few moments, and then hastened away to 
inform his companions that he had discoverd the very 
mouth of the infernal regions ! 

Since that time to the present these famous springs 
have been the objects of wonder and admiration to all the 
many thousands who visit them yearly. 

Formerly tourists rode on horseback for many miles 
up the narrow mountain trails to visit this natural wonder- 
land, ^hich is situated about 1,700 feet above the sea level, 
but, thanks to the push and enterprise of western civiliza- 
tion, we now travel in comfortable six-horse stages from 
the termini of the Cloverdale and Calistoga railroads over 
excellent mountain roads to the geysers. It is a good plan 
to go by way of Cloverdale and return by way of Cali- 
stoga, as you then see all the grandeur and beauty of the 
surrounding country. 

Leaving Cloverdale after luncheon, comfortably seated 
in your stage, with an experienced and accommodatingly 
communicative driver, who takes pleasure in pointing out 
the many objects of interest, you soon cross the Russian 
River and commence the ascent. The hills and mountains 
are robed in evergreen verdure of indigenous flora, gigantic 
oaks and towering pines. Here and there the huge boul- 
ders and rocky cliffs stand out in bold relief, and as you 
wind up and around the mountain sides, with the Pluton 
River many hundred feet below, basking and smiling in 
the afternoon sun and rippling along its moss-covered 
banks and bright-pebbled bottom, with here and there a 
miniature cascade and waterfall, you feel that words cannot 
describe the grandeur of the scenery. The elevated roads 



CALIFORNIA GEYSERS 



139 



on the mountain slopes frequently bring you to a sharp 
curve, where the view is unobstructed, and where the stage- 
driver is afforded an excellent opportunity of showing his 
skill in handling the six-in-hand. Now and again the road 
turns so sharply that the " leaders" are out of sight before 
the curve is rounded. 




CALIFORNIA GEYSERS 



As you gain in altitude the view becomes more and 
more extended until your eyes leap like live thunder from 
peak to peak and valley to valley for miles around, feasting 
upon the beauties of nature. 

Some two or three miles down the canon, before you 
reach the Geysers, your attention is called to the large 
white, or yellowish-white, banks across the canon. They 
are known as " sulphur" banks and consist of deposits of 
sulphur and cinnabar with incrustations of salts of sodium, 



140 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

potassium, magnesium, sulphur, etc. They are extinct 
craters, or the deposits of geysers and fumaroles which 
have died out, leaving evidences of volcanic action behind. 

In the immediate vicinity of the Geysers several large 
deposits of sulphur and quicksilver have been mined and 
ores shipped to San Francisco. 

Near these sulphur banks we found the famous " Indian 
Springs," at which the great Edwin Forest camped for one 
season and was completely restored to health. Tradition 
informs us that our aborigines traveled to these springs 
from far and near, and bathed in the extensive mud or 
moor springs close by and drank the water, which they 
found possessed miraculous curative powers. 



On analysis this water is found to yield : 

"INDIAN SPRING" 

LIGHT SALINO-SULPHUROUS WATER 

Prof. Thomas Prick, Analyst, 1888 

Temperature 108 F. 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Sulphate 3.29 Calcium Carbonate 7.35 

Sodium Carbonate 1.40 Ferrous Carbonate 0.07 

Potassium Sulphate 0.21 Alumina 0.18 

Magnesium Carbonate 15.47 Silicic Acid 5.42 

Total Solids, 33.39 

Gases 
Free Sulphureted Hydrogen saturated 

This water has been found of considerable value as a 
tonic — diuretic, laxative and antacid — of great value in 
dyspepsia, torpidity of the liver and bowels, and in renal 
and cystic diseases. 

Near by are the real " Indian Mud Springs," which 
are found to contain : 



INDIAN MUD SPRINGS 



141 



"INDIAN MUD SPRINGS" 
ACIDULOUS-SALINO-ALUMINIC MUD 

Prof. Thomas Prick, Analyst, i 



U. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Bisulphate 17.12 

Magnesia Sulphate 59.33 

Calcium Sulphate 6.42 



U. S. gal. contains 
Grains 



Mineral Ingredients 

Alumina Sulphate 22.78 

Free Sulphuric Acid... .32.30 
Silicic Acid 12.25 



Total Solids, 150.20 

Gases 
Free Sulphureted Hydrogen saturated 

These mud baths will prove of great benefit in the 
treatment of chronic rheumatism, gout, arthritis and syno- 
vites, and scrofulous and cutaneous contaminations. 




GEYSER CANON 



As we drew nearer and nearer the sylvan resort our 
ears were greeted with sounds like those of a steamboat or 
locomotive — puff— puff — at regular intervals. These, we 
were told, and as we ascertained afterwards, came from the 
11 steamboat " springs. 

After a few more horseshoe curves have been passed, 
and several more of those magnificent landscapes have 
been mentally photographed on your brain, you reach the 
Geyser resort. 

The many cozy cottages, the hotel and grounds, are 
situated in a leafy dell on the side of the mountain oppo- 



142 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

site the Geyser canon. The huge oaks and pines afford 
pleasant shade to the commodious verandas as you sit and 
enjoy the pure, dry, invigorating and exhilarating moun- 
tain atmosphere and picturesque scenery which surrounds 
you on every side. 

Having indulged in one of those splendid sulphur 
Hammam baths, where the skin is rendered soft, white and 
pliable owing to the medicinal effects of the mineral ingre- 
dients, you are ready for dinner, and a good one it was 
during our visit to the Geysers in 1888. 

The evenings are cool, clear and charming, insuring 
sound and refreshing sleep. 



A TRIP THROUGH GEYSER CANON 

Bright and early next morning we set out for our trip 
a over the river" to his majesty's Plutonian shores. In 
the Summer season the best time to start out is from 4:30 
to 5:00 A. M., in order that you may perceive the full vol- 
ume of the steam and sulphurous vapors as they rise sev- 
eral hundred feet into the air. Later in the morning the 
sun's rays condense the vapors so that they are not visible 
as far above the ground. 

You are now armed with a long staff, like the pilgrims 
of old, and with your guide you set out to cross the Pluton 
River — this time on a bridge. Before doing so, however, 
your attention is called to a cool, clear spring, known as 
the " iron" spring. It is located near the edge of the Plu- 
ton River, on the same side as the hotel. This iron spring, 
on analysis, is found to contain valuable salino-chalybeate 
mineral ingredients. 



IRON SPRINGS 143 

"IRON SPRING" 

LIGHT SALINO CHALYBEATE WATER 

Dr. Winslow Anderson, Analyst, 1888 

Temperature, 72? F. 

U. S. Gal. contains U. S.Gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grams Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Sulphate traces Barium Salts traces 

Potassium Sulphate traces Alumina 0.23 

Magnesium Sulphate. ... 2.75 Silica 1.44 

Calcium Sulphate 3.96 Organic Matter traces 

Ferrous Sulphate 0.19 

Total Solids, 8.57 
Gases Cubic inches 

Free Carbonic Acid Gas traces 

Free Sulphureted Hydrogen 4.26 

This water belongs to the light chalybeate class ; its 
action is tonic, aperient and detergent, of value in ansemia, 
chlorosis and wasting diseases, torpidity of the bowels and 
liver, etc., producing constructive tissue metamorphosis. 

Immediately after crossing the Pluton River, a change 
in the atmosphere becomes noticeable. On the side where 
the hotel and resort with the many picturesque and cozy 
cottages are built, the air is pure, dry and invigorating, on 
the side where Geyser Canon is located, the atmosphere is 
mixed with the perfumes from the interior realm. 

Near the path on the bank of the river, as you proceed 
up the canon is situated quite a remarkable spring, contain- 
ing large quantities of aluminium, sulphate magnesia and 
silicic acid. It is known as the "Alum Spring." Its 
waters are really alumino-ferrugino-sulphurous. On 
analysis it is found to contain : 

"ALUM" SPRING 

ALUMINO-FERRUGINO SULPHUROUS WATER 

Dr. Winsi,ow ANDErsoN, Analyst, 1888 

Temperature, g8° F. 

U. S. Gal, contains 'JJ. S. Gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride traces Manganesium Salts traces 

Sodium Carbonate 0.72 Barium Salts traces 

Sodium Sulphate 6.24 Aluminium Sulphate 57.62 

Potassium Sulphate traces Borates 1.20 

Magnesium Sulphate 23.76 Free Sulphuric Acid 3.10 

Calcium Sulphate 2.43 Silica 9.40 

Ferrous Sulphate 6.25 Organic Matter traces 

Total Solids, 110.72 
Gases Cubic Inches 
Free Sulphureted Hydrogen 6.35 



144 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

This spring contains large quantities of ferruginous 
salts so essential in the treatment of malarial toxaemia and 
blood glandular diseases. The acid renders its action tonic 
and the magnesium gives it a pleasant laxative effect. 

Following your guide, you soon realize that you are 
nearing the brink of eternity. You now cross the " Devil's/' 
or Geyser, canon and come to the "alum and sulphur" 
spring, having a temperature of 160 F. Proceeding far- 
ther on you next see the "black sulphur" springs, in 
which we find sulphide of iron. The ground is now getting 
warm under your feet, and the fumes from the u lower 
regions" make you think of the hereafter, and as you push 
on, a deep and steep ravine is entered, from which boiling 
hot steam and gases escape in every direction until you 
feel awestruck in this strange place! Passing along 
through the ravine, with the boiling water running at your 
feet, you enter " Proserpine's Grotto," in which is placed 
the " devil's arm-chair." This latter is a huge boulder 
which nature has hollowed out in the shape and form of a 
large parlor chair. In this you sit with great solemnity, 
to make sure of the benevolent friendship of his Satanic 
majesty. 

The next point of interest is the " Devil's Kitchen," 
with warning signs of "danger" stuck up in every direc- 
tion. The country rock is serpentine, sandstone and lime- 
stone, with igneous deposits and incrustations of sulphur, 
soda, cinnabar, etc., and as the fumaroles, cracks and 
fissures emit their boiling waters and vapors saturated with 
free sulphurous, sulphuric, hydrochloric acids and carbonic 
anhydride, all having strong disintegrating action on the 
formation, everything is, in consequence, soft and yielding. 
The banks and rocks are like clay and sand, easily dis- 
lodged upon the slightest touch — hence the signs of danger. 

You are now fairly in the mouth of a boiling, seeth- 
ing, trembling and smoking Plutonian realm. The ground 
under your feet is becoming hotter and hotter, and the 
sulphurous fumes and vaporous steam are nearly suffo- 



ALUM SPRINGS 145 

eating. Early in the morning these vapors rise to a height 
of three hundred to five hundred feet. It is also observed 
that these wonderful subterranean forces exhibit more 
activity at or near the full moon. 

In this olla podrida of Hadean liquids are several 
interesting points and springs to be observed. Near at 
hand is a hot "Epsom salt" spring, having a temperature 
of 150 F., and over 140 grains of magnesium sulphate to 
the gallon of water. Another boiling spring of "iron and 
sulphur" has a temperature of 208 F. On the right side of 
the path is a large, black, sulphurous spring continually 
boiling and rumbling as the black, inky fluid reaches the 
bright dawn of day at a temperature of 162 F. It is the 
" Devil's Inkstand," a hot sulphurous iron and alum sul- 
phide and sulphate water which makes very fair writing 
fluid. For this purpose it is used at the Geyser hotel, 
where the visitor inscribes his name on the register with 
his majesty's ink. 

You next come to the " hot alum" spring, containing, 
as will be seen from the following analysis, over sixty 
grains of aluminium sulphate to the gallon. It is an 
alumino-ferruginous sulphurous water. 



GEYSERS— "HOT AUJM SPRING" 
ALUMINO-FERRUGINO-SULPHUROUS WATER 

Dr. Winslow Anderson, Analyst, 1888 
Temperature 739Q F. 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Bisulphate 4.92 Magnesium Borate.... traces 

Sodium Sulphate 46 Ferrous Sulphate 7.11 

Potassium Sulphate traces Aluminium Sulphate.. 62. 87 

Magnesium Sulphate 36.14 Silica 16.43 

Organic Matter trace 

Total Solids, 127.93 

Sulphuric Acid. 7.02 

Cases Gubic Inches 
Free Sulphureted Hydrogen 9.37 



146 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

This spring water is an excellent haemostatic in hem- 
orrhages of the lungs, etc. It is also of service in dyspepsia 
and torpidity of the bowels and liver, its action being laxa- 
tive, tonic and astringent, containing large quantities of sul- 
phate of iron and aluminium, so valuable for medicinal 
purposes. (See therapeutical effects of mineral waters in 
preceding chapter.) 

As you proceed along the not over " straight and nar- 
row path," it is literally and practically important that you 
follow your guide and the " narrow path " here, lest one 
misstep hurl you into that " undiscovered country, from 
whose bourn no traveler returns." Innumerable springs 
and vents and subterranean outlets spurt and spout in 
every direction. " Pluto's Punch Bowl " is a large spring 
of hot lemonade, containing sulphuric acid and sulphates. 
The "Geyser Smokestack " is a large opening, from which 
issue volumes of sulphur-laden fumes, which rise into the 
air for several hundred feet, where it condenses and depos- 
its again on the ground as water and sulphur, etc. 

One of the most interesting springs in Geyser Canon 
is the "Witch's Cauldron," a large, boiling, circular spring 
of over seven feet in diameter and of unfathomable depth. 
The water has a temperature of 21 2° F., and is unceasingly 
boiling and bubbling. The spring is a black, sulphurous 
fluid as black as the inky cloak of Hamlet. As the awe- 
struck tourists " round about the cauldron go" they see, in 
their imagination, the solemn ghost of Banquo rising and 
materializing in the fumes of the "charmed pot," and with a 
small stretch of the imagination you once more see the 
three witches and hear their husky voices chanting the 
solemn incantation — 

' ' Round about the cauldron go ; 
In the poisoned entrails throw — 
Toad, that under coldest stone 
Days and nights has thirty-one. 
Swelter' d venom, sleeping got, 
Boil thou first i' the charmed pot ! 

Double, double, toil and trouble ; 

Fire burn and cauldron bubble. 



GEYSERS— HOT ALUM SPRINGS 147 

Fillet of a fenny snake 
In the cauldron boil and bake ; 
Eye of mewt, and toe of frog ; 
Wool of bat, and tongue of dog ; 
Adder's fork and blind worm's sting ; 
Lizard's leg and owlet's wing, 
For a charm of powerful trouble, 
Like a hell-broth boil and bubble. 

Double, double, toil and trouble ; 

Fire burn and cauldron bubble." 



On analysis this remarkable fumarole, having its source 
probably hundreds of feet below the surface, yields water 
rich in sodium, calcium and magnesium sulphates. 



GEYSERS— " WITCH'S CAULDRON " 

SALINO-SULPHUROUS WATER 

Prof. Thos. Price, Analyst, 1888 

Temperature 212° F. 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Bisulphate 39.83 Alumina Sulphate 2.04 

Potassium Bisulphate 0.42 Alumina 0.27 

Magnesium Sulphate 9.62 Silicic Acid 4.37 

Calcium Sulphate 6.98 

Total Solids, 63.53 

Gases 
Free Sulphureted Hydrogen saturated 



Next comes the " Devil's Canopy" and the "Geyser 
Safety-valve," an intermitting, scalding spring, which 
ejects streams of boiling water to the height of fifteen feet; 
then the " Devil's Pulpit," a little elevation where his 
Satanic Majesty (presumably) goes to direct the workings 
of his laboratory". 



148 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

A little farther up and to the left are the wonderful 
" Steamboat Geysers," which can be heard a mile or more 
away, blowing and snorting intermittently at high pressure. 
This is seemingly a true geyser. The steam is so hot that 
it does not begin to condense until it is ten or fifteen feet 
from the surface. Tourists are very apt to burn their 
fingers trying to find out what makes the noise, as the 
steam is not visible. The temperature here is 214 F. 

Around these hundreds of springs are incrusted 
deposits of crystallized sulphur, magnesium, alum, etc., 
etc. In many places one can stick his alpenstock into the 
sides of the banks, and immediately hot steam and vapors 
will issue. 

You then pass on to the " Devil's Gristmill," where a 
large column of steam escapes from a hole in a rock with 
so much force that stones and sticks placed at the orifice 
are blown away like bits of paper. Loud subterranean 
noises are heard within resembling those of a gristmill, 
hence its name. 

Going still farther, up, the ravine is found to bifurcate. 
The left fork is still active, having dozens of springs, with 
temperatures ranging from ioo° F. to 210 F. The right 
fork is cool and pleasant, with several pure water springs. 
Ascending at the bifurcation some one hundred and sixty 
feet you come to an elevation — a plauteau of smooth, plas- 
tic clay stained with iron and sulphur. This clay has a 
temperature of 170° F. Along pole is introduced into the 
yielding clay and forthwith issue hot, smoking vapors. The 
edge of this plateau is called " Lover's Leap." Here the 
view of the boiling, seething, roaring, steaming, groaning 
and bubbling springs below is one of unrivaled grandeur. 
One hundred and sixty feet below you and all along the 
" Devil's" Canon is one mass of smoking fury, shrill whis- 
tles, regularly intermitting puffs and groans, issuing from 
the interior of the earth. This sight alone is worth the 
whole trip. 



GEYSERS— WITCH'S CAULDRON 149 

To the eastward is " Lover's Retreat, " a pleasant oasis 
in this wilderness of sulphnrons clouds. Here also is the 
" Temperance Spring," — of clear cold water. Near it is a 
large fallen oak, which serves at once for a seat, and a knot 
hole in one !of its huge branches is known as the " Post- 
office." Here we leave our cards in case civilization is never 
reached again. 

Going along the usual route, we pass over the "Fire 
Mountain " with its hundreds of small orifices through 
which miniature geysers issue. The temperature of this 
ocherous clay is i75°F. A little east of this is located 
"Alkali Lake" and the "Lava Beds." Here the crust is so 
thin that stamping hard on it produces a hollow sound. 
This is evidently an extinct volcanic crater on a small 
scale. We now pass the " Indian sweat bath " and come to 
another remarkable spring known as the " Devil's Tea 
Kettle." This is one of the strongest vapor springs on the 
coast. The orifice is three feet in diameter, opening out of 
the side of the mountain with a huge boulder overhanging 
it. The " Tea Kettle " spring is about half a mile from the 
active springs in Geyser canon. The vapor is emitted with 
such force that a large bunch of brush placed in front of it 
is instantly swept away for many feet. This steam is 
above the boiling point and is sulphurous in character, and 
contains a large quantity of free sulphuric acid. Formerly 
a huge cone with a steam whistle attached to it was con- 
structed over the orifice, but it made such a noise as to keep 
the guests awake at night, and was therefore taken down. 

GEYSERS— "DEVIL'S TEA KETTLE" 

SALINO-ALUMINO-SULPHUROUS 
Prof. Thomas Price, Analyst, 1888 

Temperature, 212 , F. 
U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Bi- sulphate 98.16 Alumina Sulphate 31.16 

Magnesium Sulphate 39.09 Silicic Acid 12.83 

Calcium Sulphate 4.36 Free Sulphuric Acid 110.64 

Total Solids, 296.24 
Gases 
Free Sulphureted Hydrogen saturated 



150 



MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 



Your route now lies along the side of a mountain where 
a narrow path has been cut out of solid igneous rock. 
Below you is the Pluton River, and above you the snorting 
geysers. Issuing from the side of the solid glass mountain 
are two remarkable springs — the " Hot Acid" and the 
" Lemonade," whose waters are rich in the potassium salts 
so valuable in many conditions and diseases. The acid 
spring is remarkable for the fact of its having 154 grains of 
free sulphuric acid to the gallon, and the lemonade spring 
from the fact that it is one of the few springs in California 
which has free muriatic acid. 



Analyzing these waters they are found to contain 



GEYSER SPRINGS 

ACID WATERS 

Prof. Thomas Price, Analyst, 1888 

LEMONADE SPRING 
Temperature. 103° F. 

U. S. gaL contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Bisulphate 53.91 

Potassium Bisulphate 7.53 

Magnesium Sulphate 40.73 

Calcium Sulphate 

Ferric Sulphate 12.25 

Alumina Sulphate 32.02 

Free Sulphuric Acid 31.82 

Free Hydrochloric Acid 1.19 

Silicic Acid 16.50 

Boracic Acid 

Total 19o.9o 

Gases 
Free Sulphureted Hydrogen saturated 



HOT ACID SPRING 

Temperature, i86 Q F. 
U. S. gal. contains 
Grains 
9.62 
1.14 
91.29 
4.44 
16.63 
20.62 
154.37 

21.11 

strong traces 
319.22 



These waters are among the finest in the State for dys- 
sepsia, torpidity of the liver and bowels, malaria, anaemia, 
and many blood, glandular and cutaneous affections. 

They are pleasantly sour, and with sugar or syrup, 
make one of the nicest of lemonades. 



GEYSER SPRINGS— ACID WATERS 151 

The next place of interest is the " Devil's Oven," a 
large excavation in this silicon oxide mountain where in 
years gone by this igneous rock was at a white heat. All 
over this realm of subterranean outlets the crust of the earth 
is covered with the products of the Plutonean shores — sul- 
phur, iron, magnesia, nitre, alum, etc., etc. On again 
reaching Pluton River, several more cold and hot springs 
are seen. Some are sulphureted and others are ferruginous, 
magnesic and aluminic. 

Several hundred feet up the Pluton River has been 
constructed a large and commodious bathing establishment, 
which spans the river. Every facility for bathing has been 
arranged. The hot sulphurous vapor issues directly through 
the side of the mountain, and gains admission into suitable 
apartments where the bather can enjoy the medicinal effects 
of the sulphuroos fumes and steam vapors at any desired 
temperature. Then there is the plunge and individual tubs 
and sweating chambers, and comfortable dressing-rooms. 
One half of the bathing facilities are for ladies and the other 
half for gentlemen. 

This bathing fluid is remarkable on account of the 
large amount of borates it holds in solution. 



One gallon contains as follows : 

GEYSERS—BATHING WATER 

LIGHT SAUNO-BORIC-SULPHUROUS WATER 
Dr. Winslow Anderson, Analyst, 1888 
Temperature 13 f F. 
U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Sulphate 3.96 Maganesium Salts traces 

Potassium Sulphate traces Ferric Sulphate 0.25 

Magnesium Sulphate 0.26 Aluminium Sulphate... 1.87 

Magnesium Borate 18.20 Boracic Acid 0.27 

Calcium Sulphate 0.73 Silica 7.98 

Calcium Borate 7.10 Organic Matter traces 

Total Solids, 40.62 
Free Gases Cubic Inches 

Free Sulphureted Hydrogen 27.90 



152 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

This is one of the best bathing waters on the coast. 
The borates and sulphates render the skin soft, white 
and pliable, cleansing the 7,000,000 little pores on the 
cutaneous surface of an average-sized man. (See article on 
bathing in front part of book.) This water has proved 
highly beneficial in the treatment of the many cutaneous, 
syphilitic and strumous contaminations, rheumatism and 
chronic joint troubles, white swellings (synovites) , gout and 
articular diseases. 

The water is also used for internal administration. Its 
action is laxative, diuretic and diaphoretic, effecting chylo- 
poietic and intestinal tracts as well as the kidney and skin. 

A large swimming pond has been constructed by dam- 
ming the Pluton River. The water has a temperature of 75 Q 
F., and is a combination of all the mineral spring waters. 

The Geyser Springs, hot and cold, flow daily about 
100,000 gallons. The area covered is about four hundred 
acres. Most of the activity, however, is confined to the 
" Devil's" or Geyser Canon, and comprises about sixty 
acres. 

Many of the springs resemble true geysers, such as 
we have in the " wonderland of America" — Yellowstone 
Park — and in Iceland ; but scientific authorities classify 
our California geysers as fumaroles or openings and outlets 
in a volcanic district. 

From the following analyses, made by Prof. Price and 
the writer, it will be observed that at the Geysers can be 
found perhaps a greater variety of mineral waters than at 
any other place on the continent, or perhaps in the world. 
The waters are valuable for the many conditions noted 
under the head of " Therapeutics of Mineral Waters" in 
a preceding chapter, and they cannot fail to attract atten- 
tion. Extensive Indian mud baths are found near the 
edge of the river, between the hotel and the sulphur banks. 



ANALYSES OF CALIFORNIA GEYSERS 



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From Spout of Devil's 
Teakettle. Temp. 212° 
Fahr 



Hot Sulphur Water in 
bed of Plutou River, 
little above bathhouse. 
Temp. 140" Fahr 



Spring little above In 
dian Spring. Tastes 
very acid. Temp. 105°- 
Fahr 



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Supposed real Indian 
Mud Spring. Temp. 100" 
Fahr 



Indian Spring. Temp 
water 108 Q Fahr. ; temp, 
mud 110 Q Fahr 



Iron Spring (north of Ho 
tel). Temp. 70° F«hr... 



Spring on side of Hill 
(near Pluton River). 
Temp. 138° Fahr. Eye 
Water 



From Geyser Creek (below 
Alum Spring). Temp. 
96° Fahr 



Alum Spring. Temp. 136' 
Fahr 



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Fahr 



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212° Fahr 



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103° Fahr 



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154 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

They are sulphurous and ferruginous, and of great thera- 
peutic value as soon as suitable bathing facilities shall have 
been constructed. 

As the first visitors at this California Hecla were at a 
loss for motive power to produce all these boiling, steaming 
and spouting Stygian sluices, they naturally turned to 
ineir early teachings for a solution of the phenomena. As 
they were all good people and had early been taught the 
power of his Satanic Majesty located — well he used to 
reside in the infernal regions, presumably in the center of 
the earth — why they most naturally gave him the credit and 
named the springs with their present euphonious names of 
"Devil's" this and "Devil's" that, a process of reasoning 
that has been applied to names given at a more recent date. 
In order to be true to nature we have described the springs 
with their names as we found them. 

The owners of these valuable springs and health resort 
contemplate making extensive improvements in the near 
future. New hotels and cottages will be erected, new and 
complete bathing facilities will be constructed, and the 
springs will be placed in the hands of a competent, gradu- 
ated physician, who will study the therapeutical effects of 
the different springs and administer the waters and prescribe 
the baths intelligently. 

The Geysers are wonderful and picturesque exhibi- 
tions of the nearly extinct volcanic forces slumbering 
beneath the romantic " Devil's Canon," and the resort is 
one of the pleasantest and most salubrious watering places 
we find on the coast, and destined to become one of the 
world's greatest sanitariums. 



LITTLE GEYSERS 
About four miles farther up the cation we find the 
"Little Geysers." These are small sulphurous, steaming 
springs of no special importance. 



OTHER GEYSERS 155 

69. OTHER GEYSERS 

Near the mouth of Willow and Warner Creeks, in 
Plumas County, are found a number of small geyser 
springs. The temperature is near the boiling point, and 
sulphurous steam and vapors rise from twenty to fifty feet 
into the air. The property is unimproved. 



70. GEYSER SPRINGS 

Near Geyser's Station, in Sonoma County, are located 
several hot and cold springs. There is a growing resort 
established there. The waters are alkaline, and range in 
temperature from 55 F. to 21 2° F. Collectively the 
springs flow about 1,000 gallons per hour. The water is 
also used commercially. 



71. GEYSERS IN LONG VALLEY 

At the extreme western end of Long Valley lie a few 
spouting hot springs. They are on the south branch of 
Owen's River in Mono County. The property is unim- 
proved at present. 



72. GEYSER SPA OR SODA SPRINGS 

These springs are located near Litton's Station in 
Sonoma County, some four miles from Geyserville. There 
is a pleasant resort on the grounds. The surrounding 
country is picturesque. The climate is mild and salubri- 
ous, and many people go to Geyser Spa every year. The 



156 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

waters are highly esteemed for their antacid, diuretic and 
aperient properties. The following analyses are made by 
Bauer or Price, I am not certain which, and the author 
shows that the water belongs to the light alkaline class : 



GEYSER SPA 

ALKALINE AND CHALYBEATE 
Temperature not given 

Bauer or Price, Dr. Winslow Anderson, 

Analyst. Analyst, 1888 
U S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains 

Sodium Chloride 9.96 8.93 

Sodium Carbonate 4.97 

Sodium Bicarbonate 23.48 21.16 

Sodium Sulphate 3.40 2,60 

Potassium Carbonate trace 

Magnesium Bicarbonate 9.80 9.03 

Magnesium Sulphate 1.14 

Calcium Carbonate 4.56 4.90 

Ferrous Carbonate 3.80 2.09 

Silica 1.80 3.75 

Organic Matter trace 

Loss 32 

Total Solids 57.12 58.57 

Gases 

Carbonated Acid Gas not given saturated 



73. GILROY HOT SPRINGS 

The Gilroy Hot Springs are located on the Coyote 
River, about nine miles northeast of the town of Gilroy, in 
the Santa Clara Mountains. They are reached by the 
Southern Pacific Railroad to Gilroy, and from thence by 
easy stage over a good mountainous road with picturesque 
surroundings. Nestled in among the mountains like a 
fortress of old lie the Gilroy Springs. The delicious atmos- 
phere, rich in ozone, is daily brought from the fragrant 
spruce and pine forests by the gentle zephyrs, to insure 
health and vigor to all who breathe it. 

Gilroy has one main spring which flows in great abund- 
ance. The temperature varies from 108 F. to 115 F. 



GIL ROY HOT SPRINGS 



157 



This is a light alkalo-sulphurous water, and is used with con- 
siderable benefit in syphilis, rheumatism, scrofula and gland- 
ular swellings, chronic skin eruptions, etc., etc. It is taken 
internal^ in four to eight ounce doses and acts kindly 
on the liver and bowels. The water is also used for bath- 
ing, for which excellent facilities have been constructed. 




GILROY SPRINGS 

ALKALO-SUIvPHURETED 

Dr. Winslow Anderson, Analyst, 1888 

Temperature no° F. 



U. S. gal. contains 
Min e ral In gredien ts G rai n s 

Sodium Chloride 31.75 

Sodium Carbonate 1.42 

Sodium Sulphate 75 

Potassium Iodide trace 

Potassium Sulphate 2.16 

Magnesium Carbonate 2.45 

Magnesium Sulphate 9.04 



U. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Calcium Chloride 8.50 

Calcium Sulphate 2.70 

Ferrous Carbonate 26 

Ferrous Oxide trace 

Arsenic trace 

Silica 3.31 

Organic Matter 52 



Total Solids, 62.86 

Gases Cubic Inches 

Free Carbonic Acid Gas 12.17 

Free Sulphureted Hydrogen 9.25 



158 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

Near this hot sulphur spring are two cold sulphur 
springs flowing very much less. Some six miles along the 
mountain side is a delicious soda spring free from sulphur 
and highly carbonated. 

The hotel is large and commodious. Every appoint- 
ment is complete, and guests are well cared for. There 
are several handsome cottages on the sunny slope of the 
mountain for private and family use. 

Hot sulphurous mud baths have recently been added, 
which are much used by the rheumatic, gouty, syphilitic 
and strumous, and those having joint troubles. 



gilmore's glen alpine mineral springs and health 

RESORT 

Back in the mountain fastnesses, at a distance of seven 
miles from Lake Tahoe and with an elevation of 6,700 feet, 
are the Gilmore Glen Alpine Mineral Springs. 

The wild, rugged gorge in which they are situated 
runs back from Tahoe a distance of some ten miles, filled 
throughout its entire length with varied scenes of beauty 
and grandeur, and terminating abruptly in a glacial amphi- 
theater. The mighty glacier which originated here went 
grinding, crushing and cutting its way down, forming the 
beds in which now lie the beautiful lakes, in a chain of 
which Tahoe is the last link. The old glacier has written 
its record deep in the granite faces of the majestic moun- 
tains, which looked down in silence upon that work of the 
terrific forces of nature still revealed in the masses of giant 
boulders piled upon their sides, and in the scratched or pol- 
ished surfaces of stone in the bed of the canon below. 

But there is no suggestion of the chaos and desolation 
of those days of their birth in the tranquil bosoms of the 
lakes, which now slumber or awake and sparkle in the 
depths of the canon, where thick groves of pine, tamarack, 
spruce and silver fir cast deep, cool shadows. The region 
is rich in exquisite flowers and ferns. 



160 



MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 



These dimpling lakes, with the wild beauty of their 
surroundings, are sufficient to enthral the heart of him who 
visits them, but if he be devoted to the rod and reel he will 
find an additional charm in the swarms of speckled beau- 
ties which sport in the clear depths and rise to his glanc- 
ing fly. 




VOSEMITE SCENE 



First in the chain of lakes is the Half-Moon, which lies 
with Lake A lta Morris in the amphitheater at the head of 
the canon. Their outlet tumbles down its rocky bed into 
Lake Susie, a mile below, a picturesque, romantic spot. 
Near by is Heather Lake, which needs a Scott to sing its 
beauties. Quantities of heather hand their dainty bells, 
white, pink and purple, around its pebbly shores, and the 




GLEN ALPINE FALLS 



162 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

snowbanks lie very near. The stream continues from Lake 
Susie, making an abrupt leap at first, which forms the 
beautiful Glen Alpine Falls ; then babbling on, to feed Lake 
'84, less than a mile below. 

Leaving that lake the bright stream dashes on, passing 
the Glen Alpine Springs, from which point it can be 
watched, as one drives down, making its way to another 
haunt of the trout. There it "glides under lily-pads" into 
a lake named Lily, from the abundance of its water-lilies. 

Fallen Leaf Lake, the gem of the Sierras, is just a 
mile below Lily, and separated from Tahoe by a level strip 
one mile in width. The drive from Tahoe to the head of 
Fallen Leaf, winding around its shores, is very beautiful. 
The early morning reflection here is perfectly enchanting. 

This region has been opened to the public with great 
labor and expense by the construction of a wagon road as 
far as Glen Alpine Springs, and mountain trails to all the 
lakes, including a trail for the ascent of Mt. Tallac, which 
rears its head 10,000 feet above the sea and commands a 
wide and magnificent view of the distant peaks and numer- 
ous lakes. 

The lakes have been furnished with boats and stocked 
with the finest trout, and black bass have been added, mak- 
ing the Glen Alpine fly fishery one of the finest, nor do the 
finny tribes scorn a baited hook. Saddle horses are kept 
for use on any of the trails. 

Accommodations for guests have been prepared at Glen 
Alpine Springs, where those in search of health or pleasure 
may remain almost with a certainty of gaining both. The 
air possesses the quality of purity and balminess in perfec- 
tion, and the granite walls surrounding the Glen radiate in 
the evening the heat which they absorb during the day, 
making the evening air soft and dry; and frost is rarely 
seen from the first of June until the first of September. 



GIL MO RE'S GLEN ALPINE SPRINGS 163 

GILMORE'S GLEN ALPINE SPRINGS 

CARBONATED AND CHALYBEATE 

Dr. Winslow Anderson, Analyst, 1888 
Temperature, 39.6 F. 

U. S. Gal. contains U. S. Gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 21.17 Ferrous Carbonate 1.80 

Sodium Carbonate 32.75 Alumina 1.43 

Potassium Carbonate trace Borates trace 

Magnesium Carbonate 9.96 Silica 2.50 

Calcium Carbonate 45.09 Organic Matter trace 

Calcium Sulphate 4.10 

Total Solids, 118.80 
Gases • Cubic Inches 
Free Carbonic Acid Gas 138.36 

The water is pleasant to the taste and highly charged 
with carbonic acid gas. Its action is gently aperient and 
diuretic, useful in dypepsia, torpidity of the bowels and kid- 
ney and bladder irritation. It is also tonic and of value 
where iron is indicated. 

75. Gordon's mineral springs 
About half way between Calistoga and Lakeport, in 
Cobb's Valley, Lake County, lie Gordon's Springs. They 
are romantically situated in the heart of a mountain and 
forest region. The climate, too, is beautiful. Invalids 
pronounce it mild and balmy. During Summer months 
the temperature ranges from 72" to 90° F. 

The springs are at an elevation of about 3,000 feet. 
The principal spring flows about three hundred gallons per 
hour, having a temperature of ioo c F. The waters are 
sparkling alkaline, having antacid and aperient properties. 
For chronic albumenurea and cystitis these springs have a 
high reputation. In acid dyspepsia the water is recom- 
mended before meals. 

A pleasant resort has been established in this moun- 
tainous region, and it is worthy of remark that persons 
suffering with chronic bronchitis, catarrh, asthma, and early 
stages of consumption, do well at this altitude among the 
pines. 



164 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

GORDON'S MINERAL SPRINGS 

ALKALO SALINE 

Temperature, ioo 9 . F. 

Dr Winslow Anderson, Analyst, 1888 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 20.75 Calcium Carbonate 11.16 

Sodium Carbonate 3.19 Calcium Sulphate 23.46 

Sodium Sulphate 8.62 Alumina 3.55 

Potassium Carbonate 73 Silica 2.27 

Magnesium Carbonate 6.14 Organic Matter trace 

Magnesium Sulphate 10.93 

Total Solids, 90.80 
Gases 
Carbonic Acid Gas large excess 

The circling hills that guard Clear Lake like lazy giants lie 
Beneath the ardent sunshine, their faces to the sky; 
Konocti sees across her waves Night's elfin shadows play, 
And loves to catch and fling to her the first red lights of Day. 

Back from the lake the pretty town goes dancing to the hills 

That greet her with a gift of flowers and serenade of rills. 

The wine of life is in the air that wafts the fragrance down 

From resinous pines and odorous flowers to lake and shore and town. 

Oh ! fairest land beneath the sun, within whose border lies 
The glory of an emerald earth o'erhung by sapphire skies, 
And where, like threads of finest gold, the yellow sun-rays fall — 
Where Beauty makes her dwelling-place, and Heaven is over all. 

— Carrie Stevens Walter. 

HARBIN HOT SULPHUROUS AND MINERAL SPRINGS 

At an elevation of abont 1,700 feet above tide-water, and 
at the base of a spnr of the Coast Range of mountains, in 
Lake County, about twenty miles from Calistoga, are located 
these excellent springs and resort. It would be difficult to 
find a more delightful or picturesque spot so rich in scen- 
ery, mountains perpetually clad in evergreen garments and 
hills with verdure bright forming the background of the 
landscape. Then we have brooks and rills, now smoothly 
gliding over moss-covered banks and now trickling down 
silvered paths with pebbles bright, forming miniature cas- 
cades in their ever restless pace to join the broad Pacific. 



166 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

The climate, too, is one of the most salubrious in the 
State, having a mean thermometric degree of about yo° F. 
Although the climate and surroundings are exceedingly 
favorable to the healthfulness and pleasure of visitors and 
invalids, the great virtue of Harbin lies in the intrinsic 
therapeutic value of the mineral springs. 

The waters are sulphurous and saline, the principal 
spring flowing 1,500 gallons per hour. There is also a 
smaller chalybeate spring fount, yielding only sixtj T gal- 
lons per hour. 

The Sulphur Spring has a temperature of 122 F. For 
this hot water excellent bathing facilities have been con- 
structed, and much benefit accrues in the treatment of 
chronic rheumatism, gout, joint diseases and cutaneous 
affections by prolonged or frequent bathing in this water. 

For internal administration the sulphur water, as well 
as the ferruginous w r aters, are used. In torpidity of the 
chylo-poietic and intestinal tissues, dyspepsia, kidney 
troubles, etc., and especially in glandular and skin dis- 
eases, on account of the arsenic present, the Harbin min- 
eral waters have proven of great value. 



HARBIN HOT SULPHUR SPRING 
SALINO-SULPHURBTED 

Dr. Winsi,ow Anderson, Analyst, 1888 

Temperature 122 F. 

Flows l,50 n gallons per hour 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 23.05 Calcium Sulphate 14.63 

Sodium Carbonate 5.42 Ferrous Sulphate 1.75 

Sodium Sulphate 10.19 Arsenious Salts 0.07 

Potassium Carbonate 1.74 Alumina 1.60 

Magnesium Carbonate 6.18 Silica 2.76 

Magnesium Sulphate 11.94 Organic Matter trare 

Calcium Carbonate 9.10 

Total Solids, 88.63 

Gases Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid Gas 4.26 

Free Sulphureted Hydrogen 11.74 



HARBIN SPRINGS— "IRON" SPRING 167 

The chalybeate spring is clear and sparkling and 
has a pleasant taste. The waters are tonic, antacid, diuretic 
and aperient, valuable in dyspepsia, anaemia, chlorosis, 
chronic malarial poisoning and wasting diseases. 

HARBIN SPRINGS— 4 ' IRON" SPRING 

LIGHT CHALYBEATE-CARBONATED WATER 

Dr. Winslow Andkrson, Analyst, 1889 

Temperature 116 F. 

Flows 60 gallons per hour 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 7.50 Magnesium Sulphate... 6.11 

Sodium Carbonate 14.22 Calcium Carbonate.... 2.07 

Sodium Bicarbonate 1.45 Calcium Sulphate trace 

Sodium Sulphate 5.25 Ferrous Carbonate 1.90 

Potassium Chloride trace Alumina 73 

Potassium Carbonate 1.73 Silica 1.41 

Magnesium Carbonate 4.16 Organic Matter trace 

Total Solids, 46.53 
Gases Cubic Inches 
Carbonic Acid Gas 9.34 

The salino-carbonated water, or soda, is a very pleasant 
and palatable table water. It is very gently laxative, and 
tonic. An excellent water for the dyspepsia superinduced 
by a too familiar friendship with Bacchus. It is good in 
morning vomiting and irritative indigestion. For Bright's 
disease and irritation of the kidneys and bladder, with 
acidity of the urine, it is highly recommended. 

HARBIN SPRINGS— "MAGNESIA" SPRING 

SALINO-CARBONATED 

Dr. Winslow Anderson, Analyst, 1889 

Temperature 6o° F. 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 1.72 Ferrous Carbonate 27 

Sodium Carbonate 5.17 Arsenic trace 

Sodium Sulphate 4.32 Alumina. 68 

Potassium Salts 1.05 Lithium trace 

Magnesium Carbonate 7.15 Borates trace 

Magnesium Sulphate 15.92 Silica 2. 82 

Calcium Carbonate 8.43 Organic Matter trace 

Calcium Sulphate 93 

Total Solids, 48.46 

Gases Cubic Inches 
Free Carbonic Acid Gas 17.25 



168 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

The " arsenic " spring presents an excellent combina- 
tion for blood-glandnlar disorders, cntaneons diseases, 
scrofula, gout and rheumatism. The potassium salts, iron 
and arsenic are valuable medicinal agents. It has car- 
bonic anhydride enough to make it palatable. Its action 
is tonic and alterative, laxative and diuretic. 

In syphilitic and skin diseases, goitre, swollen glands, 
etc., this water has become quite famous. 



HARBIN SPRINGS— "ARSENIC" SPRING 

SALINO-CARBONATED 

Dr. Winslow Anderson, Analyst, 1889 

Temperature go° F. 

Flows only 15 gallons per hour 

U. S, Gal. contains U. S. Gal, contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 9.70 Ferrous Carbonate 92 

Sodium Carbonate 7.35 Manganese Carbonate trace 

Sodium Sulphate trace Lithium., trace 

Potassium Chloride 1.16 Arsenious Salts 27 

Potassium Carbonate 3.09 Borates trace 

Magnesium Carbonate 14.76 Alumina 2.20 

Magnesium Sulphate 3.95 Silica 1.90 

Calcium Carbonate 6.10 Organic Matter trace 

Calcium Sulphate 76 

Total Solids, 52.16 
Gases Cubic Inches 

Sulphureted Hydrogen traces 

Carbonic Acid Gas 6.22 

At Harbin Springs we find first-class accommodations, 
a good table, fine fishing and bunting, with, the excellent 
climatic advantages common throughout Lake County. 

yj. HATCHIN HAMA SPRINGS 

This is a salino-alkalo lake fed by a number of springs. 
It was found four miles west of Borax Lake, southeast of 
Clear Lake, in Lake County. 

j8. HENSLEY'S SPRINGS 
These are found in Tehama County, and are strongly 
impregnated with iron. They are much used locally. 



HIBB'S SODA SPRINGS 



169 



79. hibb's SODA springs 
These mineral springs are found sixty-two miles north 
of Redding, in Shasta County. They are reported as 
pleasant, sparkling soda waters, gently diuretic and aperi- 
ent, and of value in kidney and bladder troubles. The 
waters are used for miles around. 



80. HIGHLAND SPRINGS 




(f"7 



vM£ a 






Big 



These excellent 
springs are located 
within the edge of 
the mountains from 
Valley, in Lake County, about 
four miles from Kelseyville and 
seven miles from Lakeport. They 
are reached by the Southern Pacific 
Railroad on the south to Calistoga, and thence by stage . 
by the Northern Pacific ( u Donohue Road") on the 
southwest to Cloverdale, and thence by stage ; by stage 
from Mendocino County on the north and Colusa County 
from the east. The drive by stage from Calistoga 
or Cloverdale to the springs is exceedingly picturesque. 
Every turn presents something new and interesting. Here 
and there are seen the mountains thickly covered with 
woods. Here and there are moss-covered banks and run- 
ning brooks over which hang huge ferns and shrubbery. 
Now we are on the narrow road on the mountain side, sev- 
eral hundred feet above the river, and an almost precipitous 
descent over the banks. With a short turn we sweep 
around the curve in the road, and the dexterity with which 



170 



MIXER AL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 



the trained stage driver wheels his six-in-hand around these 
cuts and curves is something marvelous. At length the 
summit is gained. This is an elevation of 3,200 feet above 




the sea level. Here one sees one of the grandest sights 
imaginable. As far as the eye can reach in every direc- 
tion are mountains and valleys, peaks upon peaks, moun- 



HIGHLAND SPRINGS 171 

tain streams and brooks, forest and shrubbery. The most 
picturesque of all is the view northward over Clear Lake 
and Lake County. The lake itself, a magnificent sheet of 
water, is twenty-five miles long and six to eight miles 
wide. It has an altitude of 1,200 feet, and lies peacefully 
smiling in the embrace of the mountains on all sides, with 
" Uncle Sam's " head above them all. We see the bright 
cultivated fields like a huge checkerboard in the valley 
below. The gigantic oaks — the largest in the State — are 
scattered here and there to complete the kaleidoscopic 
panorama. Well might this be called the " Switzerland of 
America," for a more magnificent picture can scarcely be 
imagined. The descent to the springs is made in much 
less than half the time that it takes to make the ascent, 
and the springs are soon seen lying in a level sequestered 
spot surrounded by hills, and by trees of many years' 
growth. 

At Highland's we find a commodious hotel and many 
elegant cottages built with a view to health and beauty 
combined. There is also a livery stable at which saddle 
horses and carriages may be procured for the drives to 
Lakeport, Soda Bay, Kelseyville, etc. A large pure moun- 
tain stream runs past the hotel, which is well supplied with 
fish. The climate is mild and dry, and the air is pure and 
filled with ozone and scents from the fragrant woods and 
plants which abound on the grounds. The altitude is about 
1,700 feet, and it is claimed to be an excellent place for 
consumptives. 

Mineral springs are usually abundant in Lake County, 
and some of them are of considerable therapeutic value. 
At Highland's there are some twenty springs, all of which 
I examined in 1888. Five of the most important are sub- 
jected to careful analyses. 

THE SELTZER SPRING 
This valuable spring is situated about five hundred 
yards from the hotel, eastward. It is conveniently cemented 



172 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

and covered with a summer-house. The waters are alkalo- 
saline and chalybeate, and very efficacious in many diseases 
requiring antacid, laxative, diuretic and tonic properties. 
It has been used with much success in dyspepsia, neuralgia, 
kidney and bladder troubles, calculi, etc., and rheuma- 
tism, gout and skin diseases. This spring has changed 
but little in six years, as seen by the following analyses : 



HIGHLAND SELTZER 

ALKALO-SALINE AND CHALYBEATE 

Dr. Winslow Anderson's Prof. Rising's 

Analysis, 1888 Analysis, 1882 

Temperature 60.4° F. Temperature 64-8 Q F. 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains 

Sodium Chloride 67 .723 

Sodium Carbonate 2.06 

Sodium Bicarbonate 12.72 12.796 

Potassium Bicarbonate 50 .489 

Magnesium Bicarbonate 33.95 34.872 

Calcium Bicarbonate 52.25 52.046 

Manganese Bicarbonate trace trace 

Ferrous Carbonate 1.43 

Ferrous Bicarbonate 1.267 

Silica 5.13 5.245 

Alumina 1.75 1.565 

Organic Matter trace trace 

Total Solids 110.46 109.002 

Gases Grains Grains 

Free Carbonic Acid Gas 98.41 100.250 

The "Dutch or Ems," " Neptune," "Diana" and "Magic" 
are located on a small bank across the little stream. The dis- 
tance from the hotel westward is from one hundred to two 
hundred yards. The springs are all nicely cemented with 
artificial stone. They are kept clean and inviting. In 
most cases suitable houses or coverings have been con- 
structed. * 

The Dutch or Ems Spring is more diuretic and laxa- 
tive than the Seltzer. It has a larger amount of iron and 
less strongly carbonated. But little change is observable 
in six years. 



HIGHLAND DUTCH OR EMS 



173 



HIGHLAND DUTCH OR EMS 

ALKALO-SALINE 

Total flow 63 gallons per hour 

Dk. Winslow Anderson's Prof. Rising's 

Analysis, 1888 Analysis, 1882 

Temperature 77 Q F. Temperature 70.5° F. 

U.S. gal. contains U.S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains 

Sodium Chloride 1.76 1.862 

Sodium Bicarbonate 17.50 18.348 

Sodium Carbonate 2.45 

Potassium Bicarbonate 78 .770 

Magnesium Bicarbonate 66.55 67.634 

Magnesium Carbonate..... 1.63 

Calcium Bicarbonate 57.32 57.302 

Manganese Bicarbonate trace trace 

Ferrous Carbonate 1.53 

Ferrous Bicarbonate 1.344 

Silica 7.22 7.126 

Alumina 12 .117 

Organic Matter traces trace 

Total Solids 156.86 154.503 

Gases Grains Grains 

Free Carbonic Acid Gas 85.90 87.822 

The Magic Spring is found to be slightly more saline 
and less carbonated. It is reported to act like " magic " on 
the liver, bowels and kidneys, hence the name. 



HIGHLAND MAGIC SPRING 
ALKALO-SALINE 
Flow 165 gallons per hour 
Dr. Winslow Anderson's 
Analysis, 1888 
Temperature 79.3° F. 

U. S. Gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 1.53 

Sodium Bicarbonate 20.13 

Sodium Carbonate 3.70 

Potassium Bicarbonate 51 

Potassium Carbonate 21 

Magnesium Bicarbonate 70.50 

Magnesium Carbonate 27 

Calcium Bicarbonate 49.06 

Calcium Carbonate 73 

Manganese Bicarbonate trace 

Ferrous Bicarbonate 

Ferrous Carbonate 1.22 

Alumina 14 

Barium Carbonate 07 

Borates 28 

Silica 6.40 

Organic Matter trace 

Total Solids 154.75 

Gases Grains 
Free Carbonic Acid Gas 75.90 



Prof. Rising's 

Analysis, 1882 

Temperature 82.4° F. 

U. S, Gal. contains 
Grains 

1.290 
21.763 

.544 

70.243 

50.411 



trace 
1.087 



.169 



7.398 
trace 

152.905 

Grains 
74.402 



174 



MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 



HIGHLAND NEPTUNE SPRING 
HEAVY SALINE 

Dr. WinsIvOw Anderson's Prof. Rising's 

Analysis, 1888 Analysis, 1882 

Temperature 80.5 F. Temperature 8i.f F. 

U. S. Gal. contains U. S. Gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains 

Sodium Chloride 1.65 1.680 

Sodium Bicarbonate 21.12 22.100 

Sodium Carbonate 76 

Potassium Bicarbonate 78 .803 

Potassium Carbonate 35 

Magnesium Bicarbonate 70.09 89.870 

Magnesium Carbonate 20.52 

Calcium Bicarbonate 37.80 77.750 

Manganese Bicarbonate trace 

Ferrous Bicarbonate 1.370 

Ferrous Carbonate 1.67 . 

Barium Bicarbonate 1.75 

Barium Carbonate 22 

Lithium Bicarbonate trace 

Borates 53 

BoracicAcid .470 

Alumina 1.20 1.370 

Silica 7.96 8.420 

Organic Matter trace trace 

Total Solids 164.65 204.008 

Gases Grains Grains 

Free Carbonic Acid Gas 93.06 94.120 

In this analysis of Neptune Spring will be observed 

quite a change, especially in the calcium salts. Many of 
these cold carbonated or superficial springs are known to 
change from year to year, depending largely on the rain- 
fall, etc. 



HIGHLAND 

Besides the springs herewith mentioned, there are 
several others on the premises not fully developed. Their 
names are: "Lime Kiln," "Ladies' Delight," "Small 
Diana," Nos. "1," "2," "3," "4," "5," " Minna," and others. 
On looking over partial analyses made by Mr. O'Neil, of 
the University of California, I find their composition is very 
similar to those already analyzed. 

Highland Springs health resort, with its picturesque 
surroundings and excellent climatic advantages, bids fair 
to become one of our most popular watering places in the 
State. 



HIGHLAND DIANA SPRING 



175 



HIGHLAND DIANA SPRING 
HEAVY SALINE 
Total flow 116 gallons per hour 

Dr. Winslow Anderson, Prof. Rising, 

Analyst, 1888 Analyst, 1882 
Temperature 82.7° F. Temperature 84.4 F. 

U. S. Gal. contains U. S. Gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains 

Sodium Chloride 1.90 1.899 

Sodium Bicarbonate 23.70 24.<j80 

Sodium Carbonate 1.40 

Potassium Bicarbonate 1.50 1.466 

Potassium Carbonate 18 

Magnesium Bicarbouate 75 52 78.950 

Magnesium Carbonate 3.17 

Calcium Bicarbonate 69.83 73.270 

Manganese Bicarbonate trace trace 

Ferrous Bicarbonate 1.400 

Ferrous Carbonate ... 1.56 

Barium Bicarbonate 24 .200 

Lithium Bicarbonate trace trace 

Alumina 29 .230 

Boracic Acid undetermined 

Borates 56 

Silica 7.17 8.079 

Organic Matter trace trace 

Total Solids 189.02 189.574 

Gases Grains Grains 

Free Carbonic Acid Gas 70.92 71.850 



HIGHLAND SPRINGS 

The bathing water is artificially heated. It is found to 
be an alkalo-saline water, also containing iron. 

The baths are invigorating, and have been used for 
rheumatism and joint affections. 



HIGHLAND BATHING WATER 
ARTIFICIALLY HEATED ALKALO-SALINE 
Dr. Winslow AndKRSON, Analyst, 1888 



U. S. Gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chlo'ide 2.17 

Sodium Bicarbonate 1.61 

Sodium Carbonate trace 

Potassium Bicarbonate 70 

Magnesium Bicarbonate.. .65. 10 
Magnesium Carbonate 7.04 



U. S. Gal. contains 
Grains 



Mineral Ingredients 

Calcium Bicarbonate 36.45 

Manganese Bicarbonate. ..trace 

Ferrous Carbonate 1.75 

Alumina 1.25 

Silica 7.85 

Organic Matter trace 



Total Solids, 123.92 
Gases Grains 
Free Carbonic Acid Gas 63.50 



176 



MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 



HIGH ROCK SPRING 

Nine miles east of Honey Lake, in Lassen County, is 
found an alkaline spring having a temperature of ioo Q F. 
The property is unimproved. 

hood's springs 
These springs are located ten miles northwest of Clo- 
verdale. The waters are alkaline and carbonated. A resort 
is contemplated. i 

HOT BORATE SPRING 

This remarkable spring is situated near the town of 
Lakeport, and on the edge of Clear Lake. The elevation 
is about 1,200 feet. The spring flows 18,000 gallons per 
hour, and has a temperature of 124 F. (July, 1888). On 
analysis Hot Borate Spring contains : 

HOT BORATE SPRING 

BORATE WATER 
Flow 18,000 gallons per hour 
Dr. Winslow Anderson, Mr. Moore, 

Analyst, 1888 Analyst 

Temperature 121? F. 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Gsains 

Sodium Chloride 86.42 84.62 

Sodium Bicarbonate 75.40 76.96 

Sodium Biborate 201.75 103.29 

Potassium Iodide 12 

Potassium Chloride trace trace 

Potassium Bromide trace 

Potassium Bicarbonate 4.26 

Ammonium Bicarbonate 96.20 107.76 

Magnesium Bicarbonate 73 

Magnesium Iodide .09 

Magnesium Bromide trace 

Calcium Sulphate trace trace 

Alumina 2.04 1.26 

Silica 7.96 

Silicic Acid 8.23 

Organic Matter 9.07 

Matter Volatile at red heat 65.77 

Total Solids 483.95 447.98 

Gases Grains Grains 

Free Carbonic Acid Gas 30.76 36.37 



HOT BORAX SPRING 177 

HOT BORAX vSPRING 

This spring is remarkable on account of its large value, 
the excessive amount of ammonium salts and the large 
quantity of borax present in the water. Prof. Whitney 
speaks of the changeableness of this spring, both in its 
flow and in its ingredients. 

The water is used in Lakeport and surrounding coun- 
try for inflammation of the kidneys and bladder. It is also 
claimed to have dissolved a stone in the bladder. 



HOT MUD SPRINGS 

Extensive hot mud beds and springs are found on the 
banks of Shovel Creek, in Siskiyou County. The locality 
is filled with sulphurous fumes and mud, and incrustations 
of native sulphur deposits on the cooler margins of the 
springs. 

A small resoit has sprung up at this place, and chronic 
rheumatic and crippled invalids are said to improve while 
bathing in the mud. 



HOT SPRINGS 

Thermal springs — sulphurous, calcic, saline and alka- 
line — abound all over the State. Many have not been even 
named as yet. 

The following list comprises a number of the undevel- 
oped hot springs in California : 



HOT SODA SPRINGS 

Near the head of Battle Creek, in Plumas County, are 
located several hot soda springs. They flow a large volume 
and the waters have a high temperature. No improve- 
ments. 



178 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

HOT SPRINGS— ON PAOHA ISLAND IN MONO LAKH 

F. M. Chatard, Analyst 
Mineral Ingredients Grammes per I<itre Mineral Ingredients Grammes per. Litre 

Sodium Carbonate 0506 Sodium Chloride 0104 

Magnesium Bicarbonate 0154 Potassium Chloride 0169 

Calcium Carbonate 1035 Silica 0178 

Sodium Sulphate. 0799 

Total Solids (37 grains to gallon) 0.2945 

This spring has a temperature of no° F., and is in the 
middle of Mono Lake, which contains 3,000 grains of salt 
to the gallon, while this water has only 37.88 to the gallon. 

Hot Springs Not Named 

Three miles east of Canby, in Modoc County, sul- 
phurous. 

In Modoc County, on the east side of Middle Alkali 
Lake, seven miles southeast of Cedarville. 

Southeast of Lassen's Teak, in Plumas County, at 
the head of Warner's Creek. 

At the base of Warner's range in Modoc County, at 
the south end of Lower Alkali Lake. 

In Santa Barbara County, five miles south of the 
city of Santa Barbara, are several hot springs having a 
temperature of 11 2 F. to 11 8° F. The water is sulphur- 
eted, and a resort is being built. 

West Side of Lower Alkali Lake in Modoc County. 

Between Upper and Lower Alkali Lakes, in Modoc 
County. 

In Mono County, thirteen miles west of Bridgeport. 

In Plumas County are several more springs. Some 
are sulphureted, others are alkaline. 

In northwest part of San Diego County, at the bend 
of San Jacinto River. 

In Kem County, near Kern River, seven miles below 
Kernville. These waters are highly charged with sul- 
phureted hydrogen. Temperature 127° F. 

Near Big Valley, in Lassen County, between Clear 
Creek and Pitt River are several springs — mostly sul- 
phureted. 



HOT SPRINGS NOT NAMED 179 

In Los Angeles County, about twelve miles northwest 
of San Juan Capistrano, are six alkalo-sulphurous springs. 
The temperature varies from 123° F. to 130° F. 

Near the summit of Mt. Shasta are several hot 
alkaline springs. 

In Ventura County, south of Rafael Peak. One of 
the man}' springs has a temperature of 195 F. 

In Mono County, two miles southeast of Bridgeport. 

Near Benton, in Mono County, Hot saline. Tem- 
perature 138 F. 

In Kern County, seven miles southeast of Kernville 
and five miles northwest of Havilah. 

In Long Valley, Mono County, five miles east of the 
Geysers. Temperature 140 F. 

In Inyo County, west of Dry Salt Lake, on the Arma- 
gosa Creek. 

On the east side of Hot Cove, on the Paoha Island, in 
Mono Lake, Mono County. Temperature no° F. 

In Vlmador County, in a small valley west of Mark- 
leeville. 

West of Panamint, six miles, in Inyo County. 

' In Colusa County, four miles south of Bear Valley. 
Temperature 120 F. Saline. 

In Inyo County, on both east and wes,t side of Owen's 
River, in the valley south of Bishop's Creek. Tempera- 
ture 132° F. 

In Plumas County, south of Lake Canon, near the 
head of Battle Creek. The waters are alkaline. Tempera- 
ture 85 Q F. 

In Modoc County, two miles north of Fort Bid well. 

In Surprise Valley, Modoc County, east side of Mid- 
dle Alkali Lake and opposite Cedarville. Several springs 
have a temperature of 180 F., and are sulphurous. 

A. 12. 



180 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CA LIFORNIA 

HOT SODA SPRINGS 

Located in Plumas County, on Battle Creek. Tem- 
perature 196 to 200 Q F. A large volume of hot alkaline 
water issues from the springs. The property is not 
improved. 

hough's mineral springs 

These springs are pleasantly located in Lake County, 
on the north fork of Cache Creek, about thirty-two miles 
from Williams. The altitude is 1,960 feet. 

Route of travel: Take ferry and railroad from San 
Francisco to Williams, or via Calistoga, and thence by 
stage. The waters are all cold, having a temperature of 
about 6o° F. 

No. 1 , the main spring, contains magnesia, soda, 
silica, alumina and ferruginous salts, with an excess of 
carbonic acid gas. The water is tonic, aperitnt and 
diuretic. 

No. 2 flows from an artificial well dug about twenty- 
five feet deep. It contains a stronger impregnation of iron 
and more magnesia salts, producing free evacuations after 
each large draught. 

No* 3, also a well, twenty-eight feet deep, contains 
some sulphur, and is much used for cutaneous and rheu- 
matic diseases. 

No. 4- is a carbonated water. The resort is a pleasant, 
one, and gaining in public favor every year. 

HOWARD SPRINGS 

The Howard Springs, some fourteen in all, are located 
in Lake County, six miles from Lower Lake and thirty-two 
miles from Calistoga. They lie in a small basin, at an ele- 
vation of 2,2 20 feet, surrounded on all sides by hills cov~ 
ered with luxuriant vegetation, flowers and sweet woods. 
The resort is growing every year, and ample accommoda- 
tions are found for invalids and pleasure-seekers. Hunting 



HOWARD SPRINGS 



181 



and fishing, the "California diamond fields," pine forests 
and good tonic alkalo-carbonated waters are among the 
attractions found at Howard Springs. 

The springs consist principally of sparkling carbon- 
ated waters. Two or three also contain sulphur. These 
are used for bathing. 

The carbonated waters contain sodium chloride, sodium 
bicarbonate, magnesia and calcium salts, with small quan- 
tities of potassa, silica, iron and alumina, and are heavily 
charged with carbonic acid gas. The springs are very use- 
ful for many conditions requiring this class of medication. 

Analyzed by Pkof. Wm. T. Wenzell 



Temperature 

Free Carbonic Acid, per gal. 

Barometric Pressure 

Solids, per gal : 

Chloride of Sodium 

Chloride of Potassium 

Chloride of Lithium 

Bicarbonate of Soda 

Bicarbonate of Magnesia 

Bicarbonate of Lime 

Bicarbonate of Iron 

Alumina 

Oxide of Iron 

Silica 

Organic Matter 



Total 



The Excel 
sior 



75° Fahr. 
134. 
27.87 in... 



101.67 
1.13 
8.35 
34.10 
2.81 
6.30 
1.85 
.03 



34.10 
.14 



156.84 



The Twins 



102°Fahr. 

77.5 



30.96 

19.71 

.03 

73.97 

114.10 

10.88 

1.14 

.15 



9.24 
.32 



260.50 



Eureka 



110° Fahr. 
150. 



35.70 

25.65 

.09 

82.35 

110.25 

5.84 



.10 
4.95 
3.40 

.20 



268.53 



Neptune 



85° Fahr. 
120. 



29.61 

14.64 

.06 



73.34 
32.14 



.19 
.20 
1.34 
.25 



158.7' 



Soda 



60° Fahr. 

117 cubic 

inches 

9.38 gr. 
12.81 gr. 

gr. 

37.72 gr. 
59.32 gr. 
35.62 gr. 

gr. 

.13 gr. 

.09 gr. 

6.95 gr. 

.20 gr. 



152.28 gr. 



INFLAMMABLE NATURAL GAS 

In many places all up and down the coast this product 
is found, and we are glad to see that it has already been 
utilized for heating and illuminating purposes. The gas 
is capable of lighting and heating many of the health 
resorts near which it is found. 

One of the most remarkable of these natural inflam- 
mable gas springs is found at Byron hot springs (see Byron 
Springs). 



182 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

Another at Eelseyville, the property of Mr. Young, 
and described under the head of " Young's Gas Well." 

On the south side of Sulphur Creek, three hundred 
yards back from the original Wilbur springs, in Colusa 
County, is located a large natural gas spring, which has 
been burning for years. The flame reaches up about two 
feet from the ground, a foot or more in diameter, and burns 
with a pale-blue flame and yellow tips. 

Near Upper Lake, in Lake County, is another gas 
spring, yielding large quantities of natural gas. 

Valuable natural gas is found in Colusa, Los Angeles, 
Monterey, San Joaquin, San Mateo, Santa Barbara and 
other counties. 

An extensive utilization of natural gas is being made 
at the Crown Mills, in the San Joaquin County. The 
main gas well is 1,330 feet deep and yields 15,000 cubic 
feet of gas in twenty-four hours. The gas is now used for 
heating the boilers in the mill, being burned with a small 
quantity of coal for that purpose. It has also been used 
for illuminating the mill, and a great saving in fuel and 
light is reported. 

The most productive gas well is found near the south- 
western edge of the city of Stockton. The well has a 
depth of over 2,000 feet and produces from 70,000 to 80,000 
cubic feet of gas in twenty-four hours. As the gas issues 
from the well it burns with a sligjit empyreumatic odor, 
undoubtedly owing to the imperfect combustion of its car- 
bon. When burned in a lamp — the " Lundgallon," spe- 
cially constructed for the purpose — complete oxidation 
occurs and a good light is produced. On analysis this gas 
is found to contain : 

Hydrogen (CH 4 ), marsh gas, the light carburetted, 83 
per cent., and small quantities of hydrogen, oxygen, car- 
bonic acid gas and carbonic oxide gas. 

The owners purpose laying pipes into the city of 
Stockton in order to supply it with heat and light from 
nature's laboratory at greatly reduced rates. 



IODINE SPRINGS 183 

IODINE SPRINGS 

These remarkable springs are located in Grizzly 
Canon, Lake County. The iodine is found in combination 
with sodium, potassium and magnesium in considerable 
quantities. The inhabitants in the neighborhood speak 
highly of the springs, and the water is used for miles 
around for consumption, glandular swellings, skin dis- 
eases, etc. The springs are in a wild, picturesque canon, 
and are unimproved. These iodine springs were analyzed 
by Hanks and Falkenan several years ago and pronounced 
remarkable on account of the large amount of iodine 
present. 

Iodine, with sodium, potassium and manganese, has 
been found in several parts of the State, as will be seen by 
the analyses. 

IRON SPRINGS 

Several unnamed ferruginous springs are located in 
Tehama County, some two miles north of Tom's Head 
Mountain. The waters are said to be strongly charged 
with iron salts and carbonic acid gas, as seen from the 
incrustations around the springs. 

Another iron spring is located near the Huero-Huero 
Rancho. No analysis. 

KLAMATH HOT SPRINGS 

In the northern county of California, Siskiyou, some 
eighteen miles from Ager, and on the Shasta Division of 
the Southern Pacific Railroad, are located these famous 
springs and the sanitarium. Situated as they are in the wild 
and picturesque country of Mt. Shasta region, 2,700 feet 
above sea level, with snow-capped mountain peaks and hills 
clad in evergreen forest groves, the springs have become 
noted for the surrounding scenery as well as for the 
therapeutic properties of the mineral waters. 

At Klamath we find ample accommodations for invalids 
and guests. 



184 



MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 



Excellent bathing facilities have been added, so that 
hot or cold sulphnrons baths or hot steam baths may be 
had at the springs. 

Gunning and fishing may be had in abundance in the 
immediate vicinity. 

The waters are alkalo-saline and sulphurous. Some 
are carbonated, but most are sulphureted. The springs 




KLAMATH HOT SPRINGS 



have already gained considerable celebrity in the treatment 
of chronic rheumatism, gout, white swelling of the joints, 
glandular enlargements, and chronic cutaneous diseases. 
The saline and carbonated waters are used for liver and 
kidney troubles, dyspepsia, etc., and the sulphur waters 
and sulphurous water or steam baths for rheumatism and 
skin affections. 



LAKE TAHOE OR CARNELIAN HOT SPRINGS 



185 



LAKE TAHOE OR CARNELIAN HOT SPRINGS 

" O, lovely lake, while life remains, 

Will thy enchantment hold my heart! 
And song rehearse in willing strains, 
Lake of the hills ! how fair thou art ! ' ' 

These hot and cold mineral springs ate located on 
Carnelian Bay, at the northern end of Lake Tahoe, in 
Placer County. They form part of the attractions of this 
famons inland sea. They are reached by railroad to Trnckee, 
and then by stage over a good mountain road for about two 
and a half hours' drive. 



ysssmmL 







The scenery is grand. The Truckee River is crossed 
and recrossed. Mountain sides and heights are scaled. 
Fertile valleys, grazed by immense herds of cattle, are tra- 
versed. • Forests of beautiful pines and cedar rear them- 
selves at intervals. Humming sawmills fill the air with 
life, and wild, romantic views, greet one at every turn. 
The appointments of the resort are most complete in every 
detail. There are about fifty boiling and cold springs on 
the lake shore. They are well kept and cared for. Excel- 
lent bathing facilities have recently been erected, where 



183 



MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 



cold and hot sulphur baths, tub and plunge, can be taken. 
There are also steam baths, and the resort has become very 
popular. The baths are used with success by the rheumatic 
and gouty. The waters are also drunk for liver and kidney 
diseases, chronic constipation and cutaneous affections. 




TAHOE CITY 

The waters are sulphurous and saline, and a few are car- 
bonated. They contain : 

Sodium Chloride. 

Calcium Sulphate. 

Magnesium Sulphate. 

Silica. 

Organic Matter. 

Free Sulphureted Hydrogen Gas. 
The elevation is 6,250 feet. Bronchitis, asthma and 
consumption do well among the pines at this place. There 
are splendid facilities for camping, hunting and fishing. 



KELLOGG'S SPRINGS 187 

kellogg's SPRINGS 
These mineral springs are located near Calistoga, in 
Napa County. The waters are saline and sulphureted. 
They are the private property of Mr. Foulkers. No develop- 
ment. 

lane's mineral springs 
Some thirty-five miles east of Stockton, in Calaveras 
County, lie these springs. They are about 1,000 feet 
above sea level and surrounded by hills and vales and for- 
ests of pine. The main spring flows fifty to seventy-five 
gallons per hour and the water is alkalo-sulphurous and 
chalybeate. The following analysis is supposed to have 
been made by the San Francisco Refining and Analytical 
Association and sent to me by the owner of the springs. 
The analysis is probably not correctly printed on the report 
furnished the writer : 

LANE SPRINGS 
S. F. Refining and Analytical Association, Analysts 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. containa 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Carbonate of Iron 122.000(?) Lime Carbonate 18.012 

Magnesia Carbonate 38.512 Free Sulphuric Acid? 15.237 

Epsom Carbonate (?) 29.764 Silica 15.196 

Alumina 2.009 Organic Matter 2.723 

Soda Carbonate 8.524 

Total Solids, 251.977 
Free Gases Cubic Inches 
Sulphureted Hydrogen 105. 

The water has been in use for several years and is 
said to be beneficial in constipation, dyspepsia, chronic 
malarial poisoning, liver and kidney complaints. For 
bathing the waters are artificially heated. 

LAS CRUCES HOT SPRINGS 
These hot sulphur springs are located in Santa Bar- 
bara County, forty-two miles from the city of the same 
name. The waters are saline and sulphureted. The prin- 



188 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

cipal spring flows five hundred gallons per hour and has a 
temperature of 90 F. The waters are much used locally 
for skin diseases. 

LICK SPRINGS 

These are described under the head of Tuscan springs, 
of which they form the first two or three. The Lick 
springs were discovered in 1856, and soon afterwards the 
waters were subjected to chemical analysis with the result 
of obtaining large crystals of borax — the first borax discov- 
ered in the State. These crystals are still preserved in the 
Academy of Sciences. 

LITTLE GEYSER SPRINGS 
These consist of several small jets of hot «steam issu- 
ing through the earth's crust at a temperature of 190 P. 
to 200 F. They are located three or four miles below the 
Geysers, in Sonoma County. 

LITTLE YOSEMITE SODA SPRINGS 
They are located on the north fork of Kern River, in 
Tulare County. The waters are palatable, alkalo-carbon- 
ated, impregnated with ferruginous salts. Used locally. 

LITTLE YOSEMITE SODA SPRINGS 
Oscar Loew, Analyst, 1876 

U. S. Gal. contains U. S. Gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Carbonate 20.97 Sodium Sulphate trace 

Magnesium Carbonate... \-. fi « 2 Sodium Chloride 4.68 



Calcium Carbonate J ■"'•«* silica 7.31 

Iron Carbonate 92 

Total Solids, 49.90 

Gases 
Carbonic Acid excess 

LITTON SELTZER SPRINGS 
These excellent seltzer and soda springs are located 
about four miles north of the city of Healdsburg, in Sonoma 
County, on the line of the San Francisco and North Pacific 
Railroad. 



190 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

The springs and adjoining property — abonti,ooo acres 
— have been incorporated, and extensive buildings, hotels, 
cottages and dwellings, as well as the improvement of 
the springs and grounds are contemplated. The Lit- 
ton Springs have gained in reputation, and much of the 
water is used locally and commercially. The water is 
slightly acid when freshly drawn, but by exposure it soon 
becomes alkaline on account of the evaporation of the car- 
bonic anhydride. It is much used as an antacid in dys- 
pepsia, and in uric and lithic acid conditions of the urine. 
It has also aperient and diuretic properties. From the 
largest spring the flow is twenty gallons per hour. Dur- 
ing the wet season it increases. 



LITTON SELTZER SPRINGS 

ALKALO-CARBONATED AND CHALYBEATE 

Dr. Winslow Anderson, Analyst, 1888 

Temperature 62° F. 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contain* 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 79.34 Ferrous Carbonate 2.14 

Sodium Bicarbonate 6.26 Alumina 6.81 

Sodium Carbonate 72,73 Borates 4.43 

Potassium Carbonate 3.60 Lithium trace 

Magnesium Bicarbonate 13.90 Ammonia 33 

Magnesium Sulphate 6.75 Silica 8.09 

Calcium Bicarbonate 14.05 Organic Matter trace 

Calcium Sulphate 5.03 

Total Solids, 223.46 
Free Gases Grains 

Free Carbonic Acid Gas 375.60 

Several years ago the following analysis was made by 
Prof. Hanks : 

LITTON SPRING 

SELTZER 
Prof. Hanks, Analyst 

U. S. Gal. contains U. S. Gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

CarDonic acid gas (combined) 42.96 chlorine 78.38 

Sulphuric Acid 2.36 Silicic Acid = 2.92 

Oxide of Iron 2.85 Lime 4.41 

Magnesia 5.24 Soda 62.19 

Alumina 27.38 Ammonia 27.38 

Potash 27.38 Lithia 27.38 

Boracic Acid 27.38 Organic Matter 27.38 

Total Solids, 228.69. 
Gases Grains 

Free Carbonic Acid Gas 383.75. 



LOWER SODA SP MINGS 191 



LOWER SODA SPRINGS 



Opposite the mouth of Castle Creek in the Sacramento 
Valley, and on the Shasta Scenic Ronte in Shasta County, 
are two important soda springs. The upper one is about 
three and one-half miles farther up the canon, and about 
eight miles from Strawberry Flat, at the base of Mt. Shasta. 
The lower soda spring has an elevation of about 2,100 feet, 
and the upper spring that of 2,363 feet. The springs have 
gained considerable reputation among and are resorted to 
by many people suffering from uric or lithic acid, gravel, 
c}^stitis, nephritis, and albuminurea. The waters are alka- 
line and carbonated, and contain considerable quantities of 
iron salts. The temperature of the water is 52 F. The 
surrounding country is wild and picturesque, and a public 
resort has been established for the comfort of travelers 
from Mt. Shasta. 



MADRONE MINERAL SPRINGS 

These springs are situated some twenty-five miles south- 
east of San Jose, and about five miles north of Cilroy Hot 
Springs. They are at an elevation of about 2,200 feet, and 
beautifully located at the foot of " Pine Ridge." The 
mountain roads and drives are in good condition, and the 
scenery along the route is as fine as any in the State. At 
the springs we find ample accommodations, good bathing, 
hot or cold, and pure, bracing mountain air. The waters 
are " soda" impregnated with iron, and surcharged with 
carbonic acid gas. There is also an iron spring, and an 
alkalo-chalybeate spring containing arsenic, and another 
called white sulphur. The waters are used in the treat- 
ment of syphilis, rheumatism, skin diseases, etc., etc. 

Route of travel is by the Southern Pacific Railroad to 
Madrone sixty-nine miles, and thence by stage twelve miles 
to the springs. 



192 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

" MAGNETIC " MINERAL SPRINGS 
These alkalo-chalybeate springs are found in Santa 
Cruz County near Watsonville. The waters are sold as a 
remedy for a great many diseases. No analysis. 

MARK WEST SPRINGS 
This mineral water resort is situated eight miles from 
Santa Rosa, near the famous " Petrified Forest," on Mark 
West Creek, in Sonoma county. It is reached by rail to 
Calistoga or Santa Rosa, and thence by easy carriage or 
stage to the springs over one of the most picturesque drives 
in that section of the country. During my recent visit, I 
observed that the mountains along the road were being 
cultivated, and beautiful villas and private mountain resorts 
were springing up in all directions. Extensive orchards 
of prunes and other fruits have been planted, and the whole 
country is active. 

The springs are beautifully located at an elevation of 
800 feet, in a small valley formed by the junction of four 
canons. The hotel and grounds are at the bases of three 
venerable mountains, called " Mt. Washington," " Mt. 
Lincoln" and " Mt. Grant." The temperature of the air 
ranges from 8o° to 90 F., with pleasant, cooling and brac- 
ing sea breezes. The atmosphere is clear and dry. 

There are excellent hotel accommodations and several 
cottages for family use. Hot sulphur and hot mud baths 
have been constructed with every facility for comfort and 
benefit. On the place are several springs. One large sul- 
phur spring flows about 200 gallons per hour, and has a 
temperature of 82 F. The water is clear and not disagree- 
able to the taste. Its composition is : 

Sulphate of Sodium. 

Sulphate of Magnesium. 

Salts of Potassium — trace. 

Chloride of Sodium. 



MARK WEST SPRINGS 193 

Carbonates of Sodium, Potassium and Lime, Silica and 
Alumina. It has also gases of carbonic anhydride and sul- 
phureted hydrogen. 

There is also an iron spring containing carbonate of 
iron, soda, magnesia and lime, with free carbonic acid 
gas. This is a highly chalybeate water, and has success- 
fully treated many conditions requiring ferruginous tonics. 
The now of this spring is 600 gallons per hour, and the 
water has a temperature of 65° F. 

The largest spring has a flow of 5,000 gallons per 
hour; this is a sparkling carbonated water, very pala- 
table, and gently aperient in its action. It is much used in 
dyspepsia arising from too free alcoholic stimulation, with 
the concomitant liver and kidney disorders. It is said to 
have vastly benefited patients suffering from chronic 
Bright's disease. The iron spring is used as a tonic, and 
the sulphur spring for cutaneous diseases, rheumatism, 
etc. The baths are sulphurous. 

Analyses of these waters can not be made in time for 
publication. 



MATILIJA HOT SPRINGS 
They are located six miles from Nordhoff and fifteen 
miles from San Buenaventura in Ventura County. There 
are twenty-eight springs in all. They vary in temperature 
from 35 Q F. to i6o Q F. The average flow is 5,000 gal- 
lons per hour. Most of the hot springs are sulphureted 
and much used for syphilitic contaminations, strumous and 
skin diseases, rheumatism, etc. There is a comfortable 
hotel and resort at the springs. 



MINERAL SPRINGS 
Several springs by this name are found in Grizzly 
Canon. The waters are salino-chalybeate, and charged 
with carbonic anhydride. No improvements. 



194. MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

MCCARTHY'S HOT SPRINGS 

Near Day's ranch, northeast of Fort Crook in Shasta 
County are located these mineral springs. Some of the 
water is reported sulphurous in character and the other fer- 
ruginous and carbonated. There is a local resort. 

mills' mineral springs 
About one mile above Anderson's resort in Lake 
County we find these springs. They are four in number. 
The hottest has a temperature of 170 F. The waters are 
principally sulphureted and saline, and the resort is grow- 
ing every year. Good accommodations and splendid hot 
sulphur bathing can be found here. The surrounding 
country also affords excellent sport with the gun and rod. 

MINERAL SPRINGS 

Several springs, as yet uunamed, are known as mineral 
springs. Many of them are used locally. 

Some of these are located twelve miles north of Wig- 
ginsville, in Siskiyou County. 

Others are found on the east slope of Mt. Shasta, in 
Siskiyou County. 

West of Butteville, in Siskiyou County, are found 
some more. 

In alpine County, on the mountain near Silver Lake, 
are several cold soda springs. 

In Calaveras County are quite a number of mineral 
waters, especially in Salt Spring Valley. These waters are 
alkaline and rich in chlorides and carbonates. 

On the west shore of Mono Lake in Mono County, He 
several large calcic springs. 

In Los Angeles County on the Encino ranch are a 
number of warm alkaline and carbonated springs having a 
temperature of 83 ° to 90S F. The waters are in local use. 

In San Bernardino County, three miles above the 
mouth of Little Creek canon are some warm springs, tem- 
perature 92 S F. to 95 S F. 



MINERAL SPRINGS— ENG1N0 RANCH 195 

MINERAL SPRINGS 

ENCINO RANCH— LOS ANGELES COUNTY 

Oscar I/xew, Analyst 

Mineral Ingredients Parts in 1,000 Mineral Ingredients Parts in 1,000 

Sodium Carbonate 24.31 Silica 11.50 

Magnesium Carbonate.... Phosphoric Acid trace 

Calcium Carbonate 32.17 Sulphydric Acid trace 

Sodium Sulphate 54.46 Potassium trace 

Sodium Chloride 2.93 Lithium trace 

Total Solids, 125.37 
Gases 
Carbonic Acid Gas In excess 



MISSION SAN JOSE HOT SPRINGS 

About two miles southeast of the Mission San Jose, 
in Alameda County, are some notable springs. They were 
well known to the early Mexican and Spanish Fathers. 
There are four of these springs in use to-day, having a 
temperature of 8o° F. The waters are alkalo-saline, hav- 
ing small quantities of carbonic anhydride and sulpbureted 
hydrogen. Considerable local demand has been found for 
the waters. 



MONO BASIN WARM SPRINGS 

These waters are chlorinated and alkaline, and are 
located on the northeast shore of Mono Lake, in Mono 
County. The temperature varies from 85 ° F. to 90 F» 
Unimproved. 

MONO BASIN WARM SPRINGS 
F. M. Chatard, Analyst 

Mineral Ingredients Grammes per L,itre Mineral Ingredients Grammes per Litre 

Sodium Carbonate 0.5972 Sodium Chloride 2799 

Magnesium Bicarbonate .2114 Potassium Chloride 1203 

Calcium Caroonate 1475 Alumina 001S 

Sodium Sulphate 4631 Loss 015$ 

Sodium Silicates 2480 

Total Solids, 2.0850 

A. 13. 



196 



MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 



MONO LAKE 
This remarkable body of water is located near the 
center of Mono County, about ten miles south of the town 
of Bodie. The altitude is 6,730 feet. The length of the 
lake is, from east to west, about fourteen miles and its 
greatest breadth nine 
miles. The lake has 
been likened by Prof. 
W. F. McNutt (in his 
article on the mineral 
and thermal springs of 
California, read before 
the Ninth Internation- 
al Medical Congress) 
to the Dead Sea of the 
Holy Land. The same 
may be said of Owen's 
Lake (Hank's). Atone 
time Mono Lake must 
have been much larger 
than it is at present, 
which is shown by the 
large terraces on all 
sides. The lake re- 
ceives much of its 
water and its chemical 
salts from the rivers and creeks which 
flow through volcanic soil and empty 
into it. By evaporation of the water and 
the concentration of the salts deposited 
here for many centuries the mineral 
ingredients will undoubtedly prove valuable just as soon 
as man can separate and utilize them. (State Mineralogist.) 
Numerous springs are found all over the Lake. The 
most curious of these are some of the fresh water springs 
holding in solution small quantities of calcium carbonate, 
which precipitate and deposit around the openings of the 




MONO LAKE 



197 



springs, forming irregular tubes, clustered together in col- 
umns. These vase-shaped structures are ten to forty feet 
long, rising from the bottom of the Lake upward and above 
the surface. In the center of these columnar pillars are 
small holes, through which flows this sweet water. These 
overflowing fountains have very aptly been likened to the 
sponges found in the South Seas and known as "Neptune's 
cups." In Mono Lake we find several islands, some two 
or three miles long. Their composition is of volcanic 







GEMS OF THE SIERRAS 



material, and all over the surface are hot springs and jets 
of hot steam, making the surrounding water quite warm. 
On one or two of these little islands are small craters fifty 
or more feet in diameter. They are now filled with water. 
All around Mono Lake are unmistakable evidences of 
great volcanic activity during the tertiary and post-tertiary 
periods, and undoubtedly Mono Lake itself is a large 
extinct crater. 



198 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CAIIFORNIA 

The water, being likened to the Dead Sea, was sup- 
posed to be destitute of life. This, however, has been 
proved to be an error. There are found small, curious, 
wormlike, minute organisms, plainly visible to the naked 
eye, in the water near the surface. They seem to swim on 
their backs, and resemble the oars of a Venetian gondola 
or that of the Argo, noted in ancient mythology (Hanks), 
It is extraordinary that a water so constituted has vivifying 
power enough to sustain even these minute organisms, as 
there is found to be nearly 3,000 grains of solids in each 
gallon. The larvae of these animals are thrown upon the 
shores of the lake by the waves, and there accumulate in 
large quantities. Here the Indian gathers them, and when 
dried they form one of the delicacies of the red man, 
who is said to delight in them, as did the good people 
delight in the locusts and honey in the days of yore. The 
scenery in and around Mono Lake is grand, and well worth 
the trip. Situated as it is at so high an elevation, and 
surrounded on all sides by snow-capped mountains, a pict- 
ure is presented to which only an artist could do justice. 

The water itself is more like a bitter brine to the taste 
than mineral water. Its action is excessively diuretic, 
even in small quantities. 

On analysis this " Dead Sea" water is found to contain * 

MONO LAKE 

CHLORINATED, ETC. 
Dr. Winslow Anderson, Analyst, 1887 
Temperature 6j° to 80.5° F. 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains. 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 795.24 Calcium Chloride. ..1075.55 

Sodium Carbonate 26.40 Calcium Carbonate. 52.76 

Sodium Sulphate 17.10 Calcium Sulphide... trace 

Sodium Phosphate 5.93 Calcium Sulphate... 57.07 

Potassium Chloride 281.17 Ferrous Carbonate... 7.14 

Potassium Carbonate 10.60 Alumina 26.63; 

Potassium Phosphate 3 05 Borates 19.75 

Magnesium Chloride 365.60 Silicates 9.62 

Magnesium Carbonate 9.45 Organic Matter 24.6.0, 

Magnesium Sulphate 127.50 

Total Solids, 2915.16 

Gases Cubic Inches 

Free Carbonic Acid Gas. 17.16 

Free Sulphureted Hydrogen , 62 



MONO LAKE 199 

The composition will probably vary in different locali- 
ties, being influenced by the proximity of the different 
springs. 

MONO LAKE— ANALYSIS 

T. M. ChaTard, Analyst 

Mineral Ingredients Grammes per I^itre Mineral Ingredients Grammes per I^itre 

Sodium Carbonate 19.49 Sodium Chloride 18.22 

Magnesium Carbonate 36 Potassium Chloride 2.23 

Calcium Carbonate 68 Silica 28 

Sodium Sulphate 10.07 Loss 32 

Sodium Biborate 20 

Total Solids, 51.85 



MONO LAKE— ANALYSIS 
I. R. Murphy, Analyst 

Mineral Ingredients Per Cent Mineral Ingredients Per Cent 

Boracic Acid large traces Sodium Chloride 5.854 

Carbonic Acid abundant Potassium Chloride 1.581 

(free?) Calcium Chloride 2.630 

Hydrosulphuric Acid. ..abundant Magnesium Chloride 8.206 

(free?) Calcium Sulphate 402 

Phosphoric Acid traces Calcium Sulphide traces 

Silica traces Magnesium Sulphide traces 

Total Solids 18.673 

Pure Water 81.327 



Total 100.000 



Compare Mono Lake with the waters of the Dead Sea 
and Great Salt Lake found elsewhere. 



Montecito Hot Springs 
a letter from the able pen of rev. a. h. carrier. 
Everyone in Santa Barbara knows something of the hot springs, 
Montecito. Not every one has learned the charm of the place by per- 
sonal observation and experience. At an elevation of 1,460 feet above 
the sea in the heart of the most picturesque ravine with mountain walls 
rising almost perpendicularly around, with an opening toward the 
ocean and its outlying islands so that these seemed framed into a pict- 
ure of extraordinary beauty, the place itself is unparalleled in its 
attractions by any spot along the line of our coast. 



200 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

Winding around the spurs of the mountain a walk from the hotel, 
so well graded at present that an invalid would find no difficulty on it, 
leads to the famous lookout Point from which the long-reaching valley 
and the Pacific beyond are seen stretching at one's feet. Santa Barbara 
seems so near that you feel that you could signal to your friends. 

To one who cares to climb, the peak, 1,500 feet above, as lean 
testify, is exceedingly grand in its combination of mountains, of deep 
ravines, of distant peaks, of the San Rafael range, of the coast line 
from Hueneme to Gaviota, together with the boundless expanse of the 
ocean. The scene suggests the famous view from the Righi and from 
Mount Pilatus in Switzerland, with the added sublimity in this case of 
the vast Pacific. 

As a sanitarium the Hot Springs afford what one might travel far 
to discover. The water issuing from the rocks at 1208 Fahrenheit, 
charged with sulphur and other minerals, is Nature's own healing 
remedy, efficacious to a high degree in complaints of a rheumatic 
nature. Almost instant benefit is experienced by many persons from 
the combined external and internal use of these waters. The sense of 
rest after fatigue from these baths is something marvelous. 

These hot springs are located five miles from Santa 
Barbara City in the same county. The waters are sulphur- 
ous and nearly all boiling hot. A resort is being erected 
for the treatment of invalids. Also suitable bathing facili- 
ties are being provided. 



MOUNTAIN GLEN HOT SPRINGS 

Some twenty-five miles north of Santa Barbara are 
found these springs. They are mostly sulphurous, and 
have a temperature from 6o Q to ioo° F. There is a local 
resort. 

MUD SPRINGS 

Extensive hot mud springs are situated fifteen miles 
northeast of Honey Lake, in Lassen County. The property 
is unimproved. 

Also on Antelope Creek, about ten miles east of Red 
Bluff, in Tehama County, is another region of hot mud 
springs. No analysis and no improvements. 



NAPA SODA SPRINGS 



201 



NAPA SODA SPRINGS 

These celebrated mineral springs are charmingly 
located on the southwestern slope of the Coast Range,, 
about fifty miles from San Francisco and six miles from 
Napa City. The elevation is about 1,000 feet above the 
sea. 

They are reached by ferry and rail to Napa City and 
thence by easy carriage to the springs. This drive from 
Napa to the springs is exceedingly pleasant. You pass 
neat and cozy farmhouses and homes, green pastures and 




NAPA SODA SPRINGS 



well-tilled fields, orchards, vineyards and groves. The air 
is fragrant with the perfumes of wild and cultivated flow- 
ers and resonant with the harmonious songs of a thousand 
birds. One feels envious of the quiet and peaceful rural 
life when thus contrasted to the busy whirl of the western 
metropolis. 

As you speed along, " Napa Resort" is seen in the dis- 
tance, looming up like an ancient fortress along the Rhine. 
At the end of a short hour you arrive at the Rotunda 
Hotel. Here the scenery is charming; a thousand feet 
above the valley and at the head of the caiion, you have 



202 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

full command of the country for miles around. Looking 
southward over the beautiful valley of Napa County, one 
sees a landscape which has probably never been surpassed 
for beauty, one which forever remains fresh in his memory. 
The green fields, cultivated farms, orchards and vineyards, 
gardens and houses, checkered here and there in an irreg- 
ular manner, with their straight and winding lanes, creeks 
and rivers, with groves of stately oaks, and in the distance 
the San Francisco Bay, glistening and rippling in the sun's 
rays, blend to make a harmonious whole, to which only the 
trained pencil or brush can do justice. To the westward 
may be seen the great Pacific, guarded by its sentinel, Mt. 
Tamalpais, and the many ranges of mountains and hills. 
To the eastward Mt. Diablo looms up in the distance, half 
veiled in violet mists. To the north we see Mt. St. Helena 
and the Coast Ranges with their rich, alluvial valleys. 

The local picture of Napa Soda Springs is scarcely 
less interesting. We find groves of oaks gracefully fes- 
tooned with immortal mistletoe, the tall and stately pine 
and the eucalyptus globulus. We also find the Italian 
cypress, the palm, the olive, the fig and the orange tree, 
the odorous California buckeye and the fragrant laurel, the 
maple and the madrona, and tangled copses of flowering 
shrubbery everywhere. 

Lawns and flower-beds, cultivated and natural, with 
the many shady nooks and cozy outlets — combined nature 
and art — produce as lovely a spot as the tired business man 
with his family, or the invalid with his many ailments, 
could possibly find. The climate is warm, dry and salu- 
brious, and the resort has the mountain air and the sea 
breezes as well. 

The mineral springs are among the most noted in the 
State. They number twenty-seven in all, with an average 
daily flow of about 4,000 gallons. The temperature of the 
water ranges about 65 ° F. to 68° F. The main spring, the 
Pagoda, from which most of the commercial Napa soda is 
obtained, had a temperature in 1888 of 6y.y° F. This is an 



NAPA SODA— " PAGODA SPRING" 203 

alkalo-chalybeate water strongly charged with carbonic 
anhydride, delightful, clear and sparkling, and has an 
agreeably pungent taste. 

Over the Pagoda spring, engraved on a marble tablet, 
is the following invocation, &fac simile of one inscribed by 
Imperial decree above the springs at the famons Carlsbad, 
in Bohemia: 

" To suffering man from Nature's genial breast 
A boon transcendent ever mayst thou flow ; 
Blest holy fount ; still bid old age to know 
Reviving vigor, and if health repressed 

Fade in the virgin's cheek, renew its glow 
For love and joy ; and they that in thy wave 
Confiding trust and thankful lave, 
Propitious aid, and speed the stranger band, 
With health and life renewed, unto their native land." 



NAPA SODA— PAGODA SPRING 

ALKALO-CHALYBEATE 

Dr. Winslow Anderson, Analyst, 1888 

Temperature 6/.f F. 

U. S. Gal. contains IT. S. Gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 7.14 Calcium Bicarbonate 78 

Sodium Bicarbonate 12.95 Calcium Carbonate 9.55 

Sodium Carbonate 1.10 Ferrous Carbonate 7.90 

Sodium Sulphate 1.62 Silica 74 

Potassium Bicarbonate.... .trace Alumina 57 

Magnesium Bicarbonate... 3.01 Organic Matter trace 

Magnesium Carbonate 21.76 

Total Solids, 67.15 

Gases Cubic Inches 
Free Carbonic Acid 143.62 

Over this spring is built a beautiful pagoda, sup- 
ported by solid stone pillars and resting upon a tesselated 
marble floor. A natural stone basin has been artistically 
arranged, through which the sparkling soda bubbles in all 
its freshness. 



204 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

NAPA SODA— "IRON SPRING" 

ALKALO-CHALYBEATE 

Prof. Lanzwurt, Analyst, 1870 

Temperature 68° F. 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 5.20 Calcium Carbonate 10.83 

Sodium Bicarbonate 13.12 Ferrous Carbonate 7.84 

Sodium Sulphate 1.84 Silica 62 

Magnesium Carbonate 26.12 Alumina 60 

Total Solids, 66.17 

Gases 
Free Carbonic Anhydride undetermined 



NAPA SODA 

The " Lemon Spring," or the natural Napa soda lem- 
onade, flows considerably less than the Pagoda Spring. The 
water, however, is even more valuable as a tonic, containing 
more ferruginous salts. The lithium makes it beneficial in 
kidney diseases. Otherwise the water is very similar in its 
aperient and diuretic properties, as may be seen from the 
following analysis : 



NAPA SODA SPRING— " LEMON SPRING" 
ALKALO-CHALYBEATE WATER 

Dr. Winslow Anderson, Analyst, 1889 
Temperature 66.p° F. 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 4.72 Calcium Carbonate 8.97 

Sodium Bicarbonate 15.24 Ferrous Carbonate 8.11 

Sodium Carbonate 4.65 Lithium trace 

Sodium Sulphate 76 Boracic Acid trace 

Potassium Salts traces Alumina 74 

Magnesium Carbonate 25.19 Silicates 83 

Magnesium Sulphate trace Organic Matter trace 

Total Solids, 69.21 

Gases Cubic Inches 
Free Carbonic Acid Gas 95.79 



NAPA SPRINGS 



205 



NAPA SPRINGS 

The many other mineral springs at Napa Soda resort 
are very similar in composition. The waters are all alkalo- 
chalybeate, clear, cool and sparkling. 

Napa Soda is highly esteemed as a beverage. It is sold 
in every city and town on the coast, aud is one of the pleas- 
antest summer drinks we have. 

The water is an efficient aid to digestion, being antacid 
and tonic. When taken in the morning before breakfast its 

action is gently 
aperient. The 
ferruginous salts 
held in solution 
by the carbonic 
acid g^s are val- 
uable in anaemia 
and chlorotic con- 
ditions, malarial 
to xaemia an d 
many disorders 
requiring iron for 
the constructive 
metamorphosis of 
red-blood corpus- 
cles. Much ben- 
efit is derived 
from a course at 
the springs in 
Bright's disease of the kidneys and chronic cystitis, in 
acid conditions of the blood and urine, dyspepsia and 
indigestion, etc., etc. The Napa Soda Springs have also 
proved beneficial in the treatment of chronic and sub- 
acute metritis and ovaritis, and this water is better borne 
by the stomach in these and the many allied uterine com- 
plications than almost any other chalybeate tonic. 




PAGODA SPRING 



206 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

In the many cystic and nephritic disorders found on this 
coast these alkalo-carbonated and chalybeate waters have 
been found of great value. 

The resort is open all the year round. The excellent 
climate, the high and dr}^ location and the elegant accom- 
modations add greatly to the comforts of the health and 
pleasure seeking public. 

The Rotunda Hotel is a magnificent structure. It is 
built of solid stone masonry, quarried in one of the adja- 
cent mountains on the extensive grounds. The rock is 
white and soft when first exposed to the atmosphere, but 
it rapidfy parts with its moisture and becomes harder and 
harder the longer it remains in the air. The rotunda is 
a circular building, towering up seventy-five feet into the 
air and surmounted by a huge glass cupola which reflects 
the rays of the sun for miles around. 

The structure is one hundred and twent} r feet in diam- 
eter, and its interior is a fine work of mechanical art. The 
court, or grand central parlor, is about one hundred feet in 
diameter, handsomely furnished and lighted by a large gas 
chandelier of forty lights. Surrounding the parlor is a 
promenade, and exterior to this again are arranged apart- 
ments for guests, single and in suits. From this building 
the entire extensive grounds and landscape may be sur- 
veyed. 

Picturesquely arranged on different portions and eleva- 
tions of the premises are located the many handsome edi- 
fices belonging to Napa Springs, the most of which are 
built of stone, and have gas and running water in every 
room. There is the "Club House," in which are found all the 
various amusements, billiard tables, bowling-alleys, baga- 
telle tables, etc., for the use of the guests. The "Tower 
House," " Ivy House," The " Bellevue," "Garden House," 
"Music Hall," "Bottling House," and cottages are all at 
the disposal of the guests, as also lawn tennis and croquet 
grounds beautifully situated. 



NAPA SPRINGS 207 

The waters are bottled fresh from nature's subterranean 
laboratories at the springs, and only natural mineral waters 
and gases are sent from the Soda Springs. 

The dining hall deserves a passing notice, not only on 
account of its external architectural beauty, but for its 
excellent interior contents. The cuisine is in charge of an 
experienced chef and the table cPhote is superior, consisting 
of pure fresh milk, butter and eggs of country production, 
fresh vegetables and fruit from the gardens and orchard on 
the place, and the most nourishing and appetizing foods 
with all the delicacies of the season. 

The extensive grounds cover over a thousand acres of 
hills and valley. The place is also well supplied with 
springs of fresh water, rippling over rocks and rills forming 
cascades and mountain streams which play over the peb- 
bles or gently glide along the moss-covered banks. There 
are also splendid facilities for hot and cold Napa Soda baths 
in tub or plunge, and a swimming-bath measuring 150 feet 
in length by 50 feet in width, with water varying from 4 
to 10 feet in depth. 

Our sojourn at this resort during 1888, although nec- 
essarily brief, was, nevertheless, exceedingly pleasant, and 
we do not hesitate in pronouncing Napa Soda Springs one 
of the most delightful and salubrious watering-places on 
the Pacific Coast. 



Newsom's Arroyo Grande Springs 

About 14 miles south of San Luis Obispo lie these 
springs. They are reached by rail to Arroyo Grande and 
thence by easy stage or by drive from Nipomo. The situa- 
tion is a pleasant one at an altitude of about 400 feet. The 
grounds and springs are well kept. The ocean beach road 
affords one of the finest drives in that section of the country. 
At the beach, swimming, fishing, and clamming are always 
in order. The hotel and cottages are pleasantly situated 
and afford good accommodations for guests. The climate 



20 S 



MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 



is one of almost perpetual sunshine with occasional spring 
and fall rains. On the place are three principal springs 
whose waters range in temperature from 40 F. to ioo° F. 
and flow the enormous amount of 49,000 gallons per hour. 
The waters are salino-sulphureted and have gained con- 
siderable reputation in the treatment of old chronic rheu- 
matism and gout, catarrhal affections of the bladder and 
bowels, skin diseases, etc. For uterine troubles the hot 
sulphurous douche has been of great benefit. 

Warm and hot plunge and tub bathing facilities have 
been constructed for the use of guests. 



NEWSOM'S ARROYO GRANDE SPRINGS 
LIGHT SALINO-SULPHURETED 
Dr. Winslow Andersox 

Analyst, 155 S Unknown Analyst 

Temperature 100.5 ° F- Temperature ioo° F. 

XL 5. gal. contains D. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Constituents Grains Grains 

Sodium Chloride 4.10 4.16 

Sodium Carbonate 1.75 

Sodium Sulphate • 3.92 4.06 

Potassium Carbonate 15 

Potassium Sulphate 2.90 2.99 

Magnesium Carbonate 6.41 6.61 

Magnesium Sulphate 2.47 

Calcium Carbonate 8.25 10.62 

Calcium Sulphate 76 .64 

Ferrous Carbonate 3.9S 4.15 

Alumina 33 .03 

Silica 2.03 2.30 

Organic Matter 27 .52 

Total Solids 37.32 36.08 

Gases Cubic Inches Cubic Inche* 

Free Carbonic Anhydride 14.90 12.13 

Free Sulphureted Hydrogen 3.56 3.72 



New Almaden Vichy Springs. 

These springs are situated in the Coast Range of mount- 
ains, about 60 miles south of San Francisco. They are 
near the New Almaden Mines in Santa Clara County. The 



NEW ALMA DEN VICHY SPRINGS 



209 



climate is lovely and mild during the whole year. At the 
springs has been erected a pretty little resort, which is 
growing in favor. The water is a heavy alkalo-chalybeate 
strongly charged with carbonic acid gas. 



NEW ALMADKN VICHY SPRINGS 

VICHY— ALKALO— CHALYBEATE 

Unknown Analyst 

Temperature 6j° F. 

U. S. Gal. contain* 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 32.16 

Sodium Carbonate 200.12 

Magnesium Sulphate 12.00 

Calcium Carbonate 32.00 

Calcium Sulphate '. 40.20 

Iron 4.08 

Carbonic |Acid 112.08 

Silica traces 

Total 432.64 

Recently the springs have ceased to flow., owing to the 
deep workings of the Almaden quicksilver mines. 

On analysis this water is found to contain— 



NICHOLAS SPRINGS 

SALINO-CHALYBEATE 
Dr. Winsi^ow Anderson 
Analyst, 1888 
Temperature 6j.j° F. 

U. S. Gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 1.14 

Sodium Sulphate 11.90 

Magnesium Sulphate 103.62 

Calcium Sulphate 43.07 

Calcium Carbonate 7.55 

Ferrous Sulphate 7.96 

Ferric Sulphate 

Ferrous Carbonate 2.43 

Silica 6.09 

Borates 81 

Organic Matter 24 

Total Solids 184.81 

Gases Cubic Inches 
Free Sulphureted Hydrogen 17.90 



BAUMGARTEN 

Analyst. 



U. S. Gal. contain* 
Grains 

.10 

12.08 

105.09 

49.34 



10.91 
6.41 



183.93 

Cubic Inches 

undetermined 



210 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

NICHOLAS SPRINGS 

Tliey are located in Santa Cruz County, on Mr. B. C. 
Nicholas' Ranch. 

The water contains large quantities of Epsom salts and 
iron salts. 

Otai Hot Sulphur Springs 

These springs are beautifully situated in Waterfall 
Canon, about five miles from the prosperous village of 
Nordhoff and fifteen miles from Ventura, in Ventura County. 
The route is to Ventura by Southern Pacific Railroad and 
thence by stage. The altitude at the springs is about 1,000 
feet. Good accommodations are afforded at the growing 
resort and the vicinity boasts of fine fishing, hunting and 
scenery. 

The springs flow about 50,000 gallons per hour and 
have a temperature ranging from 6o c F., to 74 to 104° F. 
Several of the springs are carbonated and others are sul- 
phureted. 

The "Fountain of Life'- spring is a cool soda; "St. 
Jacob's Well" is also cool and carbonated. One large spring 
was discovered by a man named Adam and the most natural 
thought for an Adam to have was of his tempter " Eve," so 
he named this water the " Mother of Eve." It is soft and 
heavily charged with sulphates and sulphureted hydrogen, 
and although the water tastes well enough, its smell is any- 
thing but agreeable. The water has a reputation for whiten- 
ing and softening the skin and improving the complexion. 

These Ojai waters contain: sodium, potassium and 
magnesium, carbonates and sulphates, calcium and ferrous 
carbonates, silicates, carbonic anlrydride and sulphureted 
hydrogen gases. 

Many people go there who are stiff-jointed, rheumatic 
and gouty, or affected with skin diseases, etc. They are all 
reported as receiving great benefit. 



owen's lake 211 

Owen's Lake 

This second "Dead Sea" in California is located at the 
southern end of Owen's Valley in Inyo County. It is 
eighteen miles long and ten miles wide and its waters are 
highly chlorinated and alkaline. 

On analysis the lake water yields, according to Chem- 
ist Philips of London : 

OWEN'S LAKE. 

Prof. Phiups, London, Analyst 

Temperature Not Given 

Imperial Gallon 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Chloride of Sodium . 2942.15 

Sulphate of Soda 956.80 

Carbonate of Soda 2914.43 

Sulphate of Potash 35.74 

Silicate of Potash 139.54 

Organic Matter 16.94 

Total Solids 7005.60 



The most important of the auxiliary attractions of San 
Jose is the Lick Observatory on the summit of Mount 
Hamilton. A few years ago James Lick, a wealthy citizen 
of San Jose, gave his entire property, consisting of nearly 
five millions of dollars, to philanthropic institutions and 
and works of public improvement in the State. The most 
important of these bequests was that of $750,000 for the 
establishment of an astronomical observatory on Mount 
Hamilton, which was to be equipped with the most powerful 
telescope in the world. Mount Hamilton is located in the 
range of mountains east of the valley, and is twenty-six 
miles distant from San Jose. It stands 4,443 feet above the 
level of the sea, in an atmosphere cloudless during the entire 
year. From its summit there is an unbroken horizon, while 
its latitude is favorable for the most important observations. 
The county of Santa Clara has constructed, at an expense 
of about $100,000, a magnificent road to the top of the 
mountain. This road is of easy grade, finely constructed, 
and furnishes a beautiful drive. The scenery along the 

A. 14 



212 



MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 



route is unsurpassed for beauty and grandeur. The work on 
the observatory and adjacent buildings has been completed 
and the placing of the crown disc for the great thirty- 
six-ineh telescope (the largest in the world) has been accom- 
plished. The buildings and instruments now completed 




and in position are the observer's house, and the thirty-six- 
inch telescope, the transit house, the photo-heliograph and 
photograph house, the north dome and the fifteen-inch 
equatorial refractor, the meridian circle house and the six 



LICK OBSERVATORY 213 

and one-Half inch meridian circle ; many auxiliary instru- 
ments, such as chronometers, sidereal clocks, etc., and a 
number of portable telescopes. The dome which covers the 
great telescope is made of steel plates ; it is seventy-five 
feet in diameter, and weighs about one hundred and twenty- 
two tons. 

Pacific Congress Springs and Sanitarium 

These famous mineral springs are located in the Coast 
Range of mountains, about twelve miles southwest of San 
Jose, in Santa Clara County. They are so named from the 
similarity which exists between the waters of these springs 
and those of the noted Congress Springs at Saratoga, New 
York. 

Santa Clara Valley is celebrated for its excellent climate 
and dry, pure and invigorating atmosphere, a place admi- 
rably suited for a health and pleasure resort where the cares 
of a busy life may be forgotten for a while, and where one 
can bask in the sunny smiles and breathe the perfumed air, 
and admire the picturesqueness of the place. 

A large and commodious hotel and several cottages 
have been established at an elevation of seven hundred and 
thirty feet above the sea level. Excellent bathing facilities 
for hot and cold mineral baths have also been constructed. 
Some one hundred feet farther up the mountain side are 
the springs — purposely so arranged in order to give the 
guests a little walk to and from the springs. 

The drives in and about Congress Springs are among 
the finest in the State, everything is first class, entertaining 
and pleasing, and thousands of people go there yearly for 
their health and recreation. 

Route of travel — the Southern Pacific Railroad to Los 
Gatos, and thence by stage or carriage to the springs. 

There are several springs on the premises, which flow 
in great profusion. The waters belong to the alkalo-chaly- 
beate class, so valuable for table purposes. Their action is 



214 



MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 



mildly aperient (from the presence of trie Glauber's and 
Epsom salts), diuretic from the large amounts of carbon- 
ates, and antacid from carbonic acid gas, which forms alka- 
line carbonates with metallic bases. The waters are also 
largely tonic and ferruginous from the large quantity of 
iron salts. 

PACIFIC CONGRESS SPRINGS 

ALKALO-CHALYBEATE 
Temperature 5o Q F. 
Dr. Winslow Anderson 
Analyst, 1888 

U. S. Gal. Contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride .,... 115.76 

Sodium Carbonate 120.42 

Sodium Sulphate 12.95 

Potassium Carbonate 2.06 

Magnesium Carbonate 26.34 

Magnesium Sulphate 14.17 

Calcium Carbonate 16.03 

Calcium Sulphate 14.19 

Ferrous Carbonate 13.87 

Alumina.., 4.50 

Silica, Alumina and Magnesia 

Silica 3.98 

Organic Matter trace 



Bauer or Thayer 
Analyst 
S. Gal. Contains 



U. 



Grains 

119.15 
123.35 

12.14 



17.29 



14.03 



49.98 



Total Solids 334.27 



Gases 
Free Carbonic Acid Gas. 



CudIc Inches 
.. 44.17 



335.94 

Cubic Inches 
Not Determined 



This water has gained considerable celebrity in the 
treatment of anaemia, dyspepsia, liver and kidney troubles, 
irritability of the bladder, rheumatism, gout and cutaneous 
affections. The waters are shipped to all parts of the coast 
and are extensively used. 



; 



THE VALLEY OF PALMS 

NO SUCH CLIMATE OR SCENERY ELSEWHERE IN THE 
UNITED STATES 

Hundreds of lofty palms, with slender trunks tower- 
ing seventy-five to one hundred feet in the clear atmosphere, 
crowned with magnificent clusters of fruit from ten to twelve 



216 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

feet in length. A hot mineral spring, fed from a natnral 
well reaching far into the bowels of the earth, and whose 
waters have for years been known as a specific for rheuma- 
tism and all kinds of blood diseases. A fertile soil, whose 
genial properties cause fruits and vegetables to ripen a 
month and more in advance of any other part of the State. 
A balmy climate where frost and fog are practically unknown 
and where the most delicate invalid finds a canvas shelter 
comfortable the year round. Beautiful mountain streams 
pouring their wealth of water from the melting snows into 
the valley. In the background a lofty mountain range, 
towering over two miles into the blue ether. All this, and 
more, too, go to make up the principal natural advantages 
which the visitor finds at Palm Valley, in the northeastern 
part of San Diego County. This remarkable, and in many 
respects incomparable, valley lies at the foot of the south- 
eastern slope of the grand San Jacinto Range, and a few 
miles from the valley, called the San Gorgonio Pass, which 
separates the range mentioned from the San Bernardino 
Mountains. For ages this valley, with its wonderful hot 
springs, or Aguas Calientes, has been known to the aboriginal 
inhabitants, and they have been accustomed to resort hither 
for the cure of their various ailments by bathing in the 
health-giving waters. Their legends of this region are 
numerous and interesting, including that of Tah-Quish, the 
demon of the mountains and the beautiful White Spirit, 
who is the guardian angel of the spring. From the very 
earliest occupation of the white settlers in California these 
springs have been well and favorably known. People from 
every direction flocked hither for the certain cure of mani- 
fold diseases which followed bathing in the waters. Grad- 
ually, a few white settlers have made homes here, and they 
learned by experiment the remarkable fact that fruits and 
vegetables would mature here at least six weeks earlier than 
in the earliest regions of other parts of the State. Taking 
the fertile soil, the marvelous climate and the wonderful 
springs, here was a combination of advantages which could 



THE VALLEY OF PALMS 217 

not fail to be of the greatest value. A couple of years 
since, some capitalists secured possession of several thou- 
sand acres of land, constructed a stone-paved canal, ten 
miles long by which the water of Whitewater River was 
diverted upon the Palm Valley lands, and then established 
a settlement here which is manifestly destined to take a 
front rank among the health resorts of the world. They 
have also planted a tract of one hundred and forty acres 
with choice orauges and made many other improvements. 
Consumptives, rheumatics and other sufferers find almost 
immediate relief in the pure, dry air of Palm Valley, and 
the list of cures that have been effected here is, indeed, 
marvelous. 

Paert's Hot Springs 

Near Benton, in Mono County, lie several hot springs. 
The waters are salino-sulphurous and used locally. No 
analysis. 

Paraiso Hot Springs and Sanitarium 
These famous mineral springs are picturesquely situ- 
ated in their mountainous retreat in the Coast Range, about 
one hundred and fifty miles from San Francisco and seven 
miles south of Soledad, Monterey County. They are of 
easy access by the Southern Pacific Railroad to Soledad and 
thence by stage or carriage over a charming mountainous 
drive to the springs. 

The Paraiso mineral springs have gained considerable 
celebrity, having been located by the Franciscan fathers in 
1790. The resort is charmingly located in a grotto guarded 
by three high mountains on as many sides, covered with 
groves of trees and mountain shrubbery, forming an excel- 
lent background to our beautiful landscape. See illustration. 
Below the resort, and for miles beyond, is the fertile 
valley, traversed by the grand Salinas River and Arroyo 
Seco, and the far-away Gabilan Mountains — altogether 
forming a picture which only a Bierstadt could delineate. 



218 



MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 



The climate belongs to that smiling sunny south, whose 
atmosphere is redolent with the perfumes from the sweet- 
scented woods and the pine-laden forests, where the ozone 
and gentle sea breezes are wafted across the mountains to 
invigorate the fortunate dwellers. 

At the springs are the cultivated grounds and gardens, 
orchards and flowers so pleasing at a mountainous resort. 




PARAISO HOT SPRINGS 



Here we find the many romantic nooks and commanding 
outlooks, the winding paths and sequestered retreats leading 
up and down the mountain sides. "Mussel Peak" and 
the shaded " Lovers' Walk," with the bright silvered streams 
below, gliding noiselessly on to the briny deep, afford 
ample food for the imagination and excellent exercise for 
the body. 

The commodious hotel and cottages are of recent con- 
struction, and combine all the luxury and comfort with 



PAR AISO HOT SPRINGS AND SANITARIUM 219 

convenience and wholesomeless that can be found any- 
where. The elevation is about fourteen hundred feet above 
the sea level. The temperature is equable and the air dry, 
pure and balmy. Many consumptives and asthmatics do 
well at these springs. 

There is also abundant fishing and hunting in the 
immediate vicinity. 

During the early days of California the friars at the 
" Old Mission of Soledad," near the Salinas River, used to 
go up to the springs and receive the sick, who bathed and 
drank the water and carried much of it with them for 
medicinal purposes. They named it the Water of Paradise. 

On the premises are several valuable springs, flowing 
about 2,000 gallons per hour, consisting of " sulphur, " 
"soda," and " iron waters." 

The Hot Sulphur spring has a temperature of ioo° F. 
Others range in temperature from 105° F. to 118 F. 

The following analysis is from the principal sulphur 
spring at Paraiso. 

PARALSO HOT SULPHUR SPRINGS 
Dr. Winsi,ow Anderson, Analyst, 1889 
Temperature, 114° F. 





U. S. Gal. contains 


u. 


S.Gal. contains 


Mineral Ingredients 


Grains 


Mineral Ingredients 


Grains 


Sodium Chloride 


.... 2.76 


Calcium Carbonate 

Calcium Sulphate 


.. .89 

.. 4.40 


Sodium Carbonate 


.... 1.15 


Sodium Sulphate 


... 37.10 


Ferrous Oxide 


.. .73 


Potassium Sulphate 


83 


Silica 


,. 2.55 


Magnesium Carbonate. 


.... 6.09 


Organic Matter. 


.. 7.35 


Magnesium Sulphate... 


.... 2.19 








Total Solids 


, 66.04 






Gases 


Cubic inches 




Carbonic Arid H-as 


2.04 




Suit 


)hureted Hydrogen.. 


9.25 



This water forms one of the best bathing mediums 
found on the coast. 



220 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

The Great Paraiso Hot Soda or " Carslbad of America" 
is found upon careful chemical analysis to yield — 

PARAISO SODA SPRINGS 

Dr. Winsi<ow Anderson, Analyst, 1889 

Temperature, 118 F. 



U. S. Gal, contains 


U. S. Gal, contains 


Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients 


Grains 


Sodium Chloride 3.37 Calcium Carbonate.... 


1.30 


Sodium Carbonate 5.06 Calcium Sulphate ... 


6.45 


Sodium Sulphate 34.60 Ferrous Carbonate.... 


89 


Potassium Chloride 32 Alumina 


56 


Potassium Sulphate trace Silica 


2.90 


Magnesium Carbonate..... .75 Organic Matter 


4.15 


Magnesium Sulphate 1.10 




Total Solids, 61.45 




Gases Cubic Inches 




Free Carbonic Acid Gas.. 2.95 





This water is found to be very similar to the noted 
Carlsbad of Austria, and of great value in rheumatism, gout, 
liver and kidney affections and chronic skin diseases. 

The waters at Paraiso Springs have been found of 
great service in chronic rheumatism and arthritic affections, 
joint diseases, syphilitic and scrofulous contaminations and 
chronic skin diseases. 

The soda and sulphur waters are tonic, antacid, laxa- 
tive, diuretic and detergent and much prized in dyspepsia, 
torpidity of liver and intestines, glandular swellings, and 
for kidney and bladder diseases. 

Thousands of visitors, invalids and pleasure-seekers, 
visit Paraiso Springs yearly and the superiority of the min- 
eral springs, the excellence of the climate and the pictur- 
esqueness of the location bid fair to make Paraiso resort one 
of the most prominent mineral watering-places on the Coast. 

Paso Robles Springs 
See El Paso Robles. 

Pearson's Springs 

These are situated one and a half miles from Blue Lakes 
and fourteen miles from Lakeport in Lake County. They 



PEAPSON'S SPRINGS 221 

are readied b}^ railroad to Calistoga and thence by stage. 
The springs lie in an elevated valley abont six hundred 
feet wide with large mountains on each side. There are 
five important springs at Pearson's. One is known as the 
" Gas Spring" on account of the large amount of carbonic 
acid gas which constantly bubbles up. The water is a cool 
salino-chalybeate, having gently cathartic and diuretic 
properties combined with antacid and tonic. Then there is 
a " Sulphur and Soda," and a plain " Soda" spring, and the 
old "Bartlett." 

The waters are used for liver and kidney diseases, 
malarial toxaemia, catarrhal affections, etc. 

The water is artificially heated for bathing purposes. 

Petroleum Springs 

• 

Throughout the State a large number of valuable 
petroleum springs have been discovered, several of which 
are worked to good advantage. In Alameda, the first one was 
discovered in 1868, at the time of the great earthquake, on 
Mr. Brown's ranch, about four miles east of the town of 
Livermore. After one of the shocks, a large subterranean 
explosion was heard which displaced large masses of con- 
glomerate rock and coarse sandstone. Simultaneously, a 
spring of water commenced to flow near the point of the 
explosion. As the water issued from the crevice it was 
observed to be covered with traces of petroleum. Inflamma- 
ble gas also bubbled up through the water. This suggested 
the idea of prospecting for oil and gas in the vicinity. 
Accordingly, a drill hole was sunk about ten feet near t he 
center of the spring. Immediately a dark tarry looking oil 
escaped. Later on (1875) a well was bored near the spring 
to a depth of forty-five feet, and water and petroleum com- 
menced to flow. In 1886 several other wells were sunk, 
one to a depth of one hundred and sixty-five feet, and con- 
siderable oil and water continues to flow with bubbles of 
inflammable gas. 



222 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA , 

A large natural petroleum well is located in the ocean 
about one and one-half miles from the shore and about ten 
miles west of Santa Barbara. Its productiveness must be 
large, as the ocean water for miles around is covered with 
the floating oil. Ventura County is known as the "oil 
county of California." From this natural petroleum county, 
in 1888, were shipped 226,050 barrels of oil. The wells 
are from a few feet in depth to several hundred, and in 
one case 1,400 feet. The crude oils are refined at Santa 
Paula, yielding — 

Illuminating oil Inflammable gas 

Domestic fuel Distillates 

Wood oils Neutral oils 

Lubricating oils Malta (Bitumen) 

Petroleum is found in Santa Cruz, Humboldt, Santa 
Clara, Los Angeles, San Mateo, Mendocino, Santa Barbara, 
San Benito, Monterey, San Luis Obispo and other counties 
in the State, and is forming one of our many valuable 
industries. 



Piedmont White Sulphur Springs 

These springs are located in Alameda County, some 
three miles from Oakland, and have gained considerable 
local reputation in the treatment of rheumatism, jaundice, 
liver and kidney and stomach troubles. 

The nearness of the resort to the city makes it espe- 
cially valuable to business men, who can stay at the springs 
at night and return to San Francisco for business during the 
day. The resort and grounds are well kept. The hotel is 
convenient and commodious. The atmosphere is pure and 
refreshing, with the tonic sea breezes from the bay. The 
situation, on the western slopes of the Berkeley hills, com- 
mands one of the most picturesque views over the San 
Francisco Bay and the Golden Gate that can be found any- 
where on the the coast. 



PIEDMONT SPRINGS 223 

PIEDMONT SPRINGS 

CHALYBEATE AND SULPHUR WATERS 

Dr. Winslow Anderson, Analyst, 1889 

Temperahire 5<5° F. Temperature 6o° F. 

IRON SPRING WHITE SULPHUR 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients' Grains Grains 

Sodium Chloride 5.10 7.91 

Sodium Bicarbonate 11.70 9.40 

Sodium Carbonate 0.52 6.20 

Potassium Carbonate 3.15 .76 

Potassium Iodide trace trace 

Magnesium Carbonate 6.37 3.17 

Magnesium Sulphate 1.03 17.80 

Calcium Carbonate 2.13 3.32 

Calcium Sulphate 1.60 7.09 

Ferrous Carbonate 1.73 trace 

Alumina .45 trace 

Borates 5.23 1.90 

Silicates 4.19 5.06 

Organic Matter trace trace 

Total Solids 43.20 62.61 

Gases Cubic Inches Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid Gas 7.25 4.60 

Sulphureted Hydrogen trace 9.25 

These analyses show that the waters are valuable as 
tonics, antacids, diuretics and aperients, and of value in 
dyspepsia, constipation, anaemia, rheumatism, liver and 
kidney troubles. 

Piru Mineral Springs 

Located in Ventura County are a number of undevel- 
oped mineral springs. The Piru is one of these. 



Rubicon Soda Springs 

These excellent mineral soda springs are romantically 
situated in the beautiful Garden Valley, on the Rubicon 
River, some eleven miles west of Lake Tahoe. Everything 
surrounding them partakes of the picturesque — the tall 
mountains covered with groves of pine and spruce and 
capped by old century cedars. Here and there are traces 
of the slow yet persistent march of huge glaciers of bygone 



224 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

days ; here and there are seen the volcanic sentinels in 
the form of hnge granite pillars silently watching the 
Rubicon as its bright, silvered stream silently glides along 
the moss-covered banks. The hillsides are covered with 
sweet-scented shrubbery, and the valley with flowers, 
imparting their fragrant aromas to the ozonized mountain 
atmosphere — a most valuable combination for consump- 
tives, asthmatics, persons suffering with chronic bronchitis, 
catarrh, etc., etc. 

The owner of this beautiful mountainous resort is 
erecting commodious accommodations for guests and 
visitors. 

The mountains afford ample opportunity for exercise 
with the gun, as the river does with the rod. 

The atmosphere is bright, clear, pure and invigorating, 
imparting new life to the overworked brain and under- 
worked body of busy city life. 

The mineral springs themselves belong to the alkalo- 
carbonated class of waters, so valuable in the treatment of 
the many diseases noted under that chapter {quod vide), 
such as dyspepsia and gastric catarrh, torpidity of the liver 
and constipation of the bowels, Bright's disease of the kid- 
neys, inflammation of the bowels and bladder, etc., etc. 
For a tonic the waters are excellent. Their action is also 
diuretic, detergent, aperient and antacid. 

They are located at an elevation of 6,200 feet above 
the sea level, and are pure, clear and sparkling, containing, 
besides the mineral ingredients, large quantities of car- 
bonic acid gas, so useful in the treatment of stomachic 
disorders. 

New and excellent roads have been built, and the trip 
to Rubicon Soda Springs is full of picturesqueness and 
romance as the waters are full of health-giving and restor- 
ative qualities. 



SALT LAKE 225 

Salt Lake 

There is quite a body of water known as Salt Lake in 
Mono County, east of the geysers and located in Long 
Valley. The water is slightly charged with the chlorides of 
sodium, magnesium and calcium. 

Salt Springs 
Unnamed and undeveloped. Situated : 

On the south side of Mokelumne River, some six miles 
south of Silver Lake, in Calaveras County. 

In Inyo County, north of Inyo Range and east of Black 
Mountain. 

In Trinity County, eighty miles from Red Bluff, on a 
branch of Strong Creek. 

On the east side of Panamint Valley, in Inyo County. 

In Tehama County, on Salt Creek. 

On the east side of Death's Valley, in Inyo County, 
eight miles south of the bend of Furnace Creek. 

Near the Armagosa Mines, in San Bernardino County. 

In Alameda County, northeast of Patterson's Pass. 

Salt Wells 

In San Bernardino County there are a number of salt 
wells, located between Borax Flats and Indian Wells, in 
Salt Wells Valley. The waters are heavy, chlorinated and 
saline. A few are reported to be carbonated. 

Salt deposits and salt mountains are numerous on this 
coast. 

San Bernardino Hot Springs 

These springs are located in San Bernardino mount- 
ains and county. Some confusion has arisen about the 
identity of these springs and the Arrowhead Hot Springs, 




FALLS NEAR SAN BERNARDINO 



SAN BERNARDINO HOT SPRINGS 



227 



in the same county. The Arrowhead Springs are situated 
some fourteen miles farther inland and at a greater alti- 
tude, over 2,000 feet, and near the mountain, with the space 
denoted "Arrowhead." 

The San Bernardino Springs (altitude 1,600 feet) are 
hot, having a temperature of ioo° F. and 175 F., and the 
waters are largely calcic and earthy. Like most springs 
they have acquired some local repute, and are used for 
drinking and bathing purposes. 



SAN BERNARDINO HOT SPRINGS 
CAI.CIC AND SALINE 

No. 1 No. 2 

Mineral Ingredients Parts in 100,000 Parts in 100,000 

Sodium Chloride 12.80 13.40 

Sodium Sulphate 81.70 80.20 

Potassium Sulphate 2.30 trace 

Magnesium Carbonate trace trace 

Calcium Carbonate 10.70 11.00 

Ferrous Carbonate trace trace 

Silica 20.50 22.40 

Total Solids 128.00 127.00 

No. i is the large spring in front of the hotel, and No. 
2 is the spring about two hundreds west of the hotel. The 
analyses were made by Oscar Loew. 



San Juan Capistrano Springs 

These springs are light carbonated and much used in 
the southern portion of the State. They lie in San Ber- 
nardino County, near Capistrano. 



SAN JUAN CAPISTRANO SPRINGS 



Mineral Ingredients Parts in 100,000 

Sodium Chloride 10.53 

Sodium Carbonate 11.10 

Sodium Sulphate trace 

Potassium Carbon ate trace 



Mineral Ingredients Parts in 100,00 

Calcium Carbonate trace 

Magnesium Carbonate. trace 

Lithia trace 

Silica 7.66 



Total Solids, 29.29 



A. 15 



228 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

For cystic and renal troubles this water has been found 
beneficial. The above analysis was made by Oscar Loew 
in 1876. 

San Marcos Sulphur Springs 

These sulphur waters are found seven miles northwest 
of Santa Barbara, in the same county. They have a tem- 
perature of 120 F., and are used locally for skin diseases, 
etc. 

San Juan Hot Springs 

These springs, like the San Marcos, have attained 
some celebrity in the treatment of syphilis and cutaneous 
diseases. No analysis. 



San Rafael Springs 

The water is slightly saline and carbonated, and used 
locally to a limited extent. The springs are situated near 
the town of San Rafael, in Marin County. 



Santa Barbara Hot Springs 

These famous hot sulphurous and soda springs are 
situated in the beautiful Santa Ynes Mountains, six and a 
half miles northeast of Santa Barbara city. The springs 
are picturesquely located amid the forest-covered mountains 
at an elevation of 1,450 feet above the sea level. 

Excellent accommodations have been provided at the 
springs, and the resort is rapidly becoming celebrated. 

On the premises we find some thirty mineral springs, 
some of which are sulphurous, others saline and chalybeate, 
ranging in temperature from 99 F. to 122 F. Seven of 
the principal springs are used for drinking and bathing 
purposes. 




sn w 



230 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

On careful chemical analysis No. i and No. 2 and the 

Sulphur Spring yield : 

* 

SANTA BARBARA "SULPHUR SPRINGS" 
CARBONATED AND SULPHUR SPRINGS 

Oscar Loew, Analyst, 1876 Dr ' W j^°Y f^f* 8 ™ 

No. i No. 2 U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Parts in 100,000 Grains 

Sodium Chloride 8.7 7.6 1.74 

Sodium Carbonate 29.6 24.8 2.17 

Sodium Sulphate 5.0 trace 14.92 

Potassa trace trace 

Magnesium Sulphate 7.75 

Calcium Sulphate trace trace 6.03 

Aluminium Sulphate 2.90 

Arsenic trace 

Silica 4.2 6.0 1.18 

Sulphuric Acid trace 

Organic Matter trace 

Total Solids 47.5 38.4 35.95 

Gases Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Anhydride trace trace 19.14 

Sulphureted Hydrogen trace trace 9.16 

These waters are of great value in the treatment of 
rheumatism, gout, joint affections, Bright's disease, liver 
trouble and bladder irritation. Being antacid, considerable 
benefit may be derived from the waters in dyspepsia and 
acid conditions of the blood and urine. 

Perhaps the greatest benefit accrues from bathing in 
the sulphurous and saline waters, especially in syphilitic 
and scrofulous contaminations, glandular enlargements and 
chronic skin diseases. 

At the time the country was under Spanish control a 
commission was sent out to report on these hot springs. 
The waters were highly recommended by them for many 
diseases, particularly skin diseases. Since that time thou- 
sands of visitors and invalids have used the waters with 
decided benefit. 

Recently a large and commodious hotel and a spacious 
Pagoda bath-house, with stained glass and every modern 
facility, have been constructed. 



SANTA BARBARA "SULPHUR SPRINGS" 



231 



It will be observed that the waters resemble much the 
famous Hot Springs in Arkansas. The resort is a growing 
one and deserves success. 

Santa Rosa White Sulphur Springs and Resort 

The Santa Rosa Springs are pleasantly situated about 
two miles from the town of Santa Rosa in Sonoma County. 
The surrounding country is delightful and the climate is 
beautiful. At the springs we find a growing resort; good 
accommodation, and a well-kept and thriving place. 

The springs flow in abundance, having waters of the 
light salino-sulphurous class. The waters are mostly sul- 
phuretedand cold, having temperatures from 59 F. to 62 F. 

The principal spring is found to contain on analysis : 



SANTA ROSA SPRINGS 

IvIGHT-SALINO-SUIyPHUROUS 

Dr. Winsi,ow Anderson, Analyst, 1886 

Temperature 60. 4° F. 

U. S. gal. contains 



U. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Calcium Sulphate 1.40 

Ferrous Carbonate trace 

Alumina 93 

Borates trace 

Silica 1.16 

Organic Matter trace 



Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 5.72 

Sodium Carbonate 2.19 

Sodium Sulphate 6.90 

Potassium Carbonate 63 

Magnesium Carbonate 75 

Magnesium Sulphate 9.07 

Calcium Carbonate trace 

Total Solids, 28.75 
Gases Cubic Inches 

Free Carbonic Acid Gas 4.16 

Free Sulphureted Hydrogen 6.47 

The action of this water is slightly aperient and diuretic, 
acting on the stomach, liver and intestinal tract. It is use- 
ful in congestion of the liver due to malarial poisoning and 
in rheumatism, kidney and bladder troubles, and skin 
diseases. 

Excellent bathing facilities have recently been con- 
structed, the water being artificially heated. 



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santa ysabel cold and hot sulphur springs 233 

Santa Ysabel Cold and Hot Sulphur Springs 

Several of the most valuable mineral springs in the 
State are located two and a half miles southeast of Paso 
Robles on the line of the Southern Pacific Railroad, and 
are known as the "Santa Ysabel Springs." 

They are picturesquely situated in a small canon about 
one mile east of the Salinas River. Surrounded on all sides 
are the rolling hills covered with groves of gigantic oaks, 
towering pines and clustering manzanitas, which shade the 
many cozy nooks and commanding outlooks on the premises. 
The hillsides are clad in luxuriant foliage, sweet scented 
shrubbery and a profusion of flowers of many hues, which 
are all pleasing to the eye and render the bright, pure and 
invigorating mountain air redolent with fragrance. As you 
sit at these yet undeveloped fountains, viewing the charming 
scenery and breathing the tonic ozonized mountain atmos- 
phere, mixed with the sweet and fragrant aromas of the flora, 
the mountain stream glides along its silvered path amid 
fern laden, moss covered banks with here and there a rip- 
pling miniature cascade, and as the birds are chirping and 
singing their happy notes, a feeling of luxurious content- 
ment fills your very soul and you regret you cannot remain 
forever in this paradise. 

1 ' Not a cloud in all the sky, 
Save a few light fleeces, 
Which here and there, half mist, half air, 
Like foam on the ocean go floating by." 

The climate belongs distinctively to that smiling sunny 
south where the air is balmy and the thermometer ranges 
from about 6o° F. to 75 ° F. all the year around. 

The springs themselves are located in the center of a 
large tract of land, at an elevation of 1,000 feet above the 
sea, and distant from the coast about thirty miles. The 
soil is unusually rich and fertile, producing every known 
variety of fruit as ascertained from the U. S. experimental 
station close by. 



SANTA YSABEL COLD AND HOT SULPHUR SPRINGS 235 

The main warm sulphur spring, " No. i " is situated 
near the side of the road in this beautiful little canon. It 
is six feet long and four feet wide and flows the enormous 
amount of 20,000 gallons per hour. The waters are clear 
and sparkling, lightly sulphureted and freely carbonated, 
having a temperature of 96. 3 F. Subjecting this spring to 
a careful chemical analysis f it is found to contain : 

SANTA YSABEL WARM SULPHUR SPRING No. 1. 

SALINO-SUIyPHURETBD 

Dr. Winslow Anderson, Analyst; 1886 

Temperature 96.3 ° F. 

Flows 20,000 gallons per hour 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 18.10 Magnesium Sulphate... 4.85 

Sodium Bicarbonate 29.04 Calcium Carbonate 2.45 

Sodium Carbonate 6.91 Calcium Sulphate 2.32 

Sodium Sulphate 7.25 Manganese Carbonate.. .13 

Sodium Iodide trace Ferrous Carbonate 98 

Potassium Bromide trace Borates trace 

Potassium Iodide trace Alumina , 73 

Potassium Chloride trace Barium Salts trace 

Potassium Carbonate 83 Silica 1.68 

Magnesium Carbonate 6.16 Organic Matter trace 

Total Solids, 81.43 
Gases Cubic Inches 

Free Sulphureted Hydrogen 4.65 

Free Carbonic Acid Gas 11.75 

From this analysis it will be observed that the water is 
very similar to the famous Arkansas Springs. For cen- 
turies this and the other springs have been used by the 
Indians and early Mexicans and Spanish settlers and Fran- 
ciscan Fathers, who both drank and bathed in the water. 
Tradition tells us that they traveled hundreds of miles to 
reach the springs where marvelous cures were made; facts 
substantiated through the personal experience of the pres- 
ent inhabitants. 

The waters are tonic, antacid, diuretic, aperient and 
alterative, acting on the organs of secretion and excretion, 
stimulating the process of eliminating the morbific and 
deleterious agencies of tissue metamorphosis, thereby puri- 
fying the blood and establishing healthy normal action of 
all the organs. 




SANTA YSABEL RANCH HOUSE AND ADOBE RUINS 




VIEW FROM SUMMIT OF HIDL BA.CK OF RANCH HOUSE 



SANTA YSABEL WARM SULPHUR SPRING No. 2 237 

No. 2. Warm Sulphur Spring. This spring lies a 
few feet east of No. i and a little nearer the road. On 
analysis it is found to be very similar in composition. 

No. 2. SANTA YSABEIy 

SALINO-SULPHUROUS 

Dr. Winslow Anderson Analyst, 1886 

Temperature g6.2° F. 

U. S. Gal. contains U. S. Gal, contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 18.07 Magnesium Sulphate... 4.76 

Sodium Bicarbonate 29.02 Calcium Sulphate 2.31 

Sodium Carbonate 6.83 Calcium Carbonate 2.50 

Sodium Sulphate .7.30 Manganese Carbonate.. .12 

Sodium Iodide trace Ferrous Carbonate. 95 

Potassium Iodide trace Alumina 71 

Potassium Bromide trace Borates trace 

Potassium Chloride trace Barium Salts trace 

Potassium Carbonate 81 Silica 1.65 

Magnesium Carbonate 6.15 Organic Matter trace 

Total Solids, 81.18 

Gases Cubic Inches 

Free Sulphureted Hydrogen 4.60 

Free Carbonic Acid Gas 11.68 



No. 3 is a warm sulphur mud spring situated a few 
feet west of No. i. 

No. 3. WARM SULPHUR MUD SPRING 

SALINO-SULPHUROUS MUD 

Db. Winslow Anderson, Analyst, 1886 

Temperature ', 958 F. 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 17.10 Magnesium Sulphate.... 3.94 

Sodium Bicarbonate 27.04 Calcium Carbonate 2.45 

Sodium Carbonate 7.06 Calcium Sulphate 2.35 

Sodium Sulphate 7.25 Manganese Carbonate... .36 

Sodium Iodide trace Ferrous Carbonate 63 

Potassium Iodide trace Alumina 65 

Potassium Bromide trace Borates trace 

Potassium Chloride trace Barium Carbonate trace 

Potassium Carbonate 43 Silica 6.32 

Magnesium Carbonate 5.73 Organic Matter 76 

Total Solids, 82.07 

Gases Cubic Inches 

Free Sulphureted Hydrogen 4.71 

Free CarbonicAcid Gas 7.10 



WARM SULPHUR MUD SPRING No. 3 239 

The hot sulphurous mud is excellent for bathing pur- 
poses, as iudeed are the other warm sulphur springs. 
Extensive facilities for this purpose will be constructed in 
the near future and many cases of rheumatism, gout, gland- 
ular enlargements, chronic joint diseases and cutaneous 
affections may hope for much relief by prolonged bathing 
in these sulphurous water and mud baths. 

About a quarter of a mile farther up the little canon 
are located the cold or white sulphur springs. They bubble 
up in many places over an area of some several hundred 
feet. The temperature varies from 5 6° F. to 6o° F. and 
the flow is not nearly so extensive as it is in the warm 
springs. The cold or white sulphur waters are also tonic, 
antacid, and alterative, and in a less marked degree laxa- 
tive and diuretic. In other respects they resemble the 
warm sulphurous water, excepting that they are much 
lighter. The following analyses are of the two principal 
(Nos. 1 and 2) springs located near the road. 



SANTA YSABKly SPRINGS 

(Nos. 1 and 2 Cold or White Sulphur Springs) 
LIGHT AlvKANO-SUIvPHURETED 

Dr. Winseow Anderson, Dr. Winslow Anderson 

Analyst, 1889 Analyst, 1889 

Temperature 59° F. Temperature 59.2° F. 

U. S. Gal. contains U. S. Gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains 

Sodium Chloride 11.47 11.50 

Sodium Carbonate 13.16 13.09 

Sodium Sulphate , 5.10 5.07 

Sodium Iodide. trace trace 

Potassium Iodide trace trace 

Potassium Bromide trace trace 

Magnesium Carbonate 7.41 7.37 

Magnesium Sulphate 4.05 4.00 

Calcium Carbonate 1.09 1.06 

Calcium Sulphate 2.90 2.95 

Manganese Carbonate 34 .35 

Ferrous Carbonate 25 .26 

Alumina 83 .84 

Silica 1.17 1.20 

Organic Matter trace trace 

Total Solids 47.78 47.69 

Gases , Cubic Inches Cubic Inches 

Free Sulphureted Hydrogen 3.24 3.25 

Free Carbonic Acid Gas 11.41 11.30 





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STREAM ABOVE YSABEX LAKE 



SANTA YSABEL SPRINGS 241 

From the mineral ingredients these hot and cold sul- 
phurous waters exhibit on analysis, we pronounce them of 
great therapeutic value, especially in chronic rheumatism, 
chronic arthritis, scrofula and glandular enlargements and 
chronic cutaneous diseases. For torpidity of the liver 
and bowels, dyspepsia, and catarrhal affections of the kidneys 
and bladder, experience teaches us that this class of water 
promises much relief and assists materially the internal 
medication in effecting a cure. 

Persons suffering with consumption, chronic bronchitis, 
asthma, catarrhal affections of the naso-pharynx, etc., may 
expect to do well in a climate so mild and exhilarating and 
by the use of the sulphurous steam and waters. 

The mineral springs and surrounding country are 
owned by a San Francisco syndicate. Extensive improve- 
ments have already begun, good roads and building sites 
for hotels and cottages are laid out and a depot landing 
selected. A large mountain lake is in course of construction , 
which will be from 800 to 1,000 feet long by several hundred 
feet broad. On its waters will be several pleasure boats. 
About one hundred feet above it on a pleasant plateau, 
having a commanding view over the entire Salinas Valley, 
will be reared a large and commodious hotel, surrounding 
it will be built several cozy cottages for private and family 
use. Excellent facilities for hot sulphurous steam, water 
and mud bathing will be arranged at the principal springs. 
Within a short distance of the hotel will be convenient 
railroad facilities. 

With the natural advantages of climate, soil and pic- 
turesque surroundings and the excellent mineral waters 
and pure mountain streams, Santa Ysabel Resort promises 
to be one of the pleasantest inland watering places in that 
section of the country. 

The Santa Ysabel Resort will be under the patronage of 
the Presbyterian Church, a sufficient guarantee that it will 
be a well-kept and properly conducted place, where families 



242 



MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 



may be sent unattended with perfect safety. There will be 
no saloons or whisky-shops and the surroundings will be 
eminently proper. 



Saratoga Springs 

In Inyo County at the south end of Funeral Range and 
a little south of Death's Valley are located these pleasant 
springs. The immediate neighborhood of Funeral Range 




REMAINS OF PREHISTORIC DAM WITH CROSS-SECTION 

and Death's Valley need not detract from the resort which 
is in every way a good one and constantly growing in pop- 
ularity. 

Saratoga Mineral Springs 

These Saratoga Springs are located in Lake County, 
about fourteen miles from Lakeport. The waters are cold 



SARATOGA MINERAL SPRINGS 243 

and contain sulphur, magnesia, soda and iron. There is a 
growing resort on the place, where visitors may enjoy the 
beautiful mountain scenery in the vicinity, as well as the 
water. 

Seigler's Springs 

These noted springs are located at the foot of Seigler 
Mountain at an elevation of 2,372 feet above the sea, in 
Lake County. They are near Adam's and Bonanza Springs. 
Seigler Springs lie in Seigler Valley, which is about one 
and a half miles long by half a mile in width. The sur- 
rounding country with the excellent drives afford magnifi- 
cent views and recreation compared with the narrow limits 
of the ordinary city life. There are found twenty or more 
springs containing soda, magnesia, iron and arsenic. The 
flow approximates 3,000 gallons per hour. 

The " Arsenic" Spring has a temperature of 96 F. and 
is much used for syphilis, scrofula and cutaneous diseases. 

The Soda Spring is alkaline and carbonated and is a 
delicious drinking water. This has been used with much 
success in Bright's disease, bladder troubles, etc. 

The Magnesia Spring is strongly charged with Epsom 
salt and carbonic acid gas. A glassful before breakfast 
insures an easy and painless evacuation. 

The Sulphur Spring is mostly used for bathing and for 
lung, liver and rheumatic troubles. 

Accommodations are good and one's time can be very 
pleasantly spent in this mountainous resort, where one feels 
freed from all the toils and cares of the world. 



Shafer's Hot Springs 

These springs are located in Lassen County at the 
north end of Henry Lake. The waters are thermal, having 
a temperature of 210 ° F. and contain salines and sulphates. 
There is a local resort. 

A 16. 



244 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

SHAFER'S HOT SPRINGS 

F. W. Clarke, Analyst, 1883 

Temperature 210 F. 

Mineral Ingredients Grammes per I^itre Mineral Ingredients Grammes per Iyitre 

Sodium Sulphate 0.4715 Sodium Chloride 0.3266 

Calcium Sulphate 0409 Potassium Chlorid e 0180 

Magnesium Sulphate 0020 Silica 1008 . 

Sodium Silicate 0613 

Total Solids (50.18 grains to gallon) 1.0211 



Shasta Soda 

These soda springs are located on Shasta scenic route 
in Siskiyou County. They are carbonated and ferruginous 
and much prized by travelers. 

Simmon's Hot Sulphur Springs 

These sulphurous waters have gained more than a 
local reputation in the alleviation of chronic rheumatic 
troubles. They are located in Sulphur Canon, near Wilbur 
Springs in Colusa County. The waters have a temperature 
of 1 70 F. and are highly charged with sulphureted hydro- 
gen. Extensive improvements are reported. 

Skaggs' Hot Springs 

These excellent springs are located in Sonoma County, in 
the Coast Range, eight miles west of Clairville, twenty miles 
east of the coast and fourteen miles northwest of Healds- 
burg. The locality is picturesque and salubrious, surrounded 
by the many huge mountains covered with rich California 
verdure. The resort is of easy access by the S. F. & N. P. 
Railroad to Clairville and thence by stage eight miles. 
The comfort of the guests at the hotel is well looked after 
and everything is first class. 

There are four principal springs at Skaggs', flowing 
about 1,000 gallons per hour. The waters are thermal, 



SKAGGS' HOT SPRINGS 



245 



alkalo-chalybeate having a temperature from 120 F. to 
140 F. The main spring is located in the dry bed of Dry 
Creek, a tributary of Russian River. The water is agree- 
ably pungent to the taste and clear and sparkling as it 
issues forth from mother earth. 



SKAGGS' SPRINGS 

ALKALO-CARBONATED (HEAVY) 

Dr. Winslow Anderson 
Analyst, 1888 

Temperature 128. f F. 

U. S. Gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 5.54 

Sodium Bicarbonate 159.03 

Sodium Biborate 24.19 

Sodium Iodide 13 

Potassium Chloride 34 

Potassium Sulphate 94 

Potassium Iodide trace 

Magnesium Carbonate 11.46 

Magnesium Sulphate 1.27 

Calcium Carbonate 3.75 

Ferrous Carbonate 62 

Barium Carbonate 25 

Strontium Carbonate trace 

Lithium Carbonate trace 

Alumina trace 

Silica 8.83 

Organic Matter trace 

Total Solids 216.35 

Gases Cubic Inches 
Free Carbonic Anhydride 124.25 



Prof. Hilgard 
Analyst, 



U. S. Gal, contains 
Grains 

5.900 

161.270 

26.470 

trace 

.200 

.260 



11.113 

2.197 
.054 
.240 
.024 
.060 
.004 

7.023 

214.815 



Not Determined 



Soda Bay 



This natural curiosity is situated on the west shore of 
Clear Lake and consists of a large spring, several feet in 
diameter, from which a large quantity of water rises. It is 
so heavily charged with natural carbonic acid gas as to raise 
the waters as it bubbles up nearly a foot from the surface 



246 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

of the water, giving the spring the appearance of active 
ebullition. The water is alkaline and stained with ferru- 
ginous salts. It also contains soda, lime and magnesia, etc. 



Soda Lake 

On the Mojave River and in the Saline Flats in San 
Bernardino County is located this saline and soda lake. 

SODA I.AKK 

(Saline Flats on Mojave River ) 

Oscar Lokw, Analyst, 1876 

Parts in Parts in 

Mineral Ingredients 100,000 Mineral Ingredients 100,000 

Sodium Sulphate 63.1 Phosphoric acid trace 

Calcium Sulphate 21.2 Potassium trace 

Magnesium Sulphate 8.5 Lithium trace 

Sodium Chloride 170.8 Organic Matter 19.0 

Silica . trace 

Total Solids, 282.6 



Soda Pond 

In Mono County, just north of the Salt Lake, in Long 
Valley, is situated quite a large soda pond. The water is 
said to consist largely of carbonates of soda in solution. 



Soda Springs 

Unclassified and undeveloped. Situated in Tuolumne 
County, uine miles west of Tuolumne River, west of Mono 
Pass. 

Three miles northwest of little Shasta in Siskiyou 
County. 

Near Shasta County line on the Sacramento River, in 
Siskiyou County. 

On a branch of McCloud River in Shasta County, 
east of Lower Soda Springs. 



SODA SPRINGS 



247 



M the bifurcation of McCloud's River in Shasta 
County. 

East of Volcano Springs in San Diego County, 
fit Soda Bar, two miles from the Oregon line in Sis- 
kiyou County. 

In San Diego County southwest of Volcano Springs. 




clear lake; 



On the Linkville Trelca Road, in Siskiyou County. 
In Lake County, eight miles east of Clear Lake. 
In Inyo County, east side of Death's Valley and eight 
miles below Salt Springs. 

All the soda springs are cold and the waters are alkaline 
carbonated. No analysis. 



248 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

SPRINGS OF DOS PAI.MAS 
Oscar Lokw, Analyst 

Mineral Ingredients Parts in 100,000 Mineral Ingredients Parts in 100,000 

Calcium Carbonate trace Silica trace 

Calcium Sulphate 32.6 Phosphoric Acid trace 

Magnesium Sulphate 31.0 Manganese trace 

Sodium Chloride 230.8 

Total Solids, 294.4 

The Dos Palmas Springs are located in Coahuila Val- 
ley in San Diego County. The waters are chlorinated, 
having temperatures from 82 F. to 92 F. The waters are 
used locally for kidney and bladder troubles. 



Steamboat Springs 

In Plumas County, southeast of Lassen's Peak, are 
located a number of boiling springs, which spout and puff 
as they issue from the earth's crust. No analysis. 



Stewart's Hot Springs 

These are located in Warm Spring Valley in Modoc 
County and are attracting considerable attention. No anal- 
ysis in time for this article. An analysis of all the springs 
will be made as soon as possible. 

Sulphur Springs 

Unclassified. Located in Tehama County, four miles 
southwest of Tom's Head Mountain. 

West of San Fernando Peak in Ventura County. 

Santa Cruz County 'has several hot sulphurous springs, 
seven miles east of Watsonville. 

On Brown's Creek in Shasta County and southeast of 
Douglas City. 

West fork of south branch of the Sacramento River, 
Shasta County. 



SULPHUR SPRINGS 249 

Move mouth of Castle Greek in Shasta County. 
In Modoc County } three miles north of Canby in Black 
Canon. 

One mile northeast of <Buena Vista Lake and thirty 
miles south of Tulare Lake in Kern County. 

In Kern County ten miles west of the southern shore of 
Tulare Lake. 

On the south side of San Fernando Mountain in Los 
Angeles Co. (Analysis.) 

In Siskiyou County, eight miles north of Blake Butte, 
in the southern part of Shasta Valley. 

Twenty miles from San Miguel Mission, seven miles 
north of the county line, in Monterey County. 

In Mohawk Valley in Plumas County. 

In San Bernardino County, near Dry Lake. 

Northeast of San Luis Mountains is San Luis Obispo 
County. 

Ten miles northeast of San Miguel Mission is San 
Luis Obispo County. 

In Inyo County, six miles south of McComrich's well, 
in Desert Valley. 

South of Besting Spring in Inyo County. 



SULPHUR SPRING 
( South side of San Fernando Mt. ) 

Oscar Lokw, Analyst 

Parts in Parts in 

Mineral Ingredients 100,000 Mineral Ingredients 100,000 

Sodium Carbonate 6.21 Phosphoric Acid trace 

Calcium Carbonate 50.60 Sulphohydric Acid 5.00 

Sodium Sulphate 23.87 Potassium trace 

Sodium Chloride trace Lithium trace 

Alumina trace Iron trace 

Silica trace Manganese trace 

Organic Matter trace 

Total Solids, 85.68 

Gases 

Carbonic Acid Gas In Excess 



250 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

Summit Soda Springs 

Near the summit of the Sierra Nevada Mountains are 
located these famous soda springs. They are of easy access 
by the Central Pacific Railway to Summit Station and 
thence by stage or carriage some twelve miles to the springs 
in Placer County. 

The drive is a beautiful one, winding along through 
scenes of mighty grandeur, over mountains and down val- 
leys, surrounded by lofty mountains covered with evergreen 
groves of pines and spruce and cedars and perpetually 
donned with snowy caps. Here and there are the deep 
ravines, covered with picturesque foliage, then mountainous 
peaks which seem to reach into the skies. Now we gain 
the summit and the magnificent view of the high Sierras is 
unobstructed for miles around. Here the imposing majesty 
of the Creator is felt in all His sublimity. 

The springs themselves (see illustration) are located 
in an expansion at the head of the deep canon along which 
winds one of the forks of the American River. The sur- 
roundings are exceedingly picturesque. The air is pure, 
dry and invigorating, and cool and pleasant during the 
heated Summer season. The altitude is 6,009 feet above 
the level of the sea — an excellent place for persons suffering 
with bronchial, catarrhal and asthmatic affections. 

At the springs the accommodations at the hotel and 
cottages are superior — bathing facilities have been added, 
and everything is convenient and pleasant. 

The hills are well stocked with wild game and the 
rivers are filled with mountain trout, affording all the sport 
with the gun and rod that may be desired. 

For a man worn out with the mental strain of business 
cares who seeks rest for his brain and invigorating exercises 
for his body, no more delightful place than Summit Soda 
Springs and health resort can be found. 



SUMMIT SODA SPRINGS 251 

On analysis the Snmmit Soda yields : 

SUMMIT SODA SPRING 
ALKALO-CHALYBEATE WATER 
Dr. Winslow Anderson J. F. Rodolph 

Analyst, 1888 Analyst, 1878 

U.S. gal. contains U.S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains 

Sodium Chloride 26.18 26.22 

Sodium Bicarbonate 4.11 

Sodium Carbonate 5.75 9.50 

Potassium Carbonate 82 trace 

Magnesium Carbonate 4.05 4.20 

Calcium Bicarbonate 38.93 43.20 

Calcium Carbonate 6.55 

Ferrous Oxide 1.75 

Ferrous Carbonate 2.70 

Borates trace 

Alumina L13 1.75 

Silica 1.94 2.06 

Organic Matter trace 

Total Solids 92.16 88.68 

Gases 

Free Carbonic Acid Gas \ 

The water is antacid, dinretic, aperient and tonic ; most 
excellent in the treatment of dyspepsia, torpidity of liver and 
bowels, Bright's disease, irritation and stone in bladder, etc. 

Comparative Table of Analyses of the different drink- 
ing waters nsed in some of the larger cities in America, 
including Lake Tahoe's waters : 

ANALYSES DRINKING WATERS 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Total Solid Ingredients Grains Total Solid Ingredients Grains 

Lake Tahoe 3.00 Detroit River (Detroit) 5.72 

Lake Cochituate (Boston) 3.37 Ohio River (Cincinnati) 6.74 

Mill River (New Haven) 4.00 Hudson River (Albany) 7.24 

Lake Ontario, (Rochester) 4.16 Lake Michigan (Chicago) 8.01 

f Brookline. ) Croton River (N. Y. City) 10.60 

Jamaica Pond j Boston j- 4.40 Spring Valley Water (S R) . J1>20 

Schuylkill River (Phila.) 5.50 

This shows that Lake Tahoe is the purest and best 
water available in America for drinking purposes and that 
Spring Valley water is the worst in use in any large city. 
Let us have water from Lake Tahoe by all means. 



Gases Cubic Inches Cubic Inches 

187.25 186.35 
Saturated 



lake tahoe 253 

Lake Tahoe 

My soul bowed down in wondering humble awe, 
When first thy peaks and waterfalls I saw ; 
And every hour but shows how vain 'twould be 
For my frail mind to hope to picture thee. 
Thy spell shall live and those who view thee now 
Have passed with ages 'neath thy mighty brow, 
And like thy mists, in gorgeous gleamings curled, 
Our names have melted from this changing world. 

— Mrs. Jean Bruce Washburn 

Tahoe Springs on Lake Tahoe 

These are located near the State line. They are 
described under the head of Lake Tahoe or Carnelian 
Springs. 

Lake Tahoe itself is a magnificent sheet of water located 
most picturesquely among the snow-capped Sierras at an 
elevation of 6,250 feet. It is about 20 miles long and 12 
miles wide and has an average depth of 1,500 feet. Lake 
Tahoe's water is exceptionally pure. On analysis it is 
found that one gallon does not yield more than three 
grains of solids, whereas Spring Valley in San Francisco 
shows over nine grains of foreign matter to the gallon. It is 
hoped that the day may come when we shall enjoy u Tahoe's" 
pure water for drinking purposes in San Francisco. 

Temescal Hot Springs 
Located in San Diego County. Used locally. 

Tassajara Hot Springs 

At the head of Arroyo Seco, in Monterey County, are 
located these hot saline and sulphurous waters. The 
Spanish and the aborigines in the vicinity frequented these 
springs for many years and were apparently much benefited. 
No analysis ; used locally. 



254 mineral springs of california 

Thermal Acid Springs 

These remarkable springs are found in the Caso Range, 
twelve miles east of Little Owen's Lake and sixteen miles 
southeast of Olam oha, in Inyo County. 

The country for miles around the springs is rich in 
pure crystallized sulphur, having no doubt been ejected by 
the sulphurous laden steam in the form of sulphurous anhy- 
dride (S0 2 ). On being exposed to the atmosphere and 
surrounding products of sulphureted hydrogen (H 2 S), the 
sulphur was deposited pure and water liberated. 

S0 2 + 2H 2 S = 2H 2 O + 3 S. 

This is probably the explanation of the formation of 
these large sulphur banks. 

The water now flows through the small crevices and 
fissures accompanied by sulphurous steam and vapors in 
rather limited quantities. 

On analysis the waters are found to contain: 
THERMAL ACID SPRINGS 

Unknown Analyst 

Mineral Ingredients Parts per 1,000 Mineral Ingredients Parts per 1,000 

Sodium Sulphate 2.5 Sulphuric Acid 78.4 

Potassium Sulphate 15.1 Nitric Acid trace 

Magnesium Sulphate 15.3 Chlorine trace 

Calcium Sulphate 1.2 Ammonia trace 

Aluminium Sulphate 127.0 Lithium trace 

Ferric Sulphate 33.2 

Parts 

Total Solids 272.7 

Water pure 727.3 

Total 1,000.0 

This water is not much used as far as the writer can 
learn, nor does he know to whom to give credit for the 
above analysis. Well diluted and properly administered 
this acid sulphate water ought to be valuable in many con- 
ditions requiring tonic and astringent remedies. 

The sulphur banks will also prove of commercial value 
in time. 



THERMAL SPRINGS 255 

Thermal Springs 

Unnamed and unimproved. Located oft battle Creek 
some five miles above Morgan's Ranch in Plumas County. 
In Inyo County, opposite Black Rock, on Owen's River. 
Near the mines of Darwin in Inyo County. 
Ten miles east of Telescope Peak in Inyo County. 

Tolenas Springs 

These noted springs are located about five miles north 
of the town of Suisun in Solano County, adjoining the 
famous Tolenas onyx quarries on the Tolenas or Armijo's 
Rancho. They are easily reached by rail from San Fran- 
cisco or Sacramento to Suisun and then by easy stage over 
a good level road. 

The resort is at an elevation of 1,235 f eet an< ^ * s 
pleasantly located. The view from the springs is quite 
extensive. On a clear day the State capital, Suisun Bay and 
Valley, Gordon, Wooden, Elmira, etc., may easily be seen. 
There are nineteen springs in all at Tolenas, flowing 
between six hundred and seven hundred gallons per hour. 
The temperature varies from 6o° F. to 65 F. 

TOLENAS 
ALKALO-SALINE AND CHLORINATED 
Dr. Winslow Anderson J. Hewston, Jr. 

Analyst, 1888 Analyst 

Temperature 6i.j° F. 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains 

Sodium Chloride 194.16 215.92 

Sodium Carbonate 46.93 53.36 

Sodium Bicarbonate 6.45 

Sodium Biborate 19.13 20.56 

Potassium Chloride 6.47 5.68 

Potassium Iodide 1.75 2.08 

Magnesium Carbonate 11.58 10.88 

Calcium Carbonate 49.80 48.32 

Ferrous Carbonate 89 .64 

Alumina 1.10 .96 

Silicates 1.92 1.60 

Organic Matter trace 

Total Solids 340.18 ^ 360.00 

Gases Cubic Inches Cubic Inches 

Free Carbonic Acid Gas.... 31.27 33.73 



256 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

These springs have had a local reputation for over 
thirty years and of late the water has been bottled and 
sold extensively all over the State. The resort is also in 
a nourishing condition, which indicates public appreciation. 

The water is indorsed by many who have used it. In 
chronic skin affections, eczema, scrofula, and syphilitic 
contaminations the water seems to do well. Chronic gastric 
disturbances, kidney and bladder diseases improve under 
the use of the Tolenas Soda. The water is gently aperient 
and strongly diuretic. 

Tule River Soda Springs 

On the south fork of the Tule River a little east of 
Porterville in Tulare County lie a number of cold soda 
springs. The waters are much used locally and a resort is 
contemplated. No analysis at present. 

Tuscan or Lick Springs 

These springs are located about nine miles northwest 
of Red Bluff on the Sacramento River in Tehama County. 
They are reached by stage from Red Bluff. 

The springs lie in the center of a rough and rugged 
country showing signs of extinct volcanic action, at an ele- 
vation of about six hundred feet. In this volcanic region 
of Tuscan are upwards of one hundred springs. Three 
only are in active use and are known as the " Red" Spring, 
the " White" Spring and the " Black" Spring. The " Red" 
Spring was analyzed by Dr. F. W. Hatch several years ago, 
and contains : 

Tuscan Red Springs 

Temperature y8 Q F. to 8o Q F. 

Sulphuric Acid Carbonic Acid 

Hydrochloric Acid Bicarbonate of Iron 

Ivime Potassium Chloride 

Sodium Chloride Magnesia 

Ivithia Alumina 
Iodine 



TUSCAN OR LICK SPRINGS 257 

The " White" and the " Black" have not been analyzed. 
The waters are saline and snlphnrous and have proved 
efficacious in rheumatism, constitutional syphilis, glandu- 
lar disorders, etc. The waters resemble somewhat the 
famous Blue Lick Springs of Kentucky. 

They act as a diuretic in small quantities and laxative 
in larger ones. Excellent bathing facilities have been 
arranged for hot and cold baths and many people make pil- 
grimages yearly to this volcanic resort. 

The waters cannot be analyzed in time for issuance in 
this work. 



Doolan's Ukiah Vichy Springs and Health Resort 

About thirty-two miles from Cloverdale and three short 
miles from Ukiah, county seat of Mendocino, are located 
the Doolan Vichy Springs. They lie nestled among the 
enchanting hills which fringe the boundary line of Lake 
and Mendocino counties. They were formerly reached by 
a drive from Cloverdale or Calistoga, but now the springs 
are of much more easy access by the picturesque and inter- 
esting route of the new San Francisco and North Pacific 
Railroad which runs to Ukiah. 

Nature could not have done more for this natural san- 
itarium than it has. From April to* November the climate 
is delightfully balmy and the atmosphere is pure, clear and 
invigorating. In the immediate vicinity are excellent fish- 
ing and gunning. The resort is rapidly growing and 
commodious accommodations can be found. Bathing facil- 
ities are claimed to be superior. The waters are gaining 
in celebrity in cases of gout, rheumatism, scrofula and 
chronic kidney and bladder troubles and cutaneous diseases. 

Bathing in the Vichy renders the skin soft and clear 
and very soon heals up any skin irritation. 

The waters belong to the alkalo-carbonated class and 
are clear and sparkling and of an agreeably pungent taste. 



DOOLAJSTS URIAH VICHY SPRINGS 



259 



Their action is almost identical, as indeed is their chemical 
composition, with the noted Ems on the Lahn; Fachingen 
of Nassau, Germany ; and Vichy of Grande Grille, France. 
From the following chemical analysis, made in 1888, it 
will be observed that the waters from the Doolan Vichy are 
heavily charged with carbonic acid gas and carbonates and 
that they contain some iron and potassium salts. 



Solid Ingredients in 

One Gallon of 231 inches 

in Grains 



Sodium Chloride 

Sodium Carbonate 

Sodium Sulphate 

Sodium Phosphate 

Potassium Chloride .... 
Potassium Carbonate.. 
Potassium Sulphate.... 
Magnesium Carbonate. 

Calcium Carbonate 

Ferrous Carbonate 

Strontium Carbonate... 

Barium Carbonate 

Lithium Carbonate 

Borates 

Arseniates 

Aluminates 

Silica 

Total 

Gases, cubic inches 
Carbonic Acid Gas 



Doolan' sUkiah 

V IC H Y 

of California 

analyzed by 
Dr. Anderson 

Temp. oj« F. 



28.60 

195.52 

.36 



.09 
trace 
trace 
19.75 
18.14 

.07 



trace 



VICHY 

France 

Grande Grille 

analyzed by 

BOQTJET 

Temp. ios.8 Q F 



32.80 

208.00 

18.32 

6.24 



16.32 



11.04 

18.48 

.16 

.08 



FACHINGEN 

Nassau 

Germany 

analyzed by 

Fresenius 

Temp, not given 



36.48 

155.84 

1.12 

.41 



10.85 

16.09 

.64 

trace 



trace 
5.92 

268.45 



224.75 



.40 



311.88 



14.74 



EMS ON 

THE LAHN 

Germany 

analyzed by 
Fresenius 

Temp. us Q F. 



62.16 
84.24 
trace 



trace 



trace 
2.09 

223.52 



263.76 



3.03 

6.80 

10.00 

.16 

trace 

trace 



trace 
2.88 

169.27 



54.24 



For an antacid, tonic, aperient, dinretic and alterative 
mineral water the Ukiah Vichy ranks among the finest on 
the Coast. They have proved highly beneficial in Bright's 
disease, torpidity of the bowels and liver. For dyspepsia 
and acid conditions of the nrine and the blood they are 
excellent. 

The waters are soon to be sold commercial^. 

Owing to recent developments the flow has increased 
enormonsly, flowing now abont 20,000 gallons per hour. 

On the premises are numerous springs which will soon 
be developed and analyzed. 



A. 17 



260 mineral springs of california 

Upper Soda Springs 

These excellent mineral springs are situated at an 
elevation of 2,363 feet, in Siskiyou County on the Shasta 
scenic route of the Southern Pacific Railroad. They are 
beautifully surrounded by the almost precipitous walls of the 
Sacramento Canon, mountain streams and immense forests 
of pine, fir, spruce, cedar, etc., and some of the grandest 
scenery in the Sierras. Ever watching is Mt. Shasta, with 
its snow-capped apex and bountifully fertile base. Here 
and there are the enormous granite shafts, rising hundreds 
of feet into the atmosphere. The projecting rocks and 
huge boulders seemingly almost ready to fall and dash 
headlong down the canon. 

At the springs is a very quiet, commodious, comfort- 
able, good, old-fashioned hotel with large airy verandas. 
Plenty of room for everybody both inside and outside. 

The mineral water belongs to the Alkalo-carbonated 
or soda class, sparkling and effervescing, exceedingly pal- 
atable and wholesome. 

It contains chlorides of soda and potassa, carbonates and 
bicarbonates of soda, magnesia, potassa, iron, lime, man- 
ganese, sulphates of soda and magnesia (Glauber's and 
Epsom salts) and a large quantity of free carbonic acid gas. 

These springs have become famous in the treatment 
of uric acid and lithic acid diatheses, gravel and calculi, 
inflammation and irritation of the bladder and kidney, etc. 

The water acts as an aperient, diuretic, tonic and 
anticid, and is of great value in acid conditions of the stom- 
ach, blood or urinary secretions. 

Vallejo Sulphur Springs 

Near Vallejo in Solano County are located several sul- 
phur springs, which are used considerably, locally. The 
temperature ranges from 8o° F. to 90 F. The waters act 
well on torpid portal circulation. 



volcanic mineral springs 
Volcanic Mineral Springs 



261 



In Death's Valley, Inyo County, are located several 
remarkable springs. One of these was analyzed by Prof. 
Price several years ago and found to contain over 4,000 
grains of solids in a gallon. The water is "chlorinated 
and alkaline, containing, presumably, both sulphureted 
hydrogen and carbonic acid gas. 



VOLCANIC MINERAL SPRINGS 



Pkof. Price, Analyst 



U. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 1840.72 

Sodium Carbonate 17 24. 1 1 

Sodium Sulphate 651.02 

Sodium Sulphide 46.34 

Potassium Chloride 132.30 

Magnesia and Lime traces 

Silica 14.28 



U. S. gal. contains 
Grains 



Mineral Ingredients 

Organic Matter 13.48 

Iodine traces 

Bromine traces 

Iron traces 

Boracic Acid traces 

Phosphoric Acid traces 



Total Solids, 4422.25. 
Gases not determined 



The water is not used to any extent. 



Volcanic Springs 



Several other volcanic springs are located near Vol- 
canic Station on the line of the S. P. R. R. in San Diego 
County. The waters are reported to be sulphurous. 



Warm Springs 

Unnamed, and not, or little, improved. Located in 
Kern County near the head of Walker's Basin. 

In Modoc County, ten miles west of Alturas, in Warm 
Spring Valley. 

On the east side of Pitt River on Hot Creek and north 
of Round Valley in Modoc County. 



262 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

Twelve miles southwest of Camp Cody in San Bernar- 
dino County. 

Near Little Owen's Lake. 



WARM SPRING, NEAR LITTLE OWEN'S LAKE 

Oscar Loew, Analyst, 1876 

Mineral Ingredients Parts in 100,000 Mineral Ingredients Parts in 100,000 

Sodium Chloride 26.9 Calcium Carbonate 12.0 

Sodium Carbonate 45.2 Magnesium Carbonate., trace 

Sodium Sulphate 8.0 Silica trace 

Potassa trace Organic Matter trace 

Total Solids, parts 92.1 

In Inyo County, nine miles from Amargosa mines. 
In Lassen County, southwest of Pittville. 

These springs, and many others of which I cannot 
obtain any reliable information, are warm and sulphurous 
in character. A few are reported calcic and alkaline. 
Their temperature varies from 85 to 13 2° F. 



Warm Sulphur Springs 

In Kern County on Posa Creek, near Simmis Valley, 
are found .a number of warm springs, with temperatures 
from 74 to 90 F. The waters are used locally for rheu- 
matism and cutaneous affections. 



Warner's Ranch Springs 

These are situated some thirty miles from San Diego 
in San Diego County. These springs are also spoken of 
as Aguas Calientes by the Spanish, although not identical 
with the Aguas Calientess described under that head. 



WARNER'S RANCH SPRINGS 



263 



The flow of Warner's Springs is abont 1,500 gallons 
per Hour. The temperature is from 74 to 142 F. The 
waters are sulphurous and salice and much resorted to by 
the inhabitants of that section of the country. Their great 
reputation is the treatment of syphilis and chronic skin 
diseases. A pleasant little resort has been established on 
the place and a great many people go there to bathe and 
drink the waters. 



Waterman's Springs 

These mineral springs are located about a mile west of 
Arrowhead in San Bernardino County. They are the pri- 
vate property of Mr. Waterman, who prizes them highly. 
A description for publication is not obtainable. 



White Sulphur Springs 



These excellent springs and resort are located about 
two and a half miles south of St. Helena in Napa County. 
They are of easy access by ferry and rail via Napa City to 
St. Helena and thence by carriage. The resort is well-kept, 
commodious and pleasant. The grounds are handsomely 
laid out and ornamented with shrubbery and evergreens, 
orchards and flowers. 

The White Sulphur comprise nine springs with tem- 
peratures from 69 F. to 142 F. The waters are light, 
sulphureted and alkaline and are much extolled by a great 
many who have used them. They seem very well adapted 
to the treatment of rheumatism and joint complications both 
by way of bathing and for internal use ; also for congestion 
and inaction of the chylo-poetic viscera, glandular swellings 
and cutaneous affections. 



264 



MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 



ANALYSES WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. 



MINERAL INGREDIENTS 



Sodium Chloride 

Sodium Carbonate 

Sodium Sulphate 

Magnesium Chloride.... 
Magnesium Carbonate.. 

Calcium Chloride 

Calcium Carbonate 

Calcium Sulphide 

Sodium Sulphide 

Alumina 

Silica 

Organic Matter , 

Total Solids 

SPECIFIC GRAVITY 

Gases 
Sulphureted Hydrogen, 



•z, 
. o 

IN CJ 



a 

Ski's 
3° a 

"5°° • 
a <» . 



21.72 



8.26 

.87 

.62 

1.32 

1.25 

2M 



36. 



1.00026 



Cubic In. 
6.15 



{ho a 

.-28. 

: a § . 
• «<&■< en 



22.36 
.09 

10.60 
1.41 
.75 
.93 
1.87 
.53 
.76 
.23 
.62 

trace 

40.15 



1.00038 



Cubic In. 
5.19 



o 



«r§5 8.S 

'to . . ed 

11°. 



23.41 

1L33 

2.22 
.56 
.86 

2.45 

L85 



42.68 



1.00040 



Cubic In. 
4.25 



P a 
o " 



£££ 



o 

P-i & 



14.23 



12.84 
.65 

4.36 
.78 

5.56 



1.62 



40.04 



1.00038 



Cubic In. 
trace 



SS^a 
05 « «r« 8 
o £ ? ~:~ 

P & 



11.91 

2.14 

7.15 

.45 

2.70 

.35 

5.82 

trace 

trace 

.62 

1.43 

trace 

32.57 



1.00023 



Cubic In. 
trace 



White Sulphur Springs. 



Located in Amador County \ two miles north of Ply- 
mouth. 

In Inyo County, at the edge of Panamint Range, 12 
miles north of Panamint. 

In the town of Santa Rosa, in Sonoma County, used 
locally. 

In Tehama County, southwest of Red Bluff, in Bear 
Gulch. 

These waters are heavy and light, salino-sulphurous and 
sulphureted. Some are reported to have large excess of 
sulphureted hydrogen and others both carbonic acid gas 
and sulphureted hydrogen. 

In Santa Rosa the water is used by most of the inhabit- 
ants for bathing, facilities having been constructed for 



WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS 265 

hot steam, hot tub and plunge baths. It is observed that 
these hot sulphur baths are excellent for incipent colds and 
rheumatism and in many cases of chronic rheumatic 
troubles. 

Wilbur Springs. 

These mineral springs are located thirty miles from 
Colusa in Colusa County. They are pleasantly situated and 
have acquired considerable reputation from their therapeutic 
properties. At the springs are good accommodations in 
the hotel and cottages and excellent camping facilities. 
The resort is reached by railroad to Williams and thence by 
stage. The waters are hot and sulphureted, containing : 

WILBUR SPRINGS 
THERMAL SALINO-SULPHURETED WATER 

Dr, Winslow Anderson, Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 19.75 Calcium Carbonate... 8.44 

Sodium Carbonate 3.40 Calcium Sulphate 20.62 

Sodium Sulphate 26.19 Ferrous Sulphate 4.16 

Potassium Chloride 46 Alumina 3.93 

Potassium Iodide 75 Silicates 6.95 

Magnesium Carbonate 5.10 Organic Matter 1.74 

Magnesium Sulphate 22.90 

Total Solids, 124.39 

Gases Cubic Inches 

Sulphureted Hydrogen 43.97 

Witter's Mineral Springs. 

These mineral springs are pleasantly located in Lake 
County, about one mile east of Pearson's Springs, five miles 
from Upper Lake and three miles from Blue Lake. 

The resort — a growing one — is picturesquely located, 
having good views of the lakes, valleys and mountains in 
the vicinity. 

The resort comprises a good commodious hotel, several 
cottages and excellent bathing facilities for hot and cold 
mineral baths. 



266 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

The springs are all cold and flow about sixty gallons per 
hour. They are at an elevation of i ,800 feet. There are cold 
soda and iron springs and cold sulphur springs. The prin- 
cipal water is known by the very emphatic if not euphonious 
name of " Dead Shot," having reference to the action of 
the water on the diseases for which it is recommended. 
These are : liver and kidney diseases and bowel disorders. 
The water contains: 

WITTER'S MINERAL SPRINGS 

"DEAD SHOT" ALKALO SULPHUROUS 

Dr Winslow Anderson, Analyst 

Temperature 59.3 Q F. 

U. S. Gal. contains U. S. Gal. contain* 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 17.42 Ferrous Carbonate 1.17 

Sodium Carbonate 5.96 Manganese Carbonate .86 

Sodium Sulphate 11.50 Alumina 1.65 

Potassium Carbonate 3.15 Borates 42 

Magnesium Carbonate 7.10 Silica 6.33 

Magnesium Sulphate 20.62 Organic Matter 76 

Total Solids, 76.94 
Gases Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid Gas 7.65 

Sulphureted Hydrogen 5.25 



Young's Natural Gas Well and Mineral Springs 

These natural wonders are on the property of Mr W. 
G. Young and are located on the eastern edge of Kelsey- 
ville, on a little elevated ground about three miles south of 
Clear Lake. The surroundings are picturesque, lying, as 
they do, just within the lower extremity of Big Valley and 
near the base of " Uncle Sam" Mountain. The country is 
fertile and the land valuable, being among the best in Lake 
County. The climate of Lake County is noted the world 
over for its salubriousness, the air being mild, dry and 
balmy. 

The elevation at the gas well is about 1,500 feet, giving 
a commanding view to the surrounding country ; and well 
may Lake County be called the "Switzerland of America, " 



YOUNG'S NATURAL GAS WELL 



267 



for a more picturesque view could not be found than that of 
Clear Lake, lying in the embrace of the surrounding moun- 
tains peacefully smiling on the outstretched and prolific 
valley with its gigantic oaks, the largest in the State, and 
old Uncle Sam, like an ancient guardian, watching the 
beautiful landscape. 




GAS WELL AT KELSEYVILLE ON THE PROPERTY OF W. G. YOUNG 
From a Photograph by G. E. Moore, Lakeport 



In 1888 Mr Young bored a well for gas. When down 
about one hundred and fifty-eight feet a large volume of 
water and gas rushed out with considerable force. The well 
is now ejecting, and has been so continuing from the time 



268 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

it was bored, a large stream of mineral water arid gas, which 
rises into the air to a height of abont forty feet, fron sev- 
enty to eighty times every minnte. For a moment it stops 
and then comes another violent ejection in a trne Geyser 
style. The flow is abont 6,000 gallons per honr and the 
water has a temperature of 76 F. 

Within a year it is estimated that over 5,000 people 
visited this natural wonder, the only one in the State of its 
kind, The water has been extensively used by the inhab- 
itants of Kelseyville and surroundings, who pronounce it 
excellent for the liver, kidney and bowels. 



YOUNG'S GAS WELL 

ALKALO-SALINE AND FERRUGINOUS WATER 

Dr. Winslow Anderson, Analyst, 1889 

Temperature 76° F. 

U. S. Gal. contains U. S. Gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 15.76 Manganese Carbonate.. .18 

Sodium Carbmate 36.52 Ferrous Carbonate 4.95 

Sodium Sulphate 19.16 Barium Carbonate trace 

Potassium Carbonate 3.40 Lithium Carbonate trace 

Potassium Iodide 78 Borates 3.12 

Magnesium Carbonate 7.14 Alumina 5.18 

Magnesium Sulphate 21.90 Silicates 6.45 

Calcium Carbonate 6.36 Organic Matter trace 

Calcium Sulphate 9.72 

Total Solids, 140.62 
Gases Cubic Inches 

Free Carbonic Acid Gas 9.60 

Petroleum and Carburetted [ traces 

Hydrogen (inflammable gas)\ 

This water contains all the elements to make it valu- 
able therapeutically. Its action is tonic and anticid, of great 
value in dyspepsia ; it is aperient or laxative according to 
the amount taken, acting on the liver and bowels; it is also 
diuretic from the carbonates and would be of value in 
Bright's disease of the kidneys, inflammation of the bladder, 
in acid conditions of the urine, etc., etc. We understand 
that the owner contemplates erecting a first-class health and 
pleasure resort on the premises. Bathing facilities would 



YOUNG'S GAS WELL 269 

also be of considerable importance, as the water, heated, 
would be very useful for rheumatism, chronic joint diseases, 
white swellings, scrofula and chronic cutaneous diseases, 
and glandular enlargements. 

Several inflammable gas wells are also found on the 
grounds — (see article in book, "Inflammable Natural Gas"). 
One of these is about fifty feet west of the spring, and during 
our visit in 1888 the gas was ignited and burned with a 
pale blue flame and yellow tips, giving forth empyreumatic 
odors, probably due to the incomplete oxidation of the car-,, 
bon products. This can easily be remedied by using suit- 
able burners. The gas is largely light carburetted hydrogen 
(CH 4 ) and of considerable value in an economic point of 
view as the whole of Kelsey ville and a large resort besides 
could easily be lighted and heated by the natural product 
from Nature's chemical laboratory. 

Several other minor gas wells are also found on the 
premises and it is contemplated to utilize this valuable pro- 
duct. 

Zem Zem Springs 
(meaning " Holy Well in Mecca ") 

These mineral springs are located on the southeastern 
side of Clear Lake, in Lake County. The waters have a 
temperature of 64° F., and contain: 

Soda, alumina, magnesia, silica, etc. The waters are 
highly carbonated. 

There is a small resort at the springs. 

For dyspepsia and kidney diseases the waters seem to 
be beneficial. For rheumatism and diseases of the liver, 
the springs have some notoriety. Analysis said to have been 
made by Dr. Boon. 

Sulphur 50 parts in 1,000 

Iron 27 parts in 1,000 

Magnesia 28 parts in 1,000 

Solid Matter 105 parts in 1,0J0 



270 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

1 ' Tired of its own bright charms, the golden day 
Rests in the arms of evening; all is still; 
Nor leaf, nor flower moves, lest the spell might break 
Which holds the Earth bound fast in twilight chains. 
From yonder hawthorn tree some leaf-hid bird 
Breathes to the dying day a soft farewell, 
That, mingling with the stillness, seems to weave 
Into the silence threads of melody. 
Wild roses, since the dawn, have deeply blushed 
Beneath the sun's warm kisses; now at Eve 
Faint odors, passing sweet, possess the air — 
Rich incense offered to the Queen of Night ! 
For lo! a silvery light falls all around, 
As up the violet heavens a pale young moon 
Climbs high and higher still. 

A low- voiced breeze, 
Rising with balmy sigh amid the hills, 
Comes ling'ringly adown the rocky glen, 
Floats o'er the uplands, kisses every flower, 
And whispers that the fair, sweet Day is dead ! 
Now restful thoughts and calm enter the heart, 
And soothe the tired brain; as from on High 
A blessing falls on everything below: 
Cool shades to Evening — rest and peace to Man." 



» ^3fe=I * 



OREGON MINERAL SPRINGS 271 

The following analytical tables of all the important 
mineral waters in the world are arranged alphabetically, 
commencing with those of Oregon, Western States, South- 
ern and Southwestern States, Virginia, Pennsylvania, New 
York, New England and lastly the European mineral 
springs,numbering in all about two hundred. 

Oregon Mineral Springs 

BEER SPRINGS, ORE. 

PURGATIVE 

Analyst unknown 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 8.96 Calcium Chloride ... 5.36 

Magnesium Chloride 4.48 Calcium Carbonate 15.44 

Magnesium Carbonate 12.88 Calcium Sulphate 8.48 

Magnesium Sulphate.- 48.40 Vegetable Ex. Matter. .. 3.36 

Total Solids, 107.36 

DES CHUTES HOT SPRINGS, WASCO COUNTY, ORE, 

THERMAL 

L. M. Dornbach and Prof. E. N. Horsford, Analysts 

Temperature US and 145° F. 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 20.416 Potassium Chloride 2.000 

Sodium Carbonate 34.496 Magnesium Chloride . . . 1 .216 

Sodium Sulphate 9. 464 Calcium Sulphate 1.824 

Sodium Silicate 8.200 Iron trace 

Total Solids, 77.616 
Gas Cubic Inches 
Carbonic Acid 22.56 



WILHOITS SODA SPRINGS, CLACKAMAS COUNTY, ORE. 

ALKALINE AND SALINE 

J. H. Veach, M. D., Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 201.000 Magnesium Sulphate . . 6.4S0 

Sodium Carbonate 87.568 Calcium Carbonate 32.224 

Sodium Sulphate 3.400 Ferrous Carbonate 6.000 

Magnesium Carbonate 85.320 Iodine . . trace 

Total Solids, 421.992 
Gas Cubic Inches 
Carbonic Acid 336.00 



272 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

Western States Mineral Springs 

ALPENA WELL, ALPENA CO., MICH. 

SULPHURETED 

Prof. S. P. Duffield, Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contain* 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 68.256 Calcium carbonate 38.296 

Sodium Carbonate 10.912 Calcium Sulphate 30.056 

Potassium Carbonate trace Ferrous carbonate 1.360 

Magnesium carbonate 37.288 Alumina and silica 3.088 

Total Solids, 189.256 
Gases Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid 8.40 

Sulphureted Hydrogen 35.36 



BETHESDA SPRINGS, WAUKESHA CO., WIS. 

ALKALINE AND CALCAREOUS 

C. F. Chandlek, Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 1.160 Calcium Carbonate 11.824 

Sodium Carbonate 872 Ferrous Carbonate 032 

Sodium Sulphate 544 Alumina 120 

Sodium Phosphate trace Silica 736 

Potassium Sulphate 456 Organic Matter 1.984 

Magnesium Carbonate 7.344 

Total Solids, 25.072 



BUTTER WORTH SPRINGS, GRAND RAPIDS, MICH. 
CALCAREOUS 

S. P. Duffield, Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 12.728 Calcium Carbonate 5.792 

Sodium Carbonate 3.472 Calcium Sulphate 75. 136 

Potassium Chloride 9.816 Ferrous Carbonate 704 

Magnesium Chloride 41. 856 Alumina 408 

Magnesium Carbonate 3.456 Silica 512 

Calcium Chloride 6. 104 Organic Matter and Loss . . . 664 

Total Solids, 160.648 



WESTERN STATES MINERAL SPRINGS 



273 



EATON RAPIDS, EATON CO. MICH. 
CALCAREOUS 

Frost Well Shaw Well Mosher Well 

Prof. Duffield Prof. Kedzie Prof. Kedzie 

Analyst Analyst Analyst 
U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains Grains 

Sodium Chloride 7.672 .896 .896 

Sodium Carbonate 11.568 5.376 

Sodium Sulphate 

Potassiurr Carbonate 1.272 

Magnesium Carbonate 7.592 3.840 

Magnesium Sulphate 

Calcium Carbonate 38.528 20. 736 

Calcium Sulphate 3.864 48.128 

Ferrous Carbonate 1.984 1.232 

Ammonium Nitrate " trace 

Silicic Acid ,, 1.400 

Silica 13.112 

Organic matter and loss 752 .896 

Total Solids 73.504 89.968 80.920 

Gases Cubic Inches Cubic Inches Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid 18.56 16.00 15.36 

Sulphureted Hydrogen trace traee 



1.152 


4.520 


19.432 


45.160 


1.000 


trace 


2.536 


.848 



EATON RAPIDS, EATON CO., MICH. 
CALCAREOUS 

Stirling Well Bordine Well 

C. T. Jackson, M. D. Prof. Kedzie 

Analyst Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains 

Sodium Chloride 1.496 

Sodium Carbonate 4.336 3.776 

Sodium Sulphate 10.488 

Potassium Carbonate 

Magnesium Carbonate 

Magnesium Sulphate , 7.824 

Calcium Carbonate 

Calcium Sulphate 45.984 

Ferrous Carbonate 2.336 

Ammonium Nitrate 

Silicic Acid 

Silica 

Organic Matter and Loss 

Total Solids 70.96S 101.744 

Gases Cubic Inches Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid 16.00 16.00 



2.272 


4.976 


28.104 


57.496 


1.624 


2.000 



274 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

FRENCH LICK SPRINGS, ORANGE CO. ; IND. 

SULPHURETED 

Pluto's Well Proserpine 
J. G. Rogers, M. D. J. G. Rogers. M. D. 

Analyst Analyst 
U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains 

Sodium Chloride 140.536 90.920 

Sodium Carbonate „ 10. 528 

Sodium Sulphate 22.368 36.720 

Potassium Chloride 5.008 

Magnesium Chloride S.04S 

Magnesium Carbonate 1. 584 4.496 

Magnesium Sulphate 18.112 29.328 

Calcium Chloride 5. 344 

Calcium Carbonate 6.944 20.288 

Calcium Sulphate 60.584 141.000 

Aluminium and Iron Carbonates trace 2.496 

Silica 1.696 

Total Solids 255.472 350.528 

Gases Cubic Inches Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid 14.96 10.216 

Sulphureted Hydrogen 25.44 17.000 



FRUIT PORT WELL, OTTAWA CO., MICH. 

SALINE 

C. G. Wheeler, Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 464.024 Calcium Chloride 111. 104 

Sodium Carbonate 4.520 Calcium Carbonate 3.544 

Sodium Sulphate 45.992 Ferrous Carbonate 5.440 

Potassium Chloride 432 Manganese Carbonate 080 

Magnesium Chloride 46.808 Alumina trace 

Magnesium Carbonate 2.464 Silica and Silicates 10.600 

Magnesium Bromide 760 

Total Solids, 695.768 



GREEN SPRINGS, SANDUSKY CO., O. 
PURGATIVE 

O. N. Stoddard, Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains L T . S. gal, contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Potassium Chloride 2.480 Ferrous Carbonate 19.696 

Potassium Bromide ... - 16.760 Ferrous Sulphate 6.528 

Magnesium Carbonate 22. 384 Alumina 976 

Magnesium Sulphate 36. 136 Silica 6.096 

Calcium Sulphate 105. 40S 

Total Solids, 216.464 

Gas Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid 96.48 



WESTERN STATES MINERAL SPRINGS 



275 



GREENCASTLE SPRINGS, PUTNAM CO., IND. 

CHALYBEATE 

North, or 
Daggy, Spring 
U. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 792 

Sodium Carbonate 096 

Sodium Sulphate 136 

Potassium Carbonate .088 

Magnesium Carbonate 4.704 

Magnesium Sulphate 1.048 

Calcium Carbonate 14.552 

Ferrous Carbonate 408 

Silicic Acid 088 

Alumina 160 

Loss and Undetermined 096 

Total Solids 22.168 



Middle, or 
Dewdrop, Spring 
U. S. gal. contains 
Grains 

.696 

.064 

.069 

.072 

5.336 

1.032 

11.880 

2.384 

.008 

.072 

.224 



21.864 



HUBBARDSTON WELL, IONIA CO., MICH. 
CALCAREOUS 



Prof. P. H. Douglass, Analyst 



U. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Magnesium Carbonate 6. 352 

Calcium Carbonate 16.536 



Mineral Ingredients 

Ferrous Oxide 

Silica 



U. S. gal. contains 
Grains 

152 

136 



Total Solids, 23,176 



IDAHO HOT SPRINGS, CLEAR CREEK CO., COL. 



U.S. 



THERMAL 

J. Gr. Dohle, Analyst 

Temperature, 85° to 115° F. 

gal. contains 
Grains 



Mineral Ingredients 

Sodium Chloride 4. 16 

Sodium Carbonate 30.80 

Sodium Sulphate 29.36 

Sodium Silicate 4.08 

Magnesium Chloride trace 

Magnesium Carbonate 2.88 

Total Solids, 



U.S. 



gal. contains 
Grains 



Mineral Ingredients 

Magnesium Sulphate 18.72 

Calcium Chloride trace 

Calcium Carbonate 9.52 

Calcium Sulphate 3.44 

Ferrous Carbonate 4.16 



107.1! 



A. 18 



276 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

INDIAN SPRINGS, MARTIN CO., IND. 

SULPHURETED AND SALINE 
E. T. Cox, Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contain* 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 39.368 Magnesium Sulphate 30.392 

Sodium Carbonate 3.616 Calcium Carbonate 33.104 

Sodium Sulphate 11.824 Calcium Sulphate 20. 232 

Potassium Carbonate 2.520 Ferric Oxide trace 

Potassium Sulphate 2.400 Iodides and Bromides trace 

Magnesium Chloride 056 Silicic Acid 448 

Magnesium Carbonate 18.944 Aluminum Sulphate 832 

Total Solids, 163.736 

Gases Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid 9.52 

Sulphureted Hydrogen 3.36 

Oxygen 3.92 

Nitrogen 648 



LAFAYETTE, TIPPECANOE CO., IND. 

SALINE AND SULPHURETED 

C. M. Wetherell, M. D., Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 324.720 Calcium Carbonate 8. 352 

Magnesium Chloride 29.656 Calcium Sulphate 56.336 

Magnesium Carbonate 28.720 Ferric Oxide 496 

Magnesium Iodide trace Aluminium trace 

Calcium Chloride 3.720 Silica 464 

Total Solids, 452.464 

Gases Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid 12.16 

Sulphureted Hydrogen 1.92 

Nitrogen 4.88 



LANSING WELL, INGHAM CO., MICH. 

SALINE 

Dr. Jennings, Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 266.792 Magnesium Carbonate. . . 11.368 

Sodium Carbonate 64.752 Calcium Carbonate 62.256 

Sodium Sulphate 25.048 Ferrous Carbonate 1.144 

Potassium Sulphate 12.432 Silica 3.304 

Total Solids, 447.096 

Gas Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid 196.00 



WESTERN STATES MINERAL SPRINGS 277 

LESLIE WELL, INGHAM CO., MICH. 

CALCAREOUS 

Prof. R. C. Kedzie, Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 3.040 Calcium Sulphate 5.864 

Potassium Carbonate 2.872 Ferrous Carbonate 1.368 

Magnesium Carbonate 5. 200 Silica 1 . 728 

Calcium Carbonate 17.712 Organic Matter 536 

Total Solids, 38.320 
Gas Cubic Inches 
Carbonic Acid 13.44 



LODI ARTESIAN WELL, WABASH CO., IND. 
SULPHURETED 

Dr. Pahle, Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 502.464 Calcium Chloride 47.928 

Sodium Sulphate 2. 136 Calcium Carbonate 2.016 

Potassium Sulphate 800 Calcium Sulphate 55.552 

Magnesium Chloride 53.536 Calcium Phosphate 1.200 

Magnesium Carbonate 656 Silicic Acid 520 

Magnesium Iodide trace Sulphur (suspended) .... 5.000 

Magnesium Bromide 880 Nitrogenous Or. Matter . . ,S00 

lesium Sulphate 3.256 

Total Solids, 676.744 
Gases Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid undetermined 

Sulphureted Hydrogen 7.92 

Nitrogen undetermined 



MANITOU SPRING, EL PASO CO., COL. 

ALKALINE 
T. M. Drown, Analyst 
Mineral Ingredients Percentage Mineral Ingredients Percentage 

Sodium Chloride 36.69 Potassium Chloride 10.01 

Sodium Bicarbonate 24.01 Magnesium Bicarbonate . . S.S9 

Sodium Sulphate 4.78 Calcium Bicarbonate 15.62 

Total Solids, 100.00 






278 



MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 



MIDLAND WELL, MIDLAND CO., MICH. 

PURGATIVE 



S. P. Duffield, M. D., Analyst 



S. gal. contains 
Grains 



Mineral Ingredients 

Sodium Chloride. 27.240 

Sodium Sulphate 18.384 

Potassium Sulphate , . . 6S.472 

Magnesium Chloride 1.824 

Calcium Chloride 5. 176 



U. 



S. gal. contains 
Grains 



Mineral Ingredients 

Calcium Sulphate 3.712 

Aluminium Phosphate... 1.440 

Silica 2.464 

Organic Matter 2.056 

Loss 2.672 



Total Solids, 133.440 



OWOSSO SPRING, SHIAWASSEE CO., MICH. 
CHALYBEATE 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contain! 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 2.096 Ferrous Carbonate 11.544 

Magnesium Carbonate 11.304 Alumina ) 

Calcium Carbonate 17.824 Silica j '"" 

Total Solids, 43.384 



PERRY SPRINGS, PIKE CO., ILL. 

ALKALINE 

No. 1 No. 2 

Middle Spring Upper Spring 

H. Engelmann, M. D. H. Engelmann, M. D. 

Analyst Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains 

Sodium Sulphate 440 1.096 

Sodium Silicate 120 .384 

Sodium & Potassium Silicates. 2.640 2.280 

Potassium Carbonate 1.592 1.448 

Magnesium Carbonate 10.080 8.776 

Calcium Carbonate 11.040 13.720 

Ferrous Carbonate 408 .320 

Aluminium Silicate ...... 

Total Solids 26.320 28.024 



No. 3 

Lower Spring 

H. Engelmann, M. D. 

Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains 

Grains 

1.384 

.576 

3.44S 

1.256 

6.216 

13.664 

.200 

.272 



27.016 



SALT LAKE HOT SPRINGS, UTAH. 

THERMAL 

C. T. Jackson, Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 19.544 Magnesium) 

Sodium Sulphate 5.536 Calcium \ Carbonates 3 - 5 " 6 

Magnesium Chloride 528 Calcium Chloride 4.528 

Ferric Oxide 168 

Total Solids, 33.880 



WESTERN STATES MINERAL SPRINGS 



279 



SALT LAKE MINERAL SPRINGS 

SULPHURETED 

Unknown Analyst 

Beck's Hot Springs 
Mineral Ingredients Per cent 

Chloride of Sodium 95506 

Chloride of Magnesium 4334 

Sulphate of Magnesium 

Carbonate of Magnesium 

Chloride of Calcium 06957 

Sulphate of Calcium 01907 

Silicate of Calcium 

Carbonate of Calcium 03001 

Chloride of Potassium 03761 

Sulphate of Potassium 

Alumina 

Silica 00315 

Organic Matter trace 

Iron : trace 

Iodine 

Bromine 

Water 

Volatile 

Other matter 



Warm Springs 
Per cent 

.77248 
.01588 



.03412 
•13668 

.03321 

.03388 



.00212 



Total.. . 1.25871 

Gases Cubic Inches 

Free Carbonic Acid undetermined 

Sulphureted Hydrogen undetermined 



1.02845 



SPARTA ARTESIAN WELL, MONROE CO., WIS. 

CHALYBEATE 

J. M. Hirsch, Analyst 





U. S. gal. contains 


U. S 


gal. contains 


Mineral Ingredients 


Grains 


Mineral Ingredients 


Grains 


Sodium Chloride 


112 


Ferrous Carbonate 

Manganese Carbonate. . 

Barium Carbonate 

Lithium Carbonate 


. 8.664 


Sodium Carbonate .... 


120 


. trace 


Sodium Iodide 


trace 


trace 


Sodium Sulphate 


1.840 


.016 


Sodium Phosphate 


056 


Strontium Carbonate . . . 


. .OOS 


Potassium Sulphate . . . 


528 


Ammonium Carbonate . 


. trace 


Magnesium Carbonate . 


1.992 


Aluminium Phosphate . 


. .04S 


Calcium Chloride 


504 


Silica 

Hydrogen Sulphide 


.232 


Calcium Carbonate .... 


232 


. trace 


Calcium Sulphate 


144 







Total Solids, 14.496 






280 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

SCHUYLER SPRING, SCHUYLER CO., ILL. 

CHALYBEATE 

Dr. Blaney, Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Magnesium Sulphate 2.984 Alkaline Sulphates 7.832 

Calcium Sulphate 73.936 Silica 1.312 

Ferrous Sulphate 89. 960 

Total Solids, 156.024 



SPRING LAKE WELL, OTTAWA CO., MICH. 
SALINE 

Prof. C. G-. Wheeler, Analyst* 

U. S. gal contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 405.528 Calcium Carbonate 096 

Sodium Carbonate 040 Ferrous Carbonate 736 

Sodium Sulphate . 46.696 Manganese Carbonate . . . .048 

Potassium Chloride 4.288 Lithia trace 

Magnesium Chloride 36.200 Ammonia 016 

Magnesium Carbonate ....... trace Alumina trace 

Magnesium Bromide 2. 168 Silica 504 

Calcium Chloride 113.416 Organic Matter 18.288 

Total Solids, 628.024 



ST. LOUIS SPRINGS, GRATIOT CO., MICH. 
ALKALINE 

S. P. Duffield, M. D., Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Carbonate 61.472 Calcium Silicate 5.600 

Magnesium Carbonate 8.6 10 Ferrous Carbonate 728 

Calcium Chloride trace Silica 2.392 

Calcium Carbonate 40. 152 Organic Matter 1.664 

Calcium Sulphate 55.400 

Total Solids, 176.048 
Gases Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid 10.88 

Sulphureted Hydrogen trace 



WESTERN STATES MINERAL SPRINGS 



281 



VERSAILLES SPRINGS, BROWN CO., ILL. 

ALKALINE 

Magnesia Spring 

G. A. Marriner 

Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride trace 

Sodium Carbonate 

Sodium and Potassium Carbonates. . 1.320 

Magnesium Carbonate 8.952 

Calcium Carbonate 14.600 

Calcium Sulphate trace 

Ferrous Carbonate 064 

Alumina and trace of Iron 

Silica 1.400 

Organic Matter 



Total Solids 26.336 

Gas 
Carbonic 



Ourry Spring 
V. Blaney, M. D. 

Analyst 

. S. gal. contains 

Grains 


Monitor Spring 

J. V. Blaney, M. D. 

Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains 

Grains 


trace 


trace 


7.624 


7.624 


trace 


trace 


7.464 


6.984 


12.112 


16.136 


2.088 






2.136 


.728 




.816 


1.704 


trace 


trace 


30.832 


34.584 


Cubic Inches 


24.00 





WEST BADEN SPRINGS. 

SULPHURETED 

E. T. Cox, Analyst 
U. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 77.984 

Sodium Carbonate 1.112 

Sodium Sulphate 3. 104 

Potassium Carbonate 624 

Potassium Sulphate 1 . 368 

Magnesium Chloride 11.400 

Magnesium Carbonate 39. 160 

Magnesium Sulphate 26. 152 

Total Solid 



ORANGE CO., IND. 



U. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Calcium Chloride 7.280 

Calcium Carbonate 41.376 

Calcium Sulphate 11.184 

Ferric Oxide 088 

Iodide trace 

Bromide trace 

Silicic Acid 440 

Aluminium Sulphate 4. 552 

235.824 

Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid 5.12 

Sulphureted Hydrogen 4 88 

Oxygen 1.68 

Nitrogen 5.44 



YELLOW SPRINGS, GREENE CO., OHIO 

CALCAREOUS 

Wayne and Lock, Analysts 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 152 Calcium Carbonate 19.56S 

Magnesium Chloride 168 Calcium Sulphate 1.352 

Calcium Chloride 1.544 Ferric Oxide 392 

Total So'ids, 23.176 



282 



MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 



Southern and Southwestern Mineral Springs 



ARKANSAS HOT SPRINGS 



Mineral Ingredients Parts in 10,000 

Sodium Chloride 0003 

Sodium Sulphate 0115 

Potassium Sulphate. , , 0070 

Magnesium Chloride 0040 

Calcium Sulphate 0033 

Calcium Silicate 0139 

Calcium Carbonate 1203 



Mineral Ingredients Parts in 10,000 

Alumina 0137 

Iron 0030 

Iodine , . trace 

Bromine trace 

Water 0043 

Silica 0567 

Organic Matter 0420 



Total Solids, .2800 
Gases 

Free Sulphureted Hydrogen excess 

Free Carbonic Acid excess 



HOT SALINO-SULPHUROUS 
Drs. Owen and Cone, Analysts 
Temperature, 100° to U8° F 
Qualitative 
Sodium Chloride Magnesia Sulphate 

Sodium Sulphate 
Magnesia 



Calcium Bicarbonate 
Iron 



Magnesia Sub-carbonate 



CALCIC-THERMAL 



Prof. E. H. Larkin, Analyst 
Temperature 98? to 150° F. 



U. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 008 

Sodium Sulphate 376 

Potassium Sulphate 232 

Magnesium Carbonate 128 

Calcium Carbonate 3.968 

Calcium Sulphate 112 

Calcium Silicate 464 



U. S. gal. contains 
Grains 



Mineral Ingredients 

Ferric Oxide 104 

Iodine trace 

Bromine trace 

Alumina 448 

Silica 1.864 

Organic Matter 704 

Water 144 



Total Solids, 8.552 



SOUTHERN AND SOUTHWESTERN MINERAL SPRINGS 



283 



BLADEN SPRINGS, CHOCTAW CO., ALA. 
ALKALINE 

Vichy Spring Branch Spring 

J. L. & W. P. RlDDELL J. L. & W. P. RlDDELL 

Analysts Analysts 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains 

Sodium Carbonate 46.328 41.208 

Magnesium Carbonate .288 .608 

Calcium Carbonate , 872 2.136 

Calcium Sulphate 2.256 2.792 

Ferrous Carbonate 496 .232 

Manganese Sulphate trace 

Organic Matter 2.256 1.896 

Total Solids, 52.496 48.872 

Gases / Cubic Inches Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid 65.44 59.20 

Sulphureted Hydrogen trace trace 

Chlorine 1.84 1.84 



ALKALINE 



Old Spring 

Prof. R. T. Brumby 
Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 7.696 

Sodium Carbonate 32.888 

Magnesium Carbonate 1.360 

Calcium Carbonate 2. 752 

Calcium Sulphate .016 

Ferrous Carbonate 

Ferrous Sulphate 240 

Manganese Sulphate 

Crenic Acid 728 

Hypocrenic Acid , . 600 

Silica and Alumina 2. 104 

Organic Matter 

Loss , 320 

Total Solids 48.704 

Gases Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid 32.56 

Sulphureted Hydrogen undetermined 

Chlorine 



Sulphur Spring 

J. L. & W. P. Riddle 
Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains 
Grains 



34.936 

.648 

2.416 

2.960 

.760 

trace 



1.24S 



42.968 

Cubic Inches 
52. SS 
.56 
1.84 



284 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

BLOUNT SPRINGS, BLOUNT CO., ALA. 

SULPHURETED 

Red Sulphur Sweet Sulphur 

Prof. R. Brumby Prof. R. Brumby 

Analyst Aualyst 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains 

Sodium Chloride 32.32 30.88 

Magnesium Chloride 6.00 

Magnesium Carbonate 4.40 3.60 

Magnesium Sulphate 1.60 2.40 

Calcium Carbonate 6.80 4.48 

Ferrous Carbonate 1.92 1.12 

Total Solids 53.04 42.48 

Gases Cubic Inches Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid 6.00 6.00 

Sulphureted Hydrogen 14.96 12.56 



BLUE LICK SPRINGS, UPPER AND LOWER, 
NICHOLAS, CO., KY. 

SULPHURETED 

Upper Lower 

J. F. Judge and A. Fennel Robert Peter, M. D. 

Analysts Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal: contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains 

Sodium Chloride 516.536 512.856 

Potassium Chloride 1.800 1.392 

Potassium Sulphate 12.976 8.936 

Magnesium Chloride 37.728 32.392 

Magnesium Carbonate 144 .136 

Magnesium Bromide 3.808 .240 

Magnesium Iodide 152 . 048 

Calcium Carbonate 25.064 23.656 

Calcium Sulphate 44. 136 33.992 

Alumina (Calcium Phosphate and Ferric Oxide) 1.968 .360 

Silicic Acid 1.000 1.104 

Loss 14.880 17.728 

Total Solids 660.192 632.840 

Gases Cubic Inches Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid 48. 16 98.80 

Sulphureted Hydrogen 8. 16 18.24 



SOUTHERN AND SOUTHWESTERN MINERAL SPRINGS 



285 



CHARLESTON ARTESIAN WELL, S. C. 

THERMAL 

Prof. 0. U. Shephaed, Jr., Analyst 

Temperature 87° F. 



U. S. gal. contains 
Grains 



Mineral Ingredients 

Sodium Chloride 75.672 

Sodium Carbonate 58.824 

Magnesium Carbonate 008 

Calcium Carbonate 1. 120 



Mineral Ingredients 
Calcium Phosphate . . . 
Ferrous Phosphate . . . 
Aluminium Phosphate 

Silica 

Organic Matter 

Total Solids, 135.672 



U. S. gal. contains 
Grains 



Gas 
Carbonic Acid 



Cubic Inches 
2.24 



.008 

.016 

.024 



CATOOSA SPRINGS, CATOOSA CO., GA. 

PURGATIVE 

All-Healing Red Sweet 

Wm. J. Land Wm. J. Land 

Analyst Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains 

Sodium Chloride 128 .144 

Sodium Carbonate 248 .288 

Sodium Sulphate 1.496 1.696 

Potassium Carbonate 104 .112 

Potassium Sulphate 2.200 2.488 

Magnesium Carbonate 7.024 7.944 

Magnesium Bromide 296 .328 

Magnesium Sulphate 26.536 29.976 

Calcium Carbonate 3.520 3.976 

Calcium Bromide 1.208 1.368 

Calcium Sulphate 38.840 43.864 

Calcium Nitrate - 416 .472 

Calcium Fluoride 016 .016 

Ferrous Carbonate 128 .144 

Manganese Carbonate 008 .016 

Lithium Carbonate ... trace trace 

Strontium Carbonate 040 .048 

Strontium Sulphate 200 .232 

Ammonium Nitrate 120 .136 

Crenic Acid i 

A ■ A -A - 024 024 

Apocrenic Acid ) 

Aluminium Sulphate 504 .664: 

Total Solids 83.056 93.936 

Gases Cubic Inches Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid 9.36 9.28 



286 



MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 



CATOOSA SPRINGS, CATOOSA CO., GA 

PURGATIVE 

White Sulphur 
Wm. J. Land 
Analyst 
U. S. gal. contains U. S 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 136 

Sodium Carbonate 256 

Sodium Sulphate 1.672 

Potassium Carbonate 112 

Potassium Sulphate 2. 320 

Magnesium Carbonate 8.400 

Magnesium Bromide 304 

Magnesium Sulphate 32. 00S 

Calcium Carbonate 3.848 

Calcium Bromide 144 

Calcium Sulphate 44.808 

Calcium Nitrate 320 

Calcium Fluoride 016 

Ferrous Carbonate 280 

Manganese Carbonate 024 

Lithium Carbonate trace 

Strontium Carbonate 040 

Strontium Sulphate 208 

Ammonium Nitrate 096 

Crenic Acid ) 

Apocrenic Acid . ( 

Aluminium Sulphate 2.472 

Total Solids 97.472 99.152 

Gases Cubic Inches Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid 9.52 9.76 

Sulphureted Hydrogen 08 trace 



Buffalo 

Wm. J. Land 

Analyst 

gal. contains 

Grains 

.112 

.024 
1.672 

.016 
2.312 
8.696 

.328 

33.016 

3.856 

.152 
45.000 

.032 

.008 

.280 

.016 
trace 

.040 

.288 

.912 

.008 
2.384 



COOPER'S WELL, HINDS CO., MISS. 
CHALYBEATE 



Prof. J. L. Smith, Analyst 



U. S. gal. contains 
Grains 



Mineral Ingredients 

Calcium Sulphate 42. 120 

Calcium Crenate 312 

Ferric Oxide 3.360 

Aluminum Sulphate 6.120 

Silica 1.800 



Mineral Ingredients 

Sodium Chloride 8. 360 

Sodium Sulphate 11.704 

Potassium Sulphate 608 

Magnesium Chloride , . 3.480 

Magnesium Sulphate 23.280 

Calcium Chloride 4.320 

Total Solids, 105.464 
Gases Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid 32.0 

Oxygen 12.0 

Nitrogen 36.0 



U. S. gal. contains 
Grains 



SOUTHERN AND SOUTHWESTERN MINERAL SPRINGS 



287 



CRAB ORCHARD SPRINGS, LINCOLN CO., KY. 
PURGATIVE 

Foley's Spring 

R. Peter, M. D., 
Analyst 
U. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 17.7S8 

Sodium Sulphate 59.072 

Potassium Sulphate 9.912 

Magnesium Carbonate 7.640 

Magnesium Sulphate 205.280 

Calcium Carbonate 53.184 

Calcium Sulphate 10.792 

Calcium, Magnesium, Ferrous Car- 
bonates and Silica 

Ferrous Carbonate \ trace 

Bromine 

Silica 3.264 

Loss and Moisture 34.584 

Water of Crystallization and Loss .... , 



Total Solids 401.456 

Gas Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid not estimated 



Sowder's Spring 


Crab Orchard Salt 


R. Peter, M. D., 

Analyst 


R. Peter, M. D., 
Analyst 


U. S. gal. contains 
Grains 


U. S. gal. contains 
Grains 


58.320 


4.77 


23.200 


4.20 


17.376 


1.80 


21.872 




174.312 


63.19 


29.512 




91.328 


2.54 


« 


.89 


trace 




trace 


trace 


1.224 






22.61 


417.144 


100.00 


Cubic Inche* 




not estimated 





ESTILL SPRINGS, ESTILL CO., KY. 

Red Sulphur Irvine Spring 

Sulphureted Chalybeate Purgative 

R. Peter, M. D. R. Peter, M. D. R. Peter, M. D. 

Analyst Analyst Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contain* 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains Grains 

Sodium Chloride 4.896 .528 17.608 

Sodium Carbonate 1 . 344 

Sodium Sulphate 10.032 .696 

Potassium Sulphate 5.360 . 640 

Magnesium Carbonate 4.840 2.680 

Magnesium Sulphate 584 9. 792 

Calcium Chloride 

Calcium Carbonate 11.776 9.272 

Calcium Sulphate 16.672 

Ferrous Carbonate 1.864 

Aluminium Phosphate trace 

Silica 352 1.864 

Organic and Volatile Matters 2.336 S.224 

Loss S5.8SS 

Total Solids 41.520 52.232 441.512 

Gases Cubic Inches Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid 40.0S 33.20 

Sulphureted Hydrogen 56 



2.504 


2.568 


263. 2S0 


1.688 


30.728 


31.S96 


1.328 


4.024 



288 



MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 



HARRODSBURG SPRINGS, MERCER CO., KY. 

PURGATIVE. 

Greenville Spring Saloon Spring 

Raymond, Raymond, 

Analyst Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains 

Sodium Chloride trace 9.92 

Magnesium Carbonate 22.96 2.08 

Magnesium Sulphate 129.28 223.36 

Calcium Carbonate 4.80 23.92 

Calcium Sulphate 88.48 81.92 

Ferrous Carbonate 2.88 

Total Solids 245.52 344.08 



MONTVALE SPRINGS, BLOUNT CO., TENN. 



CHALYBEATE 



Prof. J. B Mitchell J. R. Chilton, M. D. 



Analyst 
U. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 1.960 

Sodium Sulphate 4.512 

Magnesium Chloride 

Magnesium Sulphate 12.000 

Calcium Chloride 

Calcium Carbonate , 13.256 

Calcium Sulphate 74.208 

Ferrous Carbonate 2.400 

Ferric Oxide 

Alumina 496 

Silica 

Organic Matter 



Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains 

Grains 



8.816 


.096 


17.072 


.144 


81.944 


1.192 


trace 


.040 



Total Solids 108.832 



109.304 



OCEAN SPRINGS, JACKSON CO., MISS. 

CHALYBEATE 



U. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 47.768 

Potassium Chloride trace 

Magnesium Chloride 4.968 

Calcium Chloride 3.880 



J. L. Smith, analyst 

U. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Ferrous Oxide 4.712 

Iodine trace 

Alumina trace 

Organic Matter trace 



Total Solids, 61.32S 
Gases Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid 9.76 

Sulphureted Hydrogen 1.28 



SOUTHERN AND SOUTHWESTERN MINERAL SPRINGS 289 

OLYMPIAN SPRINGS, BATH CO., KY. 

SULPHURATED 
Dr. Peter, Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains U. 8. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 166.016 Ferrous Carbonate trace 

Potassium Chloride 10.672 Ferrous Bromide trace 

Magnesium Chloride 55.392 Alumina trace 

Magnesium Carbonate 7.232 Silica 1.048 

Calcium Carbonate 13.936 Water and Loss 78.660 

Calcium Sulphate trace 

Total Solids, 332.896 

Gases Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid not estimated 

Sulphureted hydrogen not estimated 



PAROQUET SPRINGS, BULLITT CO., KY. 

SULPHURETED 

Prof. P. L. Smith, Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 309.600 Magnesium Bromide 312 

Sodium Carbonate 376 Calcium Chloride 67.712 

Sodium Iodide 152 Calcium Carbonate 2.400 

Sodium Bromide 176 Calcium Sulphate 2.280 

Sodium Sulphate 2.416 Ferrous Carbonate 176 

Potasium Chloride 488 Aluminium Sulphate 496 

Magnesium Chloride 48.032 Silica 3.904 

Magnesium Carbonate . . 1.504 Organic Matter 2.136 

Magnesium Iodide 248 

Total Solids, 442.408 
Gases Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid 6.00 

Sulphureted Hydrogen 30.00 



ST. LOUIS ARTESIAN WELL, ST. LOUIS, MO. 

SALINE 

Dr. Litton, Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains TJ. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride . , , 350. 608 Calcium Carbonate 10. 632 

Potassium Chloride 9.008 Calcium Sulphate 45.672 

Magnesium Chloride 38.336 Ferrous Carbonate 528 

Magnesium Carbonate 1.016 Silica 136 

Calcium Chloride 27.584 

Total Solids, 483.520 
Gases Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid 6.56 

Sulphureted Hydrogen 24 



290 



MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

WARM SPRINGS, MERRIWETHER CO., GA. 

THERMAL 
Prof. A. Means, Analyst 



Temperature 90° F. 

Mi 

Ferrous Oxide 17.12 



U. S. gal. contains 
Grains 



Mineral Ingredients 

Magnesium Oxide 93.44 

Calcium Oxide 37.12 

Total Solids, 147.68 

Gases Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid 8.88 

Sulphureted Hydrogen trace 



U. S. gal. contain* 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 



WARM SPRINGS, MADISON CO., N. C. 

THERMAL 

Bathing Springs Drinking Spriugs 

E. Adelmarth, M. D. E. Adelmarth, M. D. 

Analyst Analyst 

Temp. 102° F. Temj). 97 Q - F. 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains 

Sodium Chloride • 912 1.096 

Sodium Sulphate 9.024 8.904 

Potassium Chloride 312 .504 

Potassium Sulphate 360 .472 

Magnesium Chloride 216 .368 

Magnesium Sulphate 1.344 8. 128 

Calcium Chloride 10.104 8.944 

Calcium Sulphate 40.8S0 40.536 

Soluble Silicates 8.968 9.536 

Total Solids 72.120 78.488 

Gases Cubic Inches Cubic Inche 

Carbonic Acid 10.96 10.72 

Sulphureted Hydrogen 1.76 2.48 



VIRGINIA MINERAL SPRINGS 



291 



Virginia Mineral Springs 



ALLEGHANY SPRING, MONTGOMERY CO., VA. 

CALCAREOUS 

F. A. Genth, Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 224 

Sodium Sulphate 1.424 

Potassium Sulphate 3.080 

Magnesium Carbonate 296 

Magnesium Sulphate. , 42.392 

Magnesium Nitrate 2.680 

Calcium Carbonate 3.008 

Calcium Sulphate 96.056 

Calcium Fluoride 016 

Ferrous Carbonate 128 

Total Solids, 152.456 
Gases Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid 9.60 

Sulphureted Hydrogen trace 



u. s 

Mineral Ingredients 


gal. contains 
Grains 


Manganese Carbonate . . 


. .048 


Barium Carbonate 


.016 


Lithium Carbonate 


trace 


Strontium Carbonate . . . 


. .048 


Aluminium Phosphate. . 


. .016 


Aluminium Silicate 


.168 


Ammonium Nitrate 


.464 


Silicic Acid 


.728 


Organic Matter 


1.664 



AUGUSTA SPRINGS (STRIBLING), AUGUSTA CO., VA. 



No. 1 

Chalybeate 

D. K. Tuttle, M. D. 
Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains 
Grains 



.760 



.352 



Mineral Ingredients 

Sodium Chloride 

Sodium Carbonate , 

Sodium Sulphate 

Potassium Carbonate 

Potassium Sulphate 

Magnesium Carbonate 976 

Magnesium Sulphate 

Calcium Carbonate 

Calcium Sulphate 224 

Ferrous Carbonate 072 

Silicic Acid , . . . 1.320 



Total Solids, 3.704 

Gases Cubic Inches 

Carbonic A cid 24.00 

Sulphureted Hydrogen 

A. 19 



No. 2 

Sulphureted 

D. K. Tuttle, M. E 
Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains 
Grains 

.640 
6.240 



.744 



No. 3 

Chalybeate 

D. K. Tuttle, M. D* 
Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains 
Grains 



2.008 



.984 



.760 



1.104 



9.632 


.832 


1.248 


3.08S 


.128 


.112 


.640 


.912 


21.2S0 


7.792 


Cubic Inches 


Cubic Inches 


10.40 


16.00 


.24 





292 



MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 



AUGUSTA SPRINGS (STRIBLING), AUGUSTA CO., VA. 

ALUM 



Mineral Ingredients 

Sodium Chloride 

Sodium Carbonate , 

Sodium Sulphate 664 

Potassium Carbonate 

Potassium Sulphate 536 

Magnesium Carbonate 

Magnesium Sulphate 528 

Calcium Carbonate 

Calcium Sulphate 14.656 

Ferrous Carbonate 

Ferrous Sulphate 9.536 

Sulphuric Acid 5.048 

Silicic Acid 1.952 

Aluminium Sulphate 16. 688 

Organic Matter 3.752 



No. 4 


No. 5 


No. 6 


Chalybeate 


Chalybeate 


Sulphureted 


D. K. Tuttle, M. D. 
Analyst 


D. K. Tuttle, M. D. 
Analyst 


D. K. Tattle, M. D. 
Analyst 


U. S. gal. contains 

Grains 


U. S. gal. contains 
Grains 


U. S. gal. contains 
Grains 



2.344 

8.904 

.344 

16.944 



1.792 

1.008 

6.576 

19.112 



13.144 


12.920 


9.816 


6.536 


2.112 


2.112 


17.952 


38.408 



Total Solids 53.360 



71.560 



88.464 



BATH ALUM SPRING, BATH CO., VA. 



CHALYBEATE 

No. 1 

A. A. Hayes, M. D. 
Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride .176 

Sodium Silicate 2.024 

Potassium Sulphate 

Magnesium Sulphate 2.816 

Calcium Sulphate 3.808 

Ferrous Oxide 14.512 

Sulphuric Acid 5.808 

Alumina 10.288 

Ammonium Crenate 1.856 

Total Solids. . . . , 41.288 

Gas Cubic Inches 
Carbonic Acid 1.12 



No. 2 

A. A. Hayes, M. 
Analyst 



U.S. 



gal. contain* 
Grains 



3.152 
.256 

1.280 

2.536 
21.776 

7.880 
12.288 

1.776 

50.944 



Cubic Inches 
8.00 



VIRGINIA MINERAL SPRINGS 293 

BEDFORD ALUM SPRINGS, BEDFORD CO., VA. 

CHALYBEATE 

PftoF. Gilliam, Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Potassium Sulphate 10. 160 Ferrous Sulphate 23.456 

Magnesium Sulphate 12.664 Sulphuric Acid 19.976 

Calcium Sulphate 18.672 Aluminium Sulphate 7.240 

Total Solids, 92.168 



BERKELEY SPRINGS, MORGAN CO., W. VA. 

CALCAREOUS 

A. A. Hayes, M. D., Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 896 Calcium Crenate 3.640 

Magnesium Sulphate 360 Ferrous Silicate 640 

Calcium Chloride 208 Ferrous Crenate 080 

Calcium Carbonate 5.000 Loss 064 

Total Solids, 10.888 



BLUE RIDGE SPRINGS, BOTETOURT CO., VA. 

PURGATIVE 

F. A. Genth, Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains , U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 248 Calcium Carbonate 3.776 

Sodium Sulphate 976 Calcium Sulphate 100.216 

Potassium Sulphate 400 Ferrous Carbonate 296 

Magnesium Carbonate 1.784 Silicic Acid 1.256 

Magnesium Sulphate 47.552 Alumina 144 

Total Solids, 156.648 



BUFFALO SPRINGS, MECKLENBURG CO., VA. 

SULPHURETED 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride trace Magnesium Sulphate 8.000 

Sodium Sulphate 1.304 Calcium Sulphate 3.496 

jnesium Chloride trace Ferrous Sulphate 2.600 

Total Solids, 15.400 
Gas Cubic Inches 

Sulphureted Hydrogen 1 .20 






294 



MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 



CAPON SPRINGS, HAMPSHIRE CO., W. VA. 
ALKALINE 

No. 1. No. 2. 

Main Spring Beauty Spring 

J. W. Mallet J. W. Mallet 

Analyst Analyst 

Imp. gal. contains Imp. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains 

Sodium Chloride 056 .054 

Sodium Carbonate 591 .631 

Potassium Sulphate 170 .163 

Magnesium Carbonate 1.441 1.269 

Calcium Carbonate 8.325 8.355 

Calcium Sulphate 593 .408 

Calcium Phosphate 002 .002 

Calcium Fluoride trace trace 

Ferrous Carbonate 041 .052 

Manganous Carbonate trace trace 

Lithium Carbonate distinct trace faint trace 

Strontium Sulphate , trace trace 

Cupric Carbonate trace 

Alumina 018 .015 

Silica 707 .672 

Nitrates trace trace 

Organic Matter 204 .189 

Total Solids 12.138 11.810 



60° F. and 30 inches 'pressure 

No. 1. 
Dissolved Gases Cubic Inches 

Carbon Dioxide 8.57 

Oxygen . , 1. 76 

Nitrogen 3.68 

Free Gases 14.01 



No. 2. 

Cubic Inches 

7.81 

1.69 

3.71 



13.21 



From No. i gas escapes in bubbles at frequent intervals to 
the extent of about 300 or 350 cubic inches per Hour. This 
consists of: 

Cubic Inches 

Nitrogen 78.74 

Oxygen 9.02 

Carbon Dioxide 4. 38 

Marsh-gas 7. 87 

100.00 



VIRGINIA MINERAL SPRINGS 



295 



CHURCH HILL ALUM SPRINGS, VA. 

CHALYBEATE 
J. C. Booth, M. D., analyst 



U. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 4.624 

Sodium Sulphate 1.944 

Potassium Sulphate.. 2.440 

Magnesium Sulphate 8(3.064 f 

Calcium Sulphate 88.832 

Ferrous Sulphate 24. 184 

Total Solids, 



U. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Ferric Persulphate 51.264 

Ferric Bisulphate 83.352 

Ammonium Sulphate 640 

Silica 10.424 

Phosphoric Acid trace 

Aluminium Persulphate . . 72. 928 

426.696 



GREENBRIER WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS 
GREENBRIER CO., W. VA. 

SULPHURETED 

Prof. A. A. Hayes Prof. W. B. Rogers 

Analyst Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains 

Sodium Chloride .520 

Sodium Sulphate 9.352 

Sodium Silicate ) 

Potassium Silicate > 3.456 

Magnesium Silicate \ 

Magnesium Chloride 1.000 . 160 

Magnesium Carbonate 1. 168 

Magnesium Sulphate 35.416 19.032 

Calcium Chloride .024 

Calcium Carbonate 7.072 3.558 

Calcium Sulphate 78.352 73.184 

Ferrous Sulphate .152 

Ferric Oxide trace 

Aluminium Sulphate .024 

Iodine undeterm. 

Earthy Phosphates trace 

Organic Matter 4.360 .008 

Total Solids 129.656 107.152 

Gases Cubic Inches Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid 11.28 S.48 

Sulphureted Hydrogen 24 2.96 

Oxygen 48 .40 

Nitrogen 4.64 4.32 



296 



MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 



HEALING SPRINGS, BATH CO., VA. 

THERMAL 

Old Spring 

Prof. Wm. Aiken 
Analyst 

Temp. 85° F. 

U. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 272 

Potassium Chloride 232 

Potassium Sulphate 2.208 

Magnesium Carbonate 1 . 248 

Magnesium Sulphate 7.24S 

Calcium Carbonate . 17.904 

Calcium Sulphate 1.320 

Ferrous Carbonate 072 

Ferrous Sulphate 176 

Ammonium Sulphate 232 

Iodine trace 

Bromine trace 

Silicic Acid 1.896 

Organic Matter S56 

Total Solids 33.664 

Gas Cubic Inches 
Carbonic Acid 4.64 



New Spring 

Prof. Wm. Aiken 
Analyst 

Temp. 88 Q F. 

U. S. gal. contains 
Grains 

.2S8 

.256 
2.528 
1.968 
7.392 
18.720 
1.264 

.272 

.104 

.232 
trace 
trace 
1.824 

.872 



35.720 

Cubic Inches 
4.80 



HOT SPRINGS, BATH CO., VA. 

THERMAL 

Ladies' Ladies' 

Boiler-Bath Sulphur-Bath 

Col. Wm. Gilham Col. Wm. Gilham 

Analyst Analyst 

Temp. 110" F. Temp. 108° F. 

IT. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains 

Sodium Chloride 120 .136 

Sodium Sulphate 1.024 1.008 

Potassium Chloride 1.600 .168 

Potassium Sulphate 1.344 1.824 

Magnesium Carbonate 2. 680 2. 800 

Magnesium Sulphate 5.656 5. 104 

Calcium Carbonate 17.344 16.440 

Calcium Sulphate 1.736 2.104 

Ferrous Carbonate 112 .064 

Silica 1.744 1.368 



Gentlemen's 
Pleasure-Bath 

Col. Wm. Gilham 
Analyst 

Temp. 78 s F. 

U. S. gal. contains 
Grains 

.128 

.848 

.160 

.568 
2.016 
1.064 
9.480 
3.024 

.080 

.688 



Total Solids.... 33.360 



31.016 



18.056 



VIRGINIA MINERAL SPRINGS 



297 



HOLSTON SPRINGS, SCOTT CO., VA. 

CALCAREOUS 

Peof. Hayden, Analyst 



U. S. gal. contains 
Grains 



1.52 



Mineral Ingredients 

Sodium Chloride 

Ammonium Chloride 

Sodium Sulphate trace 

Magnesium Sulphate 12.72 



U. S. gal. contains 
Grains 



Mineral Ingredients 

Calcium Carbonate 6.40 

Calcium Sulphate 20.48 

Aluminium Sulphate, trace 

Aluminium Phosphate .... trace 



Total Solids, 41.12 



JORDAN ALUM SPRINGS, ROCKBRIDGE CO., VA. 



ALKALINE AND CHALYBEATE 

Alum Spring 

Wm. E. Aiken 
Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 728 

Sodium Iodide 704 

Sodium Sulphate 176 

Sodium Silicate 2.512 

Potassium Sulphate 1.312 

Magnesium Carbonate 

Magnesium Sulphate 5. 176 

Calcium Sulphate 4.440 

Calcium Phosphate (tribasic) 

Ferrous Carbonate 

Ferrous Sulphate 18.536 

Ferrous Phosphate 248 

Ferrous Crenate 680 

Manganese Carbonate 

Ammonium Crenate . . 528 

Sulphuric Acid 23.640 

Alumina 

Aluminium Sulphate 25.376 

Silica 

Organic Matter : . . . .584 



Chalybeate Spring 

J. W. Mallet 
Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains 
Grains 

.112 



136 



.128 
.736 



3.712 
.016 
.704 



.040 



. .056 

.720 
.088 



Total Solids 84.640 



6.448 



Gases 
Carbonic Acid , 

Oxygen 

Nitrogen 



Cubic Inches 
.. 6.16 



Cubic Inches 
5.60 
1.60 
8.56 



298 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

JORDAN'S WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS, FREDERICK CO:, VA. 

SULPHURETED 

T. Antisell, Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 760 Ferrous Carbonate trace 

Potassium Carbonate 9.704 Manganese Carbonate 016 

Potassium Sulphate 2.096 Silicic Acid 256 

Magnesium Carbonate . 2.880 v Alumina 008 

Calcium Sulphate 5. 128 

Total Solids, 20.848 

Gas Cubic Inches 
Sulphureted Hydrogen 2.00 



KIMBERLING SPRINGS, BLAND CO., VA. 
SULPHURETED 
Dr. Tuttle, Analyst 

Imp. gal. contains Imp. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 4229 Calcium Sulphate 2. 3169 

Sodium Carbonate 6.2080 Silica 6733 

Potassium Carbonate 7500 Iron trace 

Magnesium Carbonate 1.6200 Sulphureted Hydrogen... .1737 

Calcium Carbonate 7238 Organic Matter 2. 160 

Total Solids, 15.0486 



NEW LONDON ALUM SPRINGS, CAMPBELL CO., VA. 

CHALYBEATE 

Prof. Gilham, Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Potassium Sulphate 10.160 Ferrous Sulphate 23.456 

Magnesium Sulphate 12.664 Aluminium 7.240 

Calcium Sulphate 18.672 Sulphuric Acid, free 19.976 

Total Solids, 92.168 






VIRGINIA MINERAL SPRINGS 



299 



OLD SWEET SPRINGS, MONROE CO., W. VA. 
CARBONATED 



Prof. W. B. Rogers, Analyst 



U. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 136 

Sodium Sulphate 6.344 

Magnesium Chloride 312 

Magnesium Carbonate 824 

Magnesium Sulphate 9. 392 

Calcium Chloride 144 

Total Solids, 
Gas 



U. S. gal. contains 
Grains 



Mineral Ingredients 

Calcium Carbonate 30.056 

Calcium Sulphate 13.168 

Ferric Oxide 144 

Iodine trace 

Silica 168 

Earthy Phosphates trace 

60.688 

Cubic Inches 



Carbonic Acid 88.00 



ORKNEY SPRINGS, SHENANDOAH CO., VA. 
ALKALINE AND CHALYBEATE 



Healing Spring 
J. W. Mallet 
Analyst 
U. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 120 

Sodium Carbonate .016 

Sodium Sulphide 

Potassium Chloride 032 

Potassium Sulphate 184 

Magnesium Carbonate 1. 128 

Magnesium Sulphate 

Calcium Carbonate 8.264 

Calcium Sulphate 1.144 

Calcium Phosphate (tribasic) 016 

Ferrous Carbonate 464 

Ferrous Sulphate 

Manganese Carbonate 008 

Lithium Sulphate . 

Sulphuric Acid 

Aluminium Sulphate 032 

Silica 832 

Organic Matter 

Total Solids 12.240 

Gases Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid 3.84 

Sulphureted Hydrogen 

Oxygen 1.36 

Nitrogen 2. 4S 





Bear Wallow 


Powder Spring 

J. W. Mallet 

Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains 

Grains 


Spring 

J. W. Mallet 

Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains 

Grains 


.352 


.088 


3.248 




.440 




.024 


.064 


.160 


.208 


2.952 






2.440 


3.816 




1.752 


.712 


trace 


.008 


.216 






4.536 


.016 






.064 




.352 


.016 


.056 


1.384 


1.536 


trace 


.064 


14.376 


10.128 


Cubic Inches 


Cubic Inches 


7.12 


4.80 


4.8S 






.40 


2.32 


1.20 



300 



MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 



RAWLEY SPRINGS, ROCKINGHAM CO., VA. 

CHALYBEATE 



Prof. J. W. Mallet, Analyst 



U. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 040 

Sodium Sulphate 544 

Potassium Sulphate 112 

Magnesium Carbonate 680 

Calcium Carbonate 440 

Calcium Sulphate 104 

Ferrous Carbonate 1.624 



U. S. gal. contains 
Grains 



Mineral Ingredients 

Manganese Carbonate 016 

Lithium Carbonate trace 

Ammonium Carbonate .... trace 

Alumina 040 

Silica 680 

Organic Matter 288 

Loss , 584 



Total Solids, 5.152 
Gas Cubic Inches 
Carbonic Acid 6. 16 



RED SULPHUR SPRINGS, MONROE CO., W. VA. 

SULPHURETED 
A. A. Hayes, M. D., Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 4. 144 Calcium Sulphate 552 

Magnesium Carbonate 4.816 Silicious and earthy matter .816 

Calcium Carbonate 5.248 Organic Matter (Sulphur \ 

Compound) J 8,S92 

Total Solids, 23.968 
Gases Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid 8.00 

Sulphureted Hydrogen 1.04 



ROCK ENON SPRINGS, FREDERICK CO., VA. 
COPPER SPRINGS 

CHALYBEATE 

Gale and Mew, Analysts 



U. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Carbonate 1.21 

Magnesium Chloride 1.12 

Magnesium Sulphate 12.89 

Calcium Carbonate 5.13 

Calcium Sulphate 3.56 



U. S. gal. contain* 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Ferrous Carbonate 14.25 

Manganese Carbonate. . . . 1.05 

Alumina 80 

Silica 42 



Total Solids, '40.43 



By spectrum analysis lithia was also found in it. 



VIRGINIA MINERAL SPRINGS 



301 



ROCKBRIDGE ALUM SPRINGS, ROCKBRIDGE CO., VA. 

CHALYBEATE 
A. A. Hayes, M. D., Analyst 

No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains, Grains 

Sodium Chloride 424 1.008 .440 

Sodium Silicate 2. 544 

Potassium Sulphate 1.768 

Magnesium Sulphate 1.080 1.760 4.416 

Calcium Sulphate 1.440 3.264 3.304 

Ferrous Oxide 3.680 4.864 4.696 

Ammonium Crenate 1.400 .704 1.224 

Sulphuric Acid 18.776 15.224 5.512 

Silicic Acid 2.840 1.704 

Alumina : 14.768 17.904 24.088 

Organic Matter 1.016 

t Total Solids 44.112 49.336 46.400 

Gas Cubic Inches Cubic Inches Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid 5.60 1.52 8.80 



SALT SULPHUR SPRINGS, MONROE CO., W. VA. 

SULPHURETED 

Old Spring Iodine Spring 

W. B. Rogers D. Stewart, M. D. 

Analyst Analyst 
U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains 

Sodium Chloride 1.576 1.504 

Sodium Carbonate 10.800 

Sodium Sulphate 22.360 24.000 

Potassium Carbonate 2. 328 

Magnesium Chloride 264 .280 

Magnesium Carbonate 3.312 7.000 

Magnesium Sulphate : 18.208 20.000 

Calcium Chloride 056 .560 

Calcium Carbonate 10.264 33.000 

Calcium Sulphate 84.904 68.000 

Ferrous Oxide 096 1.064 

Iodine trace .632 

Bromine . 648 

Silicic Acid 1 . 760 

Alumina . 184 

Earthy Phosphates (Soda and Lithia) trace .728 

Organic Matter with sulphur 9.240 

Total Solids 150.280 172. 4SS 

Gases Cubic Inches Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid 13.28 34.56 

Sulphureted Hdyrogen 3.44 19. 12 



302 



MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 



SWEET CHALYBEATE SPRINGS, ALLEGHANY CO., VA. 

CHALYBEATE 
Prof. W. B. Rogers, Analyst 



U. S. gal. contains 
Grains 



Mineral Ingredients 

Sodium Chloride 088 

Sodium Sulphate 3.232 

Magnesium Chloride 1.568 

Magnesium Sulphate 7. 176 



U. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Calcium Chloride 024 

Calcium Carbonate 2.696 

Calcium Sulphate 32.880 

Ferrous Oxide 736 



Total Solids, 48.400 
Gas Cubic Inches 
Carbonic Acid 104.00 



gal. contains 
Grains 



VARIETY SPRINGS, AUGUSTA CO., VA. 

ALUM 

Prof. Wm. Gilham, Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains U 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients 

Sodium Chloride 296 Ferrous Sulphate 5.112 

Potassium Sulphate 288 Sulphuric Acid, free 1.368 

Magnesium Sulphate 11.640 Aluminium Sulphate. .. . 34.408 

Calcium Sulphate 13.328 Silica 1.136 

Total Solids, 67.576 



WARM SPRINGS, BATH CO., VA. 

THERMAL 

A. A. Hayes, M. D., Analyst 

Temperature 96° to 98° F. 

U. S. gal. contains U, S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Potassium Sulphate 1.371 Ammonium Sulphate 369 

Calcium Carbonate 5.220 Magnesium and Alumin- 

Calcium Sulphate 14.531 ium Silicates 1.724 

Ferrous Crenate 2.498 Carbonic Acid 6.919 

Total Solids, 32.632 



YELLOW SULPHUR SPRINGS, MONTGOMERY CO., VA. 

SULPHURETED 

Prof. W. M. Gilham, Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Calcium Carbonate 8.640 

Calcium Sulphate 63.296 

Calcium Phosphate 016 

Ferrous Carbonate 616 

Aluminium Sulphate .... 3.176 

Organic Matter 3.728 



Mineral Ingredients 


U. S. gal. contains 
Grains 


Sodium Chloride 


072 


Sodium Sulphate 


744 


Potassium Chloride .... 


096 


Potassium Sulphate . . . 


104 



Magnesium Carbonate 1.384 

Magnesium Sulphate 21.096 

Magnesium Phosphate 008 

Total Solids, 102.976 
Gases Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid 10.00 

Sulphureted Hydrogen iindetermined 



PENNSYLVANIA MINERAL SPRINGS 



303 



Pennsylvania Mineral Springs 
BEDFORD SPRINGS, BEDFORD CO., PA. 

PURGATIVE 



Dr. Church, Analyst 



u. 



S. gal. contains 
Grains 



Mineral Ingredients 

Calcium Sulphate 15.000 

Ferrous Carbonate 5.000 

Loss 3.000 



Mineral Ingredients 

Sodium Chloride 10.000 

Magnesium Sulphate 80.000 

Calcium Chloride 3.000 

Calcium Carbonate 8.000 

Total Solid; 

Gas Cubic Inches 
Carbonic Acid 74.00 



U. 



S. gal. contains 
Grains 



124.000 



CRESSON SPRINGS, CAMBRIA CO., PA. 



SALINE 



Iron Spring 

F. A. Genth 
Analyst 

TJ. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 04063 

Sodium Bicarbonate 

Sodium Sulphate 1.64331 

Potassium Bicarbonate 

Potassium Sulphate 32405 

Magnesium Chloride 

Magnesium Bicarbonate 

Magnesium Sulphate 22.58007 

Calcium Chloride 

Calcium Bicarbonate 3.52946 

Calcium Sulphate 48.91824 

Calcium Phosphate 02914 

Ferrous Bicarbonate 5.03471 

Ferrous Sulphate 23.47923 

Manganese Bicarbonate 

Ferric Sulphate trace 

Lithium Sulphate trace 

Aluminium Sulphate 1.60466 

Silicic Acid 1.20832 

Nitrous Acid 

Carbonic Acid, free 

Alumina 



Alum Spring 

F. A. Genth 
Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains 
Grains 

.02336 
.70389 
.42622 

27.69855 



40.20179 

trace 

3.74756 

16.25273 

trace 

33.38970 

.04693 

21.20498 

1.S6794 



Magnesia Spring 

F. A. Genth 
Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains 
Grains 

1.22974 

1.42582 



.20671 

.55962 
.41434 



1.30444 
.02252 
.10912 
.00408 
.01753 

trace 



Total Solids 108.39182 



145.56374 



.91455 

trace 

.66390 

.00876 

6.88113 



304 



MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 



FAYETTE SPRINGS, FAYETTE CO., PA. 

CHALYBEATE 



F. A. Gexth, Analvst 



U. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 08522 

Sodium Sulphate 19965 

Potassium Sulphate 11525 

Magnesium Bicarbonate... 1.53414 

Magnesium Sulphate 25472 

Calcium Bicarbonate 9.33441 

Calcium Sulphate 05542 

Total Solids, 



U. S. gal. contains 



Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Calcium Phosphate 04822 

Ferrous Bicarbonate .. . 1.06709 
Manganese Bicarbonate .04795 

Silicic Acid 1.19690 

Nitrous Acid trace 

Carbonic Acid, free 38284 

Alumina trace 

14.32181 



GETTYSBURG, ADAMS CO., PA. 

SALINE 

Katalysine Spring 

F. A. Genth 
Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 65790 

Sodium Bicarbonate 70457 

Sodium Sulphate 2.46776 

Potassium Sulphate 20836 

Magnesium Bicarbonate 54260 

Magnesium Sulphate 6.77940 

Magnesium Borate 03492 

Calcium Bicarbonate 16.40815 

Calcium Sulphate 83145 

Calcium Phosphate 00679 

Calcium Fluoride 00954 

Ferrous Bicarbonate 03585 

Manganese Bicarbonate 00669 

Barium Sulphate trace 

Lithium Chloride trace 

Strontium Sulphate 00427 

Alumina 00380 

Silicic Acid 2.03076 

Nickel Bicarbonate trace 

Cobalt Bicarbonate trace 

Copper Bicarbonate 00050 

Organic Matter, with traces of Nitric Acid 70870 

Impurities suspended in water, like clays 1. 10069 

Total Solids 32.54272 



Stremmel's Spring 

F. A. Genth 
Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains 
Grains 

.31836 
3.37602 



.15399 
5.82961 
3.29559 

9.95838 
.48243 
.00963 



.04203 
,00485 



trace 



.02425 

1.75473 



25.24987 



PENNSYLVANIA MINERAL SPRINGS 



305 



MINNEQUA SPRING, BRADFORD CO., 
SALINE 
F. A. G-enth, Analyst 



PA. 



U. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 19209 

Sodium Bicarbonate 1.33046 

Potassium Bicarbonate 13885 

Magnesium Bicarbonate ... . 1.58988 

Magnesium Borate 07980 

Calcium Bicarbonate 6.52477 

Calcium Phosphate 01231 

Ferrous Bicarbonate 04204 

Manganese Bicarbonate 06299 

Total Solids 



U.S. 



}- 



Mineral Ingredients 
Barium Bicarbonate , 
Barium Sulphate 
Lithium Chloride . . 
Zinc Bicarbonate. 
Nitrite 
Nitrate 
Silicic Acid. 

Alumina 

Sulphureted Hydrogen. 
10.75893 



ammonia. 



gal. contains 
Grains 

.01380 

.00175 

trace 

.01157 

.00025 

.74194 
.00253 
.01390 



SALTILLO SPRINGS, HUNTINGDON CO. 

SALINE 

McVitty's Spring 

F. A. Genth 

Analyst 

U.S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 06329 

Sodium Sulphate 1.00664 

Potassium Sulphate 15624 

Magnesium Bicarbonate 1.87476 

Magnesium Sulphate '00456 

Calcium Bicarbonate 9.84013 

Calcium Sulphate 

Calcium Phosphate trace 

Ferrous Bicarbonate 14022 

Silicic Acid. 59007 

Sulphureted Hydrogen 01490 

Total Solids 13.69081 



U.S. 



PA. 

McCarthy's Spring 
F. A. Genth 
Analyst 
gal. contains 
Grains 

.20571 

7.79412 

.22291 

.88262 

41.79795 

22.24300 

72.19660 

trace 

.08108 

1.16846 

.01589 



146.60834 



New York Mineral Springs 



contains 
Grains 



ADIRONDACK SPRINGS, WHITEHALL, N 

CARBONATED 

Prof. C. Collier, Analyst 

U. S. gal 
Mineral Ingredients 

Sodium Chloride 14.340 

Sodium Carbonate 5. 135 

Potassium Carbonate 5.317 

Magnesium Carbonate 16.818 

Calcium Carbonate : . 18.543 

Calcium Sulphate 11. 134 

Total Solids, 77.092 
Gas Cubic Inches 
Free Carbonic Acid 67.275 



Y. 



U. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Ferrous Carbonate 5.040 

Manganese Carbonate . . . traces 

Lithium Carbonate 023 

Alumina traces 

Silica 742 



306 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

ALBANY ARTESIAN WELL, ALBANY, N. Y. 
SALINE 

Dr. Meade, Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 504.00 Calcium Carbonate 32.00 

Sodium Carbonate 40.00 Ferrous Carbonate (with a 

Magnesium Carbonate 16.00 little Silica) 8.00 

Total Solids, 600.00 
Gas Cubic Inches 
Carbonic Acid 224.00 

This well is five hundred feet deep. 



AUBURN SPRINGS, near AUBURN, N. Y. 

SULPHURETED 

Dr. Chilton, Analyst 



U. S. gal. contains 
Grains 



U. S gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 



Mineral Ingredients 

Sodium Chloride 6.00 Magnesium Sulphate 25.60 

Magnesium Chloride 2.00 Calcium Sulphate 120.00 

Total Solids, 153.60 
Gas Cubic Inches 
Sulphureted Hydrogen 12.00 



AVON SPRINGS, LIVINGSTON CO., N. Y. 

SULPHURETED 



Upper Spring 

Prof. Hadley 
Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 18.400 

Sodium Sulphate 16.000 

Sodium Iodide 

Magnesium Sulphate 10.000 

Calcium Chloride 

Calcium Carbonate 8.000 

Calcium Sulphate 84.000 



Lower Spring 

Dr. J. R. Chilton 
Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains 
Grains 



Total Solids 136.400 



13.728 
trace 

49.608 
8.408 

29.328 

57.440 

158.512 



New Bath Spring 

Prof. Beck 
Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains 
Grains 

5.680 

38.720 



5.080 



26.960 
3.520 

82.960 



Gases Cubic Inches Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid 5.60 3.92 

Sulphureted Hydrogen 12.00 10.00 



Cubic Inches 



.40 



NEW YORK MINERAL SPRINGS 



307 



BALLSTON SPA, SARATOGA CO., N. 
SALINE 



United States 
Geology of N. Y. 
U. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 424.960 

Sodium Carbonate 16.880 

Sodium Bromide 

Sodium Iodide 

Sodiuji Sulphate 1.76 

Sodium Phosphate 

Sodium Biborate 

Potassium Chloride 

Potassium Sulphate 

Magnesium Carbonate 5. 760 

Calcium Carbonate 29.200 

Calcium Fluoride 

Ferrous Carbonate trace 

Barium Carbonate 

Lithium Carbonate 

Strontium Carbonate 

Alumina 

Silica 8.000 

Organic Matter 

Total Solids 486.560 

Gas Cubic Inches 
Carbonic Acid 244.00 



Y. 



u. 



Ballston Artesian 

Lithian Well 

C. F. Chandler 

Analyst 

S. gal. contains 

Grains 

750.024 

8.272 

3.640 

.120 



.048 

trace 

33.272 

.520 

107.024 

165.200 

trace 

1.144 

3.176 

5.608 

.664 

.072 

.760 

trace 

1079.744 

Cubic Inches 
426.08 



Franklin Artesian 

Well 

C. F. Chandler 

Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 659.344 

Sodium Carbonate 65.600 

Sodium Bromide 4.664 

Sodium Iodide 232 

Sodium Phosphate 008 

Sodium Biborate trace 

Potassium Chloride 33.928 

Potassium Sulphate 760 

Magnesium Carbonate 105.400 

Calcium Carbonate 140.520 

Calcium Fluoride trace 

Ferrous Carbonate 1.168 

Barium Carbonate 1.000 

Lithium Carbonate 4.904 

Strontium Carbonate trace 

Alumina 256 

Silica 736 

Organic Matter trace 

Total Solids , , 1018.520 

Gas Cubic Inches 
Carbonic Acid 460.0S 

A. 20 



Condo Dentonean 

Well 
C. F. Chandler 

Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains 

Grains 

645.480 

23.856 

2.368 

.224 

trace 

trace 

9.232 

trace 

93.832 

123.952 

trace 

1.664 

3.872 

7.600 

.144 

.392 

1.024 

trace 

913.640 

Cubic Inches 
35S.32 



308 



MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 



BALLSTON SPA, SARATOGA CO., N. Y. 
SALINE 

Steele, Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 143.733 Calcium Carbonate 43.407 

Sodium Bicarbonate 12.660 Ferrous Carbonate 5.950 

Sodium Iodide 1.300 Silica 1.00U 

Magnesium Bicarbonate ... . 39.100 

Total Solids, 247.150 



CHERRY VALLEY, OTSEGO CO., N. Y. 



Bath-House 

Spring 

Sulphureted 

J. R. Chilton 

Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 12.440 

Sodium Sulphate 11.080 

Sodium Sulphide 600 

Potassium Chloride 

Magnesium Chloride 3. 680 

Magnesium Carbonate 17.816 

Magnesium Sulphate. 24.560 

Calcium Chloride 2.800 

Calcium Carbonate 9.416 

Calcium Sulphate 57.680 

Calcium Phosphate 

Ferrous Carbonate 

Silex 

Silica 

Silica and Alumina 360 

Organic Matter 280 



Spring north of 
Bath-House 


Phosphate 
Spring 


Sulphureted 


Saline 


Prof. Perkins 
Analyst 


Prof. Perkins 
Analyst 


U. S. gal. contains 
Grains 


U. S. gaJ. contains 
Grains 


2.128 


.472 


2.488 




9.960 


4.576 


14.752 


2.864 


149.464 


5.272 




13.768 


2.448 


.624 


3.640 






.624 



Total Solids 140.712 



184.880 



28.200 



COLUMBIA SPRINGS, HUDSON, COLUMBIA CO., N. Y. 
SULPHURETED 



U. S. gal. contains 
Grains 



Mineral Ingredients 

Sodium Chloride 84.720 

Sodium Sulphate 8. 144 

Sodium Phosphate 2.136 

Potassium Chloride 1. 192 

Magnesium Chloride 31.432 

Total Solids, 218.584 



Atwood, Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Calcium Carbonate 21. 792 

Calcium Sulphate 64.936 

Ferric Chloride 3.416 

Loss 816 



Gas Cubic Inches 
Sulphureted Hydrogen 4.48 



NEW YORK MINERAL SPRINGS 



309 



CHITTENANGO SPRINGS, MADISON CO., N. Y. 
SULPHURETED 

White Sulphur Cave Spring Magnesia 

Prof. C. F. Chandler Prof. C. F. Chandler Prof. C. F. Chandler 

Analyst Analyst Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains Grains 

Sodium Chloride 1.032 1.568 1.832 

Sodium Sulphate 216 

Sodium Sulphide 112 .344 .752 

Sodium Hyposulphite .256 .016 

Potassium Chloride 152 .232 .328 

Magnesium Carbonate 13.048 14.208 11.512 

Magnesium Sulphate 1.952 7.584 12.712 

Calcium Sulphate 81.416 26.120 115.080 

Calcium Sulphide 1.120 .928 

Ferrous Carbonate 056 .112 .232 

Lithium Chloride trace trace trace 

Strontium Sulphate trace trace trace 

Alumina 080 .216 trace 

Silica 280 .512 .576 

Total Solids 98.344 52.272 143.968 

Prof. Collier Prof. Collier Prof. Collier 

Analyst Analyst Analyst 

Gases Cubic Inches Cubic Inches Cubic Inches 

CarbonicAcid 36.0 25.6 18.4 

Sulphureted Hydrogen 8 3.2 12. 8 



CLIFTON SPRINGS, ONTARIO CO., N. Y. 

SULPHURETED 



Prof. J. R. Chilton, Analyst 



U. S. gal. contains 
Grains 



Minora! Ingredients 

Sodium Chloride 9.28 

Sodium Sulphate 7.76 

Magnesium Chloride 4.08 

Magnesium Carbonate 13. 12 

Magnesium Sulphate 16.48 



U. S. gal. contains 
Grains 



Mineral Ingredients 

Calcium Chloride 4.08 

Calcium Carbonate 9. 68 

Calcium Sulphate 69.20 

Organic Matter trace 



Total Solids, 133.68 



"Sulphureted hydrogen and carbonic acid abound, but 
the quantity having been materially lessened while con- 
veyed to New York, the proper amount could not be ascer- 
tained." 



310 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

FLORIDA, MONTGOMERY CO., N. Y. 
SULPHURETED 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contain! 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 5.880 Magnesium Bicarbonate. 6.972 

Sodium Bicarbonate 22. 143 Calcium Bicarbonate .... 8.317 

Sodium Sulphide 2. 008 Ferrous Sulphide 176 

Sodium Hyposulphite 711 Alumina trace 

Potassium Sulphate 1.390 Silica , 793 

Total Solids, 43.390 

Gases Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid 32. 169 

Sulphureted Hydrogen 3.765 



LEBANON SPRINGS, COLUMBIA CO., N. Y. 

THERMAL 
Prof. H. Pussance, Analyst 

Temperature, 73° 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 960 Calcium Carbonate 4.048 

Sodium Carbonate 2.408 Ferric Oxide 936 

Sodium Sulphide 016 Alumina 448 

Potassium Sulphate 1.040 Silicic Acid 3.248 

Magnesium Sulphate 1.056 Organic Com-^ Glairine .. ' .752 

pounds.... ( Baregine.. 9.464 
Total Solids, 24.376 
Gases Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid 48 

Nitrogen 3.52 

Oxygen 2.00 



LONGMUIR'S WELL, ROCHESTER, N. Y. 

SULPHURETED 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 52.16 Carbonates of Lime and^ 

Sodium Sulphate 55.92 Magnesia j 1L84 

Ferrous Oxide trace 

Total Solids, 119.92 
Gas Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid „ Small quantity 

Sulphureted Hydrogen 17.28 



NEW YORK MINERAL SPRINGS 311 

MESSENA SPRINGS, ST. LAWRENCE CO., N. Y. 

SULPHURETED 

Prof. Fred F. Meyer, Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 79.688 Magnesium Chloride 29.928 

Sodium Sulphate 3.496 Magnesium Bromide 672 

Sodium Sulphide 1.408 Calcium Carbonate 3.376 

Sodium Hyposulphite 4.208 Calcium Sulphate 60.928 

Sodium Phosphate 1.320 Ferrous Carbonate 360 

Potassium Chloride 504 Silicate of Soda 1 1 .176 

Total Solids, 197.064 

Gases Cubic Inches 
Sulphureted Hydrogen 5.304 



OAK ORCHARD SPRING, GENESEE CO., N. Y. 

ACID 

Prof. Porter, Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 1.432 Ferrous Sulphate 33.216 

Sodium Sulphate 3.162 Aluminium Sulphate .. . 6.413 

Potassium Sulphate 2.479 Sulphuric Acid 133.312 

Magnesium Sulphate 8.491 Silicic Acid 3.324 

Calcium Sulphate 13.724 Organic Matter .. 6.654 

Total Solids, 211.207 



RICHFIELD SPRINGS, OTSEGO CO., N. Y. 

SULPHURETED 

Prof. Reid, Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride ") Magnesium Sulphide . . ~) 

> 1 496 > 2 000 

Magnesium Chloride j ' Calcium Sulphide j 

Magnesium Carbonate 11.840 Calcium Carbonate 6.960 

Magnesium Sulphate 30.000 Calcium Sulphate 20.300 

Undetermined 153.496 

Total Solids, 225.496 
Gas Cubic Inches 
Sulphureted Hydrogen 2.64 



312 



MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 



SHARON SPRINGS, SCHOHARIE CO., N. Y 

SULPHURETED 

White Sulphur Spring 
Dr. Chilton 
Analyst 
U. S. gal. contains U 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 2.240 

Sodium Carbonate 

Sodium Sulphate 

Sodium Sulphide ) 

Calcium Sulphide ( 

Magnesium Chloride 2. 400 

Magnesium Carbonate 

Magnesium Sulphate 42.400 

Magnesium Sulphide 

Calcium Sulphide 

Calcium Chloride 

Calcium Carbonate 

Calcium Sulphate 111.600 

Silicic Acid 

Total Solids 160.880 

Gases Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid 

Sulphureted Hydrogen 16.00 

Atmospheric Air 



Red Sulphur 
Prof. L. Reed 

Analyst 
S. gal. contains 
Grains 

.328 
.344 



.728 

.408 

18.960 

.888 

.064 

8.976 

96.640 

.446 

127.784 

Cubic Inches 
4.56 
10.48 
4.00 



Gardner Magnesia 
Prof. L. Reed 
Analyst 
U. S. gal. contains U. 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 1.232 

Sodium Carbonate 336 

Sodium Sulphate 

Potassium Sulphate 

Magnesium Chloride 432 

Magnesium Carbonate 800 

Magnesium Sulphate 19.680 

Magnesium Sulphide ) 

Calcium Sulphide \ 6,24S 

Calcium Chloride 160 

Calcium Carbonate 6. 736 

Calcium Sulphate 93.496 

Ferrous Sulphate 

Silicic Acid 400 

Oranic Matter 

Total Solids 129.520 

Gases Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid 2.216 

Sulphureted Hydrogen 6.000 

Atmospheric Air 3.000 



Chalybeate 

Prof. Maisch 

Analyst 1861 

S. gal. contains 

Grains 



3.736 

trace 

8.960 
8.152 



63.800 
1.400 

28.480 

114.528 

Cubic Inches 



NEW YORK MINERAL SPRINGS 



313 



Total Solids 628.039 

Gas Cubic Inches 
Carbonic Acid 409.458 



SARATOGA SPRINGS, SARATOGA CO. 
SALINE 



High Rock 
Chandler, Analyst 

Temp. 52° F. 
U. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 390.127 

Sodium Bicarbonate 34.888 

Sodium Bromide 731 

Sodium Biborate 

Sodium Iodide 086 

Sodium Phosphate 

Potassium Chloride 8.497 

Potassium Sulphate 1.608 

Magnesium Bicarbonate 54. 924 

Calcium Bicarbonate 131.739 

Calcium Phosphate trace 

Calcium Fluoride trace 

Ferrous Bicarbonate 1.478 

Barium Bicarbonate trace 

Lithium Bicarbonate 

Strontium Bicarbonate trace 

Alumina 1.223 

Alumina and Ferric Oxide 

Phosphates 

Silica... 2.260 

Organic matter trace 



N. Y. 



Red 


Congress 


Appleton, Analyst 


Chandler, Analys 


U. S. gal. contains 


U. S. gal. contains 


Grains 


Grains 


83.530 


400.444 


15.327 


10.775 




8.559 




trace 




.138 




.016 


6.857 


8.049 




.889 


42.413 


121.757 


101.256 


143.393 




trace 




.340 




.928 


.942 


4.761 


trace 


trace 




trace 



2.100 
trace 
3.255 



254.719 

Cubic Inches 



.840 



700.895 
Cubic Inches 
392.289 



PART II 

Columbian Hamilton Washington 

Chandler, Analyst Steele, Analyst Chilton, Analys 

Temp. 50 s F. Temp. U5° F. 
U S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contain: 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains Grains 

Sodium Chloride 267.000 297.300 182.733 

Sodium Bicarbonate 15.400 27.036 8.474 

Sodium Iodide 2.560 3.000 2.243 

Potassium Bromide trace trace .474 

Magnesium Chloride . 6S0 

Magnesium Bicarbonate 46.710 35.200 65.973 

Magnesium Sulphate .051 

Calcium Chloride ....... .203 

Calcium Bicarbonate 68.000 92.400 S4.096 

Ferrous Bicarbonate 5. 580 5. 390 3. S00 

Silicic Acid 1.500 

Alumina trace 

Silica 2.050 

Total Solids 407.300 460.326 350. 227 

Gas Cubic Inches Cubic Inches Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid 272.060 316.000 363.770 



314 



MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 



PART III 

Putnam 

Chilton, Analyst 
Temp. 51° F. 
U. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 214.300 

Sodium Bicarbonate 14. 320 

Sodium Bromide 

Sodium Biborate 

Sodium Iodide 2.000 

Sodium Sulphate 1.680 

Sodium Phosphate 

Potassium Chloride 

Potassium Sulphate 

Magnesium Bicarbonate 51.600 

Calcium Bicarbonate 68.800 

Calcium Phosphate 210 

Calcium Fluoride 

Ferrous Bicarbonate 7.000 

Barium Bicarbonate 

Lithium Bicarbonate 

Strontium Bicarbonate 

Alumina 560 

Silica 840 

Organic Matter , 

Total Solids 361.010 

Gas Cubic Inches 
Carbonic Acid 348.880 

PART IV 

United States 
Chandler, Analyst 
U.S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 141.872 

Sodium Bicarbonate ... 4.666 

Sodium Bromide 844 

Sodium Biborate trace 

Sodium Iodide 047 

Sodium Sulphate 

Sodium Silicate 

Sodium Phosphate 016 

Potassium Chloride 8.624 

Potassium Bromide 

Potassium Sulphate 

Potassium Silicate 

Magnesium Bicarbonate 72.883 

Calcium Bicarbonate 93. 119 

Calcium Fluoride trace 

Ferrous Bicarbonate 714 

Barium Bicarbonate 909 

Lithium Bicarbonate 4.847 

Strontium Bicarbonate 018 

Strontium Sulphate 

Alumina 094 

Silica 3.184 

Organic Matter „ trace 

Total Solids 331.837 

Gas Cubic Inches 
Carbonic Acid 245.734 



Star 
Chandler, Analyst 

Temp. 50° F' 
U. S. gal. contains 
Grains 

398.361 

12.662 

.571 

trace 
.126 



Pavilion 
Chandler, Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains 
Grains 

459.903 
3.764 

.987 

trace 

.071 



trace 


.007 


9.695 


7.660 


5.400 


2.032 


61.912 


76.267 


124.459 


120.169 


trace 


trace 


1.213 


2.570 


.996 


.875 


1.586 


9.486 


trace 


trace 


trace 


.329 


1.283 


3.155 


trace 


trace 


617.367 


687.275 


Cubic Inches 


Cubic Inches 


407.650 


332.458 


Empire 


Excelsior 


Chandler, Analyst 


Allen, Analyst 


. S. gal. contains 


U. S. gal. contains 


Grains 


Grains 


506.630 


370.642 


9.022 


15.000 


.266 




trace 




.006 


4.235 




1.321 




4.000 


.023 




4.292 


\ « 




trace 


2.769 






7.666 


42.953 


32.333 


109.656 


77.000 


trace 




.793 


3.2i5 


.070 




2.080 




trace 






trace 


.415 




1.458 




trace 





680.436 

Cubic Inches 

344.667 



514.746 

Cubic Inches 

250.000 



NEW YORK MINERAL SPRINGS 



315 



PART V 

Saratoga A 
Pohle, Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 565.300 

Sodium Bicarbonate 6. 752 

Sodium Bromide 

Sodium Biborate 

Sodium Iodide 

Sodium Sulphate 2.500 

Sodium Phosphate 

Potassium Chloride 357 

Potassium Sulphate 370 

Magnesium Chloride trace 

Magnesium Bicarbonate 20.480 

Magnesium Sulphate 28 8 

Calcium Chloride trace 

Calcium Bicarbonate 56.852 

Calcium Sulphate 448 

Calcium Phosphate 

Calcium Fluoride 

Ferrous Bicarbonate 1.724 

Barium Bicarbonate 

Lithium Bicarbonate 1 . 724 

Strontium Bicarbonate 

Boracic Acid 

Silicic Acid 1.460 

Alumina 380 

Silica 

Organic Matter trace 

Total Solids 656.911 

Gas Cubic Inches 
Carbonic Acid 212.000 

PART VI 

Hathorn 
Chandler, Analvst 

Temp. U7 Q F. 
U. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 509.968 

Sodium Bicarbonate 4.288 

Sodium Bromide 1.534 

Sodium Biborate trace 

Sodium Iodide 198 

Sodium Phosphate 006 

Potassium Chloride 9.597 

Patassium Bromide 

Potassium Sulphate 

Magnesium Bicarbonate 176.463 

Magnesium Sulphate 

Calcium Bicarbonate 170.646 

Calcium Fluoride trace 

Ferrous Bicarbonate 1. 128 

Barium Bicarbonate 1.737 

Lithmm Bicarbonate 1 1.447 

Strontium Bicarbonate trace 

Alumina 131 

Silica 1.260 

Organic Matter trace 

Total Solids 888.403 

Gas Cubic Inches 
Carbonic Acid 575.747 



Seltzer 


Union 


Chandler, Analyst 


Chandler, Analyst 


Temp. 50° F. 


Temp. l£°F. 


U. S. gal. contains 


U. S. gal. contains 


Grains 


Grains 


134.291 


453.299 


29.428 


17.010 


.630 


1.307 


trace 


trace 


.031 


.039 


trace 


.026 


1.335 


8.733 


.557 


1.818 


40.339 


109.685 


89! 869 


96.' 730 


trace 




trace 


trace 


1.703 


.269 


trace 


1.703 


.899 


2.605 


trace 


trace 


trace 




' ' .374 


"".324 


2.561 


2.653 


trace 


trace 


302.017 


701.174 


Cubic Inches 


Cubic Inrhes 


324.080 


384.969 


Eureka 


Geyser 


Allen, Analyst 


Chandler, Analyst 




Temp. U6° F. 


U. S. gal. contains 


U. S. gal. contains 


Grains 


Grains 


166.811 


562.080 


8.750 


71.232 




2.212 




trace 


4.666 


.248 




trace 




24.634 


1.566 






iis 


29.340 


149.343 


2.148 




41.321 


168.392 




trace 


3.000 


.979 




2.014 




9.004 




.425 


.231 


trace 


.531 


.665 




trace 


258.365 


991.546 


Cubic Inches 


Cubic Inches 


239.000 


454. 0S2 



316 



MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 



PART VII 

Crystal Champion Vichy- 
Chandler, Analyst Chandler, Analyst Chandler, Analyst 

Temp. 50* F. Temp. h9 Q F. Temp. 50" F. 
U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains Grains 

Sodium Chloride 328.468 702.239 128.689 

Sodium Bicarbonate 10.064 17.624 82.873 

Sodium Bromide 414 3.579 .990 

Sodium Biborate trace trace 

Sodium Iodide 066 2.321 trace 

Sodium Phosphate 009 .010 trace 

Potassium Chloride 8.327 40.446 14.113 

Potassium Sulphate 2.158 

Magnesium Bicarbonate 75. 161 193.912 

Calcium Bicarbonate 101.881 227.070 

Calcium Fluoride trace trace 

Ferrous Bicarbonate 2.038 .647 

Barium Bicarbonate 726 2.083 

Lithium Bicarbonate 4.326 6.247 

Strontium Bicarbonate trace .082 

Alumina 305 .458 

Silica..., 3.213 .699 

Organic Matter trace trace 

Total Solids 537.155 1,195.582 315.176 

Gas Cubic Inches Cubic Inches Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid 317.452 465.458 383.071 



41.503 
95.522 

trace 
.052 
.593 

1.760 

trace 
.473 
.758 

trace 



PART VIII 

Kissingen Triton 
Sharpless, Analyst Sharpless, Analyst 
Temp. hO^ F. 
U. S. gal. contains U. S gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains 

Sodium Chloride 338.500 238.496 

Sodium Bicarbonate 67.617 46.888 

Sodium Bromide 1.800 1.800 

Sodium Iodide .*. 042 .040 

Potassium Chloride 16.980 16.984 

Potassium Sulphate trace trace 

Magnesium Bicarbonate 70.470 41.768 

Calcium Carbonate 140.260 91.256 

Calcium Fluoride trace trace 

Ferrous Bicarbonate 1.557 1. 128 

Barium Bicarbonate 992 .816 

Lithium Bicarbonate 5. 129 3.224 

Strontium Bicarbonate trace trace 

Alumina trace trace 

Silica 1.280 1.280 

Total Solids 644.627 443.680 

Gas Cubic Inches Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid 361.500 360.800 



NEW ENGLAND MINERAL SPRINGS 317 



New England Mineral Springs 

ALBURGH SPRINGS, GRAND ISLE CO., VT. 

SULPHURETED 

C. T. Jackson, M. D., Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 8. 760 Calcium Chloride ) J „_ 

\ 4 808 
Sodium Sulphate 7.096 Calcium Carbonate . . .^ 

Potassium Sulphate ) Insoluble Matters 800 

Potassium Sulphide \ Organic soil acid and loss 2,000 

Magnesium Chloride 5.016 

Total Solids, 38.376 



BIRCHDALE SPRINGS, CONCORD, N. H. 

CALCAREOUS 
C. F. Chandler, Analyst, 1873 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 376 Calcium Carbonate 1.456 

Sodium Carbonate 128 Ferrous Carbonate 272 

Sodium Sulphate 256 Alumina .112 

Sodium Phosphate 008 Silica 920 

Potassium Sulphate 064 Organic Matter 672 

Magnesium Carbonate 504 

Total Solids, 4.768 



CLARENDON SPRINGS, RUTLAND CO., VT. 

CALCAREOUS 

A. A. Hayes, M. D., Analyst 



Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Sulphate ) 

Magnesium Sulphate../ 2.72 

Calcium Chloride. . . ..) 

Calcium Carbonate 3.04 

Total Solids, 5.76 
Gases Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid 46. 16 

Nitrogen 9.60 



U. S. gal. contains 



318 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

HIGHGATE SPRINGS, FRANKLIN CO., VT. 

SULPHURETED 

Champlain Spring 

A. A. Hayes, M. D. T. Sterry Hunt 

Analyst Analyst, 1867 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains 

Sodium Chloride 168 23.440 

Sodium Carbonate 1.224 13.704 

Sodium Sulphate 2.448 

Potassium Chloride 744 

Potassium Carbonate 3. 672 

Magnesium Carbonate 1.216 5.832 

Calcium Carbonate 1.016 1.400 

Ferrous Oxide 032 

Ammonium Carbonate trace 

Crenic Acid 896 

Silicic Acid 816 



Total Solids 9.784 46.824 



LUBEC SPRINGS, LUBEC BAY, MAINE 
SALINE 

Dr. C. T. Jackson, Analyst 

Imp. gal. contains Imp. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 199.000 Calcium Carbonate 6.250 

Sodium Sulphate 27.985 Calcium Sulphate 11.210 

Magnesium Chloride 62.840 Ferrous Carbonate 2.490 

Calcium Chloride trace Loss 12.720 

Total Solids, 322.500 



NEWBURY, ORANGE CO., VT. 
SULPHURETED 
Prof. Hall, Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains U. S.gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 32 Magnesium Sulphate 40 

Sodium Carbonate 4.00 Calcium Carbonate 17.60 

Sodium Sulphate 2.40 Ferrous Phosphate 40 

Sodium Sulphite. 32 Ferrous Oxide trace 

Potassium Nitrate 40 Silica and Suspended Clay 8.80 

dum Carbonate 2.40 Or. Matter and Ammonia. .24 

Total Solids, 37.28 

Gas Cubic Inches 
Sulphureted Hydrogen undetermined 



CANADIAN MINERAL SPRINGS 



319 



Canadian Mineral Springs 

CALEDONIA SPRINGS, PRESCOTT CO., PROVINCE OF 
ONTARIO, DOMINION OF CANADA 

Gas Spring Saline Springs 

T. S. Hunt, Analyst T. S. Hunt, Analyst 

Temp. hhV^F. Temp. U5° F. 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains 

Sodium Chloride 406.176 375.472 

Sodium Carbonate 2.832 10.272 

Sodium Iodide 024 .080 

Sodium Bromide » 872 .984 

Potassium Chloride 1.800 1.752 

Potassium Sulphate 304 .280 

Magnesium Carbonate 30. 672 30. 152 

Calcium Carbonate , 8.624 6.848 

Ferrous Carbonate trace 

Manganese Carbonate trace 

Alumina 256 trace 

Silica 1.800 2.472 

TotalSolids 453.360 428.312 

Gas Cubic Inches Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid 40.00 32.00 



PART II 

Intermittent Spring 
Saline 
T. S. Hunt, Analyst 
Temp. 50* F. 
IT. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 714.120 

Sodium Carbonate 

Sodium Bromide 

Sodium Sulphate 

Potassium Carbonate 1 . 776 

Magnesium Chloride . . 60. 264 

Magnesium Carbonate 50.352 

Magnesium Iodide 120 

Magnesium Bromide 1.384 

Calcium Chloride 16.728 

Calcium Carbonate 7.36S 

Ferrous Carbonate trace 

Alumina trace 

Silica 1.312 

Total Solids 853.424 

Gas Cubic Inches 
Carbonic Acid 



U. 



Sulphureted 
T. S. Hunt, Analyst 
Temp. U6 Q F. 
S. gal. contains 
Grains 

224.032 

26.568 

.584 

1.064 

1.336 



17.136 



12.240 

trace 

.152 

4.S96 

2S8.00S 
Cubic Inches 
16.00 



320 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

CAXTON SPRINGS, THREE RIVERS, QUEBEC, CANADA 

ALKALINE AND SALINE 

T. Sterry Hunt, Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 686. 624 Calcium Carbonate 12. 592 

Potassium Chloride 4.664 Ferrous Carbonate 312 

Magnesium Chloride 21.288 Iodine traces 

Magnesium Carbonate 61.768 Alumina 288 

Magnesium Bromide 1.992 Silica 2.792 

Calcium Chloride 2.928 

Total Solids, 795.248 

Gas Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid 79.44 



SANDWICH SPRINGS, ONTARIO, CANADA 

SULPHURETED AND SALINE 

Prof. S. P. Dtiitield, Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 560 Calcium Chloride 056 

Sodium Carbonate 48.560 Calcium Carbonate 38.504 

Potassium Carbonate trace Calcium Sulphate 123.832 

Magnesium Chloride 153.760 Silica 112 

Magnesium Carbonate 12.944 

Total Solids, 378.328 
Gases Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid 10.00 

Sulphureted Hydrogen 37. 76 

Nitrogen 72 



ST. CATHERINE'S WELLS, ONTARIO, CANADA 
SALINE 

Stephenson House Well Welland House Well 

Prof. Croft Prof. Croft 

Analyst Analyst 
U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains 

Sodium Chloride 1,737.872 2,206.944 

Sodium Iodide .0S0 

Sodium Bromide trace 

Potassium Chloride 20.696 16.480 

Magnesium Chloride 198.080 237.152 

Magnesium Iodide .240 

Magnesium Bromide . 360 

Calcium Chloride 866.168 1,017.616 

Calcium Carbonate «. .480 

Calcium Sulphate 127.848 115.432 

Ferrous Carbonate 3.040 

Ammonium Chloride ) 

} 44:0 

Silicic Acid ) 

Total Solids 2,951.712 3,597.224 



EUROPEAN MINERAL SPRINGS 



321 



European Mineral Springs 



AIX-LE-BAINS, SAVOY, FRANCE 
SULPHUR 

Bonjean, Analyst 
Temperature, 108° to 110° F. 



U. S. gal. contains 
Grains 



Mineral Ingredients 

Sodium Chloride 466 

Sodium Sulphate 5.608 

Potassium Iodide traces 

Magnesium Chloride 1.000 

Magnesium Carbonate 1.504 

Magnesium Sulphate 2.056 

Calcium Carbonate 8.672 

Calcium Sulphate 936 

Ferrous Carbonate 512 

Total Solids, 25.074 
Gases 

Carbonic Acid 

Sulphureted Hydrogen 

Nitrogen 



U. S. gal. contains 
Grains 



Mineral Ingredients 

Ferrous Sulphate traces 



Strontium Carbonate .... 
Aluminium Sulphate .... 
Aluminium Phosphate. . . ^ 

Calcium Phosphate J, 

Calcium Fluoride J 

Silica 

Loss 



Cubic Inches 
... 3.12 
. . . 6.56 
...152.32 



traces 
3.200 

.136 

.288 
.696 



AIX-LA-CHAPELLE, RHENISH PRUSSIA 

KAISERQUELLE 

SULPHUR 

Liebig, Analyst 



Temp. 131° F. 



U. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 162. 168 

Sodium Carbonate 39. 960 

Sodium Bromide 224 

Sodium Iodide 082 

Sodium Sulphate 10. 168 

Sodium Sulphide 584 

Potassium Sulphate 9.48S 

Total Solids, 
Gases 

Carbonic Acid 

Sulphureted Hydrogen. . 
Carburetted Hydrogen . 



U. S. gal. contains 
Grains 



Mineral Ingredient 

Magnesium Carbonate. . . 3.160 

Calcium Carbonate 9.736 

Ferrous Carbonate 584 

Lithium Carbonate 016 

Strontium Carbonate 016 

Silica 4.064 

Organic Matter 4.616 

244.816 

Per Cent 

30.39 

31 

1.82 



322 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

APOLLINARIS WATER, NEUENAHAR, RHENISH PRUSSIA 

ALKALINE 
Prof. Bischof, Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 28.56 Calcium Carbonate 3.60 

Sodium Carbonate 77.20 Ferric Oxide 1.20 

Sodium Sulphate 18.40 Alumina 1.20 

ium Carbonate 27.12 Silica 48 

Total Solids, 157.76 
Gas Cubic Inches 
Free Carbonic Acid 376.32 



Exported largely to United States, 



BADEN-BADEN, BADEN, GERMANY— HAUPTQUELLE 

CHLORINE-THERMAL 

Bttnsen, Analyst 

Temperature 155° F. 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 132.160 Calcium Phosphate 168 

Sodium Bromide traces Ferrous Arseniate traces 

Potassium Chloride 10.064 Ferrous Bicarbonate 296 

Potassium Sulphate 136 Manganese Bicarbonate... traces 

Magnesium Chloride 776 Ammonium Bicarbonate. . .408 

Magnesium Bicarbonate 336 Alumina 064 

Calcium Bicarbonate 10. 184 Silica 7.312 

Calcium Sulphate 12.448 Nitrates traces 

Total Solids, 174.352 
Gas Cubic Inches 
Carbonic Acid 2.392 



BAGNERES-DE-BIGORRE (LA REINE) HAUTES-PYRENEES 

FRANCE 

EARTHY-SALINO THERMAL 

Ganderax and Rosiere, Analysts 

Temperature 115.7° F. 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 3. 624 Calcium Sulphate 98. 1 12 

Magnesium Chloride 7.592 Ferrous Carbonate ...... 4.672 

Magnesium Carbonate 2.568 Silica 2.114 

Magnesium Sulphate | 23 12S Residue and Fatty Matter .400 

Sodium Sulphate. .. . j Loss ■ 3 - 15 2 

Calcium Carbonate 15.536 

Total Solids, 160.898 
Gas Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid undetermined 



EUROPEAN MINERAL SPRINGS 



323 



BAGXERES-DE-LUCHON (LAREINE) AUTHE-GARONNE 

FRANCE 

LIGHT SALINO-SULPHUM 

Filhol, Analyst 
Temperature 131° F. 



U. 



S. gal. contains 
Grains 



Mineral Ingredients 

Sodium Chloride 3.936 

Sodium Carbonate trace 

Sodium Iodide trace 

Sodium Sulphate 1.296 

Sodium Sulphide 3.208 

Sodium Silicate trace 

Sodium Hyposulphite trace 

Potassium Sulphate 504 

Phosphates trace 

Total Solids, 13. 
Gas 
Sulphureted Hydrogen 



U. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Calcium Sulphate 1.888 

Calcium Silicate 688 

Manganese Sulphuret. .. .192 

Magnesium Silicate 480 

Ferrous Sulphide 160 

Cupric Sulphide trace 

Aluminium Silicate 1.440 

Aluminium trace 

Silica trace 

792 

Cubic Inches 

traces 



BAREGES (BOUCHERIES), HAUTES-PYRENEES, FRANCE 

LIGHT SALINE 

Latour, Analyst 

U. S. gal. contain! 
Grains 

112 

640 



Mineral Ingredients 
Sodium Chloride. 
Sodium Todide 



U. S. 



gal. contains 
Grains 



1.872 

.056 



Sodium Sulphate 1. 176 

Sodium Sulphite 

Sodium Silicate 



928 

1.188 

Magnesium Chloride 2.336 



Mineral Ingredients 
Calcium Carbonate 
Calcium Silicate. . . . 

Ferrous Sulphate 640 

Aluminium Silicate. 
Calcium Silicate. . . 
Bituminous, Glairine, and 

Loss 696 

Total Solids, 10.324 



,680 



BATH, ENGLAND— KING'S WELL 

EARTH Y-SALINO THERMAL 

Merck and Galloway, Analysts 

Temperature 115* F 



U. S. gal contains 
Grains 



Mineral Ingredients 

Sodium Chloride 12.642 

Sodium Sulphate 19. 229 

Potassium Sulphate 4.641 

Magnesium Carbonate 329 

Magnesium Chloride 14.5S1 

Calcium Carbonate 8.820 

Total Solids, 144.34 



U. S. gal. contains 
Grains 



Mineral Ingredients 

Calcium Sulphate S0.052 

Ferrous Carbonate 1.064 

Silica 2. 9S2 

Iodine traces 

Manganese Oxide trace 



324 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

BILIN, BOHEMIA 

JOSEPHQUELLE— ALKALINE 

Redtexbacher, Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 23.480 Calcium Carbonate 24.712 

Sodium Carbonate 1S4.S48 Ferrous Carbonate 6.40 

Sodium Sulphate 50.800 Lithium Carbouate , 880 

Potassium Sulphate 7.880 Aluminium Phosphate 520 

Magnesium Carbonate. 8.7S4 Silica 1.952 

Total Solids.. 304.496 

Gases Cubic Inches 

Free Carbonic Acid 120.736 

Carbonic Acid combined as Bicarbonate.. 137. 976 



BOURBONNE, HAUTE-MARNE, FRANCE 
SALINE 

Chevallier, Analyst 
Temperature 1^9° F. 

U. S. gal. contains ■ U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 368.880 Calcium Carbonate 18. 112 

Potassium Bromide 3.072 Calcium Sulphate 47.944 

Calcium Chloride 45.464 

Total Solids, 483.472 



BRIGHTON, ENGLAND 
CHALYBEATE 

Marcet, Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 12.24 Ferrous Sulphate 14.40 

Magnesium Chloride 6.00 Silica 1. 12 

Calcium Sulphate 32.72 Loss 152 

Total Solids, 68.00 

Gas Cubic Inches 
Carbonic Acid 20.00 



EUROPEAN MINERAL SPRINGS 



325 



CARLSBAD, BOHEMIA 

HEAVY SALINE 

Prof. Fowler, Analyst 

Temperature 122 Q to 165* F. 



Imp. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 47.856 

Sodium Carbonate 5S.1G9 

Sodium Sulphate 119.215 

Magnesium Carbonate 8.220 

Calcium Carbonate 14. 220 



Calcium Sub-phosphate. 
Calcium Fluoride 



.009 
.147 

Total Solids, 



Imp. gal. conts 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Ferrous Carbonate 1 

Manganese Carbonate 038 

Lithium Carbonate. 120 

Strontium Carbonate 044 

Aluminium Phosphate 015 

Silica., 3.463 



251. 6S2 



Gases 

Nitrogen 

Carbonic Acid Gas 



Cubic Inches 
none 

. 58. 



CARLSBAD (SPRUDEL) BOHEMIA 

PURGATIVE 

G-ottl, Analyst 

Temperature 162.5° F. 



U. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 69.792 

Sodium Carbonate 72.496 

Sodium Sulphate 159.680 

Potassium Sulphate 2.960 

Magnesium Carbonate 3. 192 

Total Solids, 334.664 
Gases 

Carbonic Acid 62.40 

Nitrogen . .24 



U. S. gal. contains 
Grains 



Mineral Ingredients 

Calcium Carbonate 16.020 

Ferrous Carbonate 248 

Aluminium Phosphate. . . 1.720 
Silica 8.416 



Cubic Inches 



ALKALINE 
Pbof. E. Ltjjuwig and Prof. J. Mauthner, Analysts, 



u. 



S. gal. contains 
Grains 



Mineral Ingredients 

Carbonate of Iron 0. 030 

Carbonate of Manganese 0.002 

Carbonate of Magnesium. ... 1.665 

Carbonate of Calcium 3.214 

Carbonate of Strontium 0.004 

Carbonate of Lithium 0. 123 

Carbonate of Sodium 12.9S0 

Sulphate of Potassium 1.862 

Sulphate of Sodium 24.053 



1886 

U.S. 



Mineral Ingredients 

Chloride of Sodium 

Fluoride of Sodium 

Borate of Sodium 

Phosphate of Calcium. . . 
Oxide of Aluminium 

Silicic Acid 

Carbonic Acid, partly com 

bined 

Carbonic Acid, free 



Caesium, Rubidium, Thallium, Zinc, Arsenic, Antimony, Selenium, Formic) 

Acid, Undeterminable Organic Matter ) 

Amount of Solids 55.16S 

Specific Gravity 1 .00530 

Temperature in C° 73. 8 



al. contains 
Grains 

10.418 

0.051 

0.040 
0.007 
0.004 
0.715 

. 7.761 
1.S9S 

traces 



326 



MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 



SPRUDEL SALZ (POWDER) 



Dr. Sipoecz, Analyst 



u. 



S. gal. contains 
Grains 



Mineral Ingredients 

Sodium Sulphate 43. 25 

Sodium Carbonate 36.29 

Sodium Chloride 16.81 

Potassium Sulphate 3.06 

Lithium Carbonate 0.39 



IT. 



S. gal. contains 
Grains 



Mineral Ingredients 

Sodium Fluoride 0.09 

Sodium Borate -. 0.07 

Silicic Acid Anhydride 0.03 

Iron Oxide 0.01 



CHELTENHAM, ENGLAND 

SALINE 

Parkes and Brande, Analysts 

U. S. gal. contains 
Grains 



U. S. gal. contains 
Grains 



Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients 

Sodium Chloride 400.00 Magnesium Sulphate 88.00 

Sodium Sulphate 120.00 Calcium Sulphate . 36.00 

Total Solids, 644.00 



CHALYBEATE 

Parkes and Brande, Analysts 

U. S. gal. contains U, S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 330.40 Magnesium Sulphate 48.00 

Sodium Carbonate 4.00 Calcium Sulphate 20.00 

Sodium Sulphate 181.60 Ferric Oxide 6.40 

Total Solids, 590.40 
Gas Cubic Inches 
Carbonic Acid 20.00 



CONTREXVILLE (PAVILION), VOSGES, FRANCE 
CALCAREOUS 



Henry, Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Carbonate 1 1 .504 

Sodium Sulphate 7.592 

Sodium Chloride ) 

Potassium Chloride \ 8 ' 176 

Potassium Sulphate trace 

Magnesium Chloride 2.336 

Magnesium Carbonate 12.848 

Magnesium Sulphate 11.096 

Total Solids, 171.752 
Gases 



U. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Calcium Carbonate 39.416 

Calcium Sulphate 67.160 

Ferrous Carbonate 528 

Strontium Carbonate.... trace 

Calcium Phosphate . . . ) 

Or. Matter and Arsenic^ 

Silica '. . 7.008 



4.088 



Cubic Inches 

Oxygen undetermined 

Carbonic xlcid 2.32 



EUROPEAN MINERAL SPRINGS 



327 



EMS ON THE LAHN, GERMANY 
KESSELBRUNNEN— ALKALINE 

Fresknius, Analyst 
Temperature 115° F. 
U. 



gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 62. 1640 

Sodium Carbonate 80.3032 

Sodium Sulphate 0488 

Potassium Sulphate 3.1496 

Magnesium Carbonate .... 6.80S0 
Calcium Carbonate 10.0728 



Mineral Ingredients 

Ferrous Carbonate 

Manganese Carbonate . . . 

Strontium ) 

Barium Carbonate j" 

Aluminium Phosphate . . . 
Silica 



U. S. gal. contains 
Grains 

1616 

.0280 



Total Solids, 169.7552 
Gas Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid 54.304 



.0240 

.0768 
2.9184 



FACHINGEN, NASSAU, GERMANY 

ALKALINE 

Fresenius, Analyst 



U. S, gal. contains 
Grains 



Mineral Ingredients 

Sodium Chloride 36.4592 

Sodium Carbonate 155.8104 

Sodium Sulphate 1.0976 

Sodium Phosphate 404S 

Magnesium Carbonate 10.8640 

Calcium Chloride 0272 

Calcium Carbonate 16.0880 

Calcium Phosphate 0032 

Total Solids, 223.5176 
Gases Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid 263.800 

Nitrogen 200 

The water of this spring is chiefly exported. 



U. S. gal. contains 
Grains 



Mineral Ingredients 

Calcium Fluoride 0216 

Ferrous Carbonate. ... .6408 

Lithium Carbonate 0032 

Lithium Phosphate 0016 

Strontium Carbonate .. . .0056 
Aluminium Phosphate.. .0024 
Silica Phosphate 2.0880 



FRIEDRICHSHALL, SAXE-MEININGEN, GERMANY 



U. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride. 538.96 

Sodium Sulphate 333.84 

Potassium Sulphate 16 

Magnesium Chloride. 248.64 

Magnesium Carbonate 28.24 

Magnesium Bromide 16 

Total Solids 
Gas 
Carbonic Acid 



PURGATIVE 

Bauer, Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Magnesium Sulphate 316.40 

Calcium Carbonate SS 

Calcium Sulphate S9.92 

Ammonium Chloride 48 

Aluminium Chloride 56 

Silica 1.68 

1,559.92 

Cubic Inches 

42.56 



328 



MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 



GASTEIN, SALZBURG, AUSTRIA 

THERMAL 
Wolf, Analyst 
Temperature, 87° to 160° F. 
U. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 2.88 

Sodium Carbonate 32 

Sodium Sulphate 12.08 

Potassium Sulphate 08 

Magnesium Carbonate 16 

Calcium Carbonate 2.88 

Calcium Fluoride trace 

Total Solids, 21.20 
Gases Percentage 

Oxygen 30.89 

Nitrogen 69.11 



S. gal. contains 
Grains 



Mineral Ingredients 

Ferrous Carbonate 40 

Manganese Carbonate 16 

Strontia trace 

Aluminium Phosphate 32 

Silica 1.92 

Organic Matter trace 



GEILNAU, HESSE, GERMANY 
ALKALINE 

Fkesenius, Analyst 
U. S. gal. contains 



Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 2.224 

Sodium Bicarbonate 65. 136 

Sodium Sulphate 528 

Sodium Borate trace 

Sodium Nitrate trace 

Sodium Phosphate 024 

Potassium Sulphate 1.080 

Magnesium Bicarbonate 22. 304 

Calcium Bicarbonate 30.336 

Total Solids, 124.072 
Gases Grains 
Carbonic Acid, free 171.200 



U. S. gal. contains 
Grains 



Mineral Ingredients 

Calcium Fluoride trace 

Ferrous Bicarbonate .... 2.352 

Manganese Bicarbonate.. .280 

Barium Bicarbonate 008 

Lithium Carbonate trace 

Strontium Carbonate .... trace 

Alumina trace 

Organic Matter trace 



Ammonium Bicarbonate , 

Nitrogen , 

Hydrogen Sulphide 



.080 

.952 

trace 



The water of this spring is used exclusively for export. 



GIESSHUEBEL (NEAR CARLSBAD), BOHEMIA 

ALKALINE 

Gottl, Analyst 



i T . 



S. gal. contains 
Grains 



Mineral Ingredients 

Sodium Carbonate 56.768 

Potassium Chloride 3.008 

Potassium Carbonate 5.248 



U. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Calcium Carbonate 11.672 

Ferrous Carbonate 003 

Alumina 136 

Silica 5.248 



Potassium Sulphate 1.776 

Magnesium Carbonate 2.720 

Total Solids, 86.579 
Gas Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid 305.664 



EUROPEAN MINERAL SPRINGS 



329 



HALL, AUSTRIA 
HAUPTQUELLE-SALINE 



Netwald, Analyst 



U.S. 



gal. contains 
Grains 



Mineral Ingredients 

Sodium Chloride 896.320 

Sodium Iodide 48S 

Potassium Chloride 392 

Magnesium Chloride 20.976 

Magnesium Carbonate 1.936 

Magnesium Iodide 2. 280 

Magnesium Bromide 4. 144 



U. S. gal. contains 
Grains 



Mineral Ingredients 

Calcium Chloride 23.464 

Calcium Carbonate 3.840 

Calcium Phosphate 208 

Ferrous Carbonate , 704 

Ammonium Chloride 264 

Silica 584 



Total Solids, 955.600 



Gas ^ 
Carbonic Acid 



Grains 
..10.96 



This is ranked rather as a medicinal brine. 



HARROWGATE, ENGLAND 

SULPHURETED 

Old Sulphur Well 

A. W. Hoffmann 

Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 688.144 

Sodium Iodide trace 

Sodium Bromide trace 

Sodium Sulphide 12.384 

Potassium Chloride 43.760 

Magnesium Chloride 44.552 

Calcium Chloride 65.392 

Calcmm Carbonate 9.896 

Calcium Sulphate . 104 

Calcium Fluoride trace 

Ferrous Carbonate trace 

Manganese Carbonate . . . trace 

Ammonia trace 

Silica 200 

Organic Matter 

Total Solids 864.432 

Gases Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid 17.600 

Sulphureted Hydrogen 4.248 

Oxygen 

Nitrogen 2. 328 

Marsh-gas 4.672 



Montpelier Strong 
A. W. Hoffmann 

Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains 

Grains 

642.472 



11.528 

4.600 

43.736 

49.528 

19.344 

.472 

trace 



trace 
1.472 
trate 

773.152 



Cubic Inches 
11.203 



.384 
3.856 

.424 



330 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

HOLYWELL. NORTH WALES 

CARBONATED 

UnknoMTi Analyst 
Tempera tur e , 53? F. 

Imp. gal. contains Imp. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride S21 Calcium Carbonate 13.6S5 

Sodium Carbonate 1.432 Calcium Chloride 3.094 

T : \ tiium Chloride traces Calcium Sulphate 5. 202 

Magnesium Carbonate 2.688 Ferrous Carbonate traces 

Magnesium Sulphate traces Silicic Acid 2.737 

Total Solids 29.650 

Gases Cubic Inches 
Free C art ni - Acid 10.335 



HOMBl'RG. HESSE. GERMANY 
ELIZABETH BRUKNEN— SALINE 

Liebig. Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains U. 8. gal. c : 

Mineral Ingredients " Grains Mineral Ingredient? Grains 

Sodium Chloride 633. 20 Calcium Chloride 62. 16 

Sodium Sulphate 3.04 Calcium Carbonate S7.92 

Magnesium Chloride 62.32 Ferrous Carbonate 3.6? 

Magnesium Carbonate 16.08 Silica 2.56 

il Solids : ?" 
Gas Cubic Inches 
Carbonic Acid 387.68 



Kaiserbrunnen 
Hoffman. Analyst 
U. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 839.52 

Potassium Chloride 2.24 

Magnesium Chloride 68. 16 

Magnesium Carbonate 

Calcium Chloride 140.00 

Calcium Carbonate 5.44 

am Sulphate 1.36 

Ferrous Carbonate 4.24 

Silica 72 

Total Solids 1,061.68 532.96 838.96 

Gas Cubic Inches Cubic Inches Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid 573.2$ 34$. 72 375-- 



Ludwigsbrunnen 

Huffman. Analyst 

U. S. gal contains 

Grains 

383.68 


Stahlbrunnen 

Lie^i : - 
U. B. gal. contains 
xiaine 

638.88 


13.68 


1.44 


24.4? 


41.84 


.SO 




5?. 24 




45.92 


60.24 


1.20 


1.20 


3.36 


7.52 




2,4$ 






EUROPEAN MINERAL SPRINGS 331 

KISSINGEN (RAKOCZI), BAVARIA 
SALINE 

Liebig, Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 357.68 Calcium Carbonate 65. 12 

Sodium Iodide Trace Calcium Sulphate 23.92 

Sodium Bromide 48 .Calcium Phosphate 32 

Sodium Nitrate 56 Ferrous Carbonate 1.92 

Potassium Chloride 17.60 Lithium Chloride 1.20 

Magnesium Chloride 18.64 Silica 72 

Magnesium Sulphate 36. 00 

Total Solids, 524.16 
Gases Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid 334. 160 

Ammonia 056 



KREUZNACH, RHENISH, PRUSSIA 

SALINE 

Elisenquelle Oranienquelle 

Lowig, Analyst Liebig, Analyst 
U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains 

Sodium Chloride 583.064 869.640 

Potassium Chloride 4.992 3.680 

Magnesium Chloride 32.568 ...... 

Magnesium Carbonate , 848 1.040 

Magnesium Iodide 280 .096 

Magnesium Bromide 2.224 14.240 

Calcium Chloride 107.112 181.992 

Calcium Carbonate 13.544 2.040 

Ferrous Carbonate 2.848 

Lithium Chloride 4.904 

Aluminium Phosphate .200 .760 

Silica 1.032 7.992 

Total Solids 750 768 1,084.328 

This is ranked rather as a medicinal brine. 



LEUK (LORENZQUELLE) VALAIS, SWITZERLAND 
CALCAREOUS 
B runner, Analyst 
Temperature 123° F. 

U. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 440 

Sodium Sulphate 4.072 

Potassium Chloride 160 

Magnesium Chloride 216 

Magnesium Carbonate 016 

Magnesium Sulphate 15.928 

Total Solids, 126.640 
Gases Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid 2.08 

Oxygen 1.52 

Nitrosen 2. 80 



u 


S. gal. contain 


Mineral Ingredients 


Grains 


Calcium Carbonate . . . 


.. 2.856 


Calcium Sulphate 


...101.696 


Ferrous Carbonate . . . 


.. .192 


Strontium Sulphate.. 


.248 


Silica 


.. .816 



332 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

LUHATSCHOWTTZ, MORAVIA 

ALKALINE 

Yiucenzbrunnen Arrandibrunnen 

Ferstl, Analyst Ferstl, Analyst 

U. S. sal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Grains 

Sodium Chloride 188.216 206.024 

Sodium Carbonate 186. 104 288.304 

Sodium Iodide , 1.056 1.032 

Sodium Bromide 2.040 .S08 

Potassium Chloride 14.360 12.760 

Magnesium Carbonate 3.376 4.544 

Calcium Carbonate 37.472 38.552 

Ferrous Carbonate 888 1.080 

Barium Carbonate .560 .512 

Lithium Carbonate .072 .112 

Strontium Carbonate .744 .920 

Silica 3.160 .856 



Total Solids 438.048 555.504 

Gas Cubic Inches Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid 400.00 232.00 



MARIENBAD (KREUZBRUNNEN,) BOHEMIA 
PURGATIVE 

Keesten, Analyst 
U. 8. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 89.328 Ferrous Carbonate 2.S00 

Sodium Carbonate 68.752 Manganese Carbonate 312 

Sodium Sulphate 290. 152 Lithium Carbonate 392 

Potassium Sulphate 3.592 Strontium Carbonate 112 

Magnesium Carbonate 25.600 Aluminium Phosphate 432 

Calcium Carbonate 3C ; 840 Silica 5.432 

Calcium Phosphate 144 

Total Solids, 523.888 
Gas Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid 125.60 



MEIXBERG (SCHWEFELQUELLE), LIPPE-DETMOLD, GER. 

SULPHURETTED 

Brandes, Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gab contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Sulphate 46.752 Calcium Carbonate 17.192 

Sodium Sulphide 536 Calcium Sulphate 66.680 

Potassium Sulphate 040 Ferrous Carbonate 064 

Magnesium Chloride 8.280 Strontium Sulphate 064 

Magnesium Carbonate 1.376 Aluminium Phosphate .. . .080 

Magnesium Sulphate 13.864 Silica 960 

Total Solids, 155.888 
Gases Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid 10.4S 

Sulphureted Hydrogen 4.SS 

Oxygen 16 

Nitrogen 3.20 



EUROPEAN MINERAL SPRINGS 333 

NAUHEIM, HESSE-CASSEL, GERMANY 

KURBRUNNEN— SALINE 

Bromeis, Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 879.384 Calcium Carbonate 64.224 

Potassium Chloride 32.37(3 Calcium Sulphate 5.920 

Magnesium Chloride 17.240 Ferrous Carbonate 1.160 

Magnesium Bromide 2.360 Manganese Carbonate 168 

Calcium Chloride 65.720 Silica 920 

Total Solids, 1,069.472 
Gas Cubic Inches 
Carbonic Acid 249.60 

This is ranked rather as a medicinal brine. 



NENNDORF, HESSE, GERMANY 

TRINKQUELLE— SULPHURETED 

Bunsen, Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Sulphate 36.392 Calcium Carbonate 27.048 

Potassium Sulphate 2.712 Calcium Sulphate 64.968 

Magnesium Chloride 14.808 Calcium Sulphide 4.440 

Magnesium Sulphate 18.544 Silica. 1.296 

Total Solids, 170.208 

Gases Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid 42.00 

Sulphureted Hydrogen 10.24 

Carburetted Hydrogen 40 

Nitrogen 4.88 



NEUENAHR, RHENISH, PRUSSIA 

MARIENSPRUDEL— THERMAL 

M o h r , Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains I". S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 5.52 Calcium Carbonate 12. SS 

Sodium Carbonate 44. SO Ferrous Carbonate 4S 

Sodium Sulphate 6.08 Silica 1.52 

Magnesium Carbonate 21.44 

Total Solids, 92.72 
Gas Cubic Inches 
Carbonic Acid ISO. 16 



334 



MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 



OBERSALZBRUNN, SILESIA 

ALKALINE 

Oberbrunnen 

Fischer, Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 8.96 

Sodium Carbonate 70.48 

Sodium Sulphate 31.84 

Magnesium Carbonate 8.00 

Calcium Carbonate 16. 16 

Ferrous Carbonate .56 

Silica 2.08 

Total Solids 138.08 

Gas Cubic Inches 
Carbonic Acid 300.00 



Muhlbrunnen 

Fischer, Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains 
Grains 

4.96 
64.72 
20.88 
15.04 
16.96 
.32 

2.40 

125.28 

Cubic Inches 
26.40 



PLOMBIERES (SOURCE DES DAMES), VOSGES, FRANCE 

THERMAL 

Sheritier, Analyst 



gal. contains 
Grains 



Mineral Ingredients 

Sodium Chloride 2.200 

Sodium Sulphate 5.016 

Sodium Arseniate 040 

Sodium Silicate 5.008 

Potassium Chloride 2.200 

Potassium Silicate 064 



Mineral Ingredients 
Magnesium Silicate. .) 
Calcium Silicate i 



U. S. gal. contains 
Grains 



1.224 

Alumina 608 

Silica 712 

Organic Matter 1.224 



Total Solids, 18.296 



PUELLNA, BOHEMIA 
PURGATIVE 



Struve, Analyst 



U. S. gal. contains 
Grains 



Mineral Ingredients 

Sodium Sulphate 990.400 

Potassium Su'phate 38.400 

Magnesium Chloride 157.328 

Magnesium Carbonate 51.248 

Magnesium Sulphate 744. 688 

Total Solids, 2.010.456 



U. S. gal. contains* 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 



Calcium Carbonate 6. 160 

Calcium Sulphate 20.800 

Calcium Phosphate 024 

Silica 1.408 



u. s 

Mineral Ingredients 
Ferrous Carbonate 


gal. contains 
Grains 

. 2.480 


Manganese Carbonate . . 


.192 


Lithium Chloride 


• .152 


Ammonium Carbonate. . 


.016 


Alumina 


.064 


Silica 


.152 


Organic Matter 


trace 



EUROPEAN MINERAL SPRINGS 335 

PYRMONT, WALDECK, GERMANY 

TRINKBRUNNEN— CHALYBEATE 

Wiggers, Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 30.016 

Sodium Nitrate traces 

Potassium Sulphate 1 . 360 

Magnesium Chloride 4.064 

Magnesium Carbonate 5.920 

Magnesium Sulphate 22.704 

Calcium Carbonate 58.208 

Calcium Sulphate 52.872 

Total Solids, 178.200 
Gas . Cubic Inches 
Carbonic Acid 376.80 



SCHLANGERBAD, NASSAU, GERMANY 

THERMAL 

Fresenius, Analyst 

Temperature 82. 4° to 89.6° F. 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 14.600 Potassium Sulphate 728 

Sodium Carbonate 632 Magnesium Carbonate 376 

Sodium Phosphate 032 Calcium Carbonate 2.000 

Potassium Chloride 032 Silica 2.064 

Total Solids, 20.464 



SCHWALBACH, NASSAU, GERMANY 
ST AHLBRUNNEN— CH AL YBE ATE 

Fresenius, Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 416 Magnesium Carbonate 7.728 

Sodium Carbonate 880 Calcium Carbonate 9.448 

Sodium Sulphate 488 Ferrous Carbonate 3.736 

Sodium Borate trace Manganese Carbonate S"24 

Sodium Phosphate trace Silica 1 . 96S 

Potassium Sulphate 232 Organic Matter trace 

Total Solids, 25.720 

Gases Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid 402.160 

Sulphureted Hydrogen 024 



336 



MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 



SEIDLITZ, BOHEMIA 

PURGATIVE 

Steinmann, Analyst 



U. S. gal. contains 
Grains 



Mineral Ingredients 

Sodium Sulphate 139.52 

Potassium Sulphate 35.28 

Magnesium Chloride 8.48 

Magnesium Carbonate 1 . 60 

Magnesium Sulphate 636.40 

Magnesium Bromide (_ 
and Fluoride S 



U. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Calcium Carbonate 42.32 

Calcium Sulphate 33.12 

Ferrous Carbonate .... 

Manganese Carbonate. 

Strontium Carbonate 072 



.40 



trace 



Silica . 



.40 



Total Solids, S97.592 



U. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 137.824 

Sodium Carbonate 54.224 

Sodium Sulphate 2. OSS 

Sodium Phosphate 0016 

Potassium Chloride 2.312 

Potassium Bromide 0016 

Magnesium Carbonate 12.128 



SELLERS, NASSAU, GERMANY 

SALINE 

Hastner, Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Calcium Carbonate 14.816 

Calcium Sulphate 2.088 

Calcium Fluoride C128 

Ferrous Carbonate 632 

Manganese Carbonate... .016 

Aluminium Phosphate... .0032 

Silica 2.000 



Total Solids, 228.1472 

Gases Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid 240.0000 

Oxygen 0368 

Nitrogen 22S0 



Is exported only. 



SPA (POUHON), LIEGE, BELGIUM 

CHALYBEATE 
Moxheim, Analyst 



U. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingiedients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 1.256 

Sodium Carbonate 5.600 

Magnesium Carbonate 1 .92S 

Calcium Carbonate 4.640 



U. S. gal. contains 
Grains 



Mineral Ingiedients 

Ferrous Carbonate 5.416 

Aluminium Carbonate 192 

Silica 1.736 

Loss 096 



Total Solids, 20.864 
Gas Cubic Inches 
Carbonic Acid 572.S0 



EUROPEAN MINERAL SPRINGS 



337 



ST. MORITZ (GRANDE SOURCE), GRISONS, SWITZERLAND 

CHALYBEATE 
Planta and Kekule, Analysts 



U. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 2.256 

Sodium Carbonate 10.912 

Sodium Sulphate .... 15.736 

Potassium Sulphate 952 

'Magnesium Carbonate 6.616 

Calcium Carbonate 42.424 



U. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Ferrous Carbonate 1 . 384 



Manganese Carbonate 

Phosphoric Acid 

Bromide, Iodine, Fluorine 

Alumina 

Silica 



.240 

.024 

traces 

.016 

2.224 



Total Solids, 82.784 
Gas Cubic Inches 
Carbonic Acid 314.32 



TCEPLITZ (HAUPTQUELLE), BOHEMIA 

THERMAL 



U.S. 



Mineral Ingredients 

Sodium Chloride 3.464 

Sodium Carbonate 21.0S0 

Sodium Sulphate 2. 320 

Sodium Phosphate 112 

Potassium Sulphate 784 

Magnesium Carbonate 704 

Calcium Carbonate 2.640 



Wolf, Analyst 
Temperature, 120° F. 

gal. contains 

Grains 



u. 

Mineral Ingredients 
Ferrous Carbonate. . 
Manganese Carbonate 
Strontium Carbonate . 
Crenic Acid 


S gal. contains 
Grains 

... .152 

... .168 

216 

.272 


Aluminium Phosphate . 

Silicon Fluoride 

Silica 


... .160 
... 2.80S 
... 3.514 



Total Solids, 38.424 
Gases Percentage 

Carbonic Acid 4.74 

Oxygen 66 

Nitrogen 94. 59 



TUNBRIDGE WELLS, ENGLAND 
CHALYBEATE 

Scudamore, Analyst 



U. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Graius 

Sodium Chloride 2.46 

Magnesium Chloride 29 

Calcium Chloride 39 

Calcium Carbonate 27 

Calcium Sulphate 1.41 

Total Solids 



Mineral Ingredients 

Ferric Oxide 

Manganese 

Organic. Matter. . . . 

Silica 

Loss 



!". S. gal. ^^utains 
Grains 



U 



.61 



338 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

VALS. FRANCE 
DESIREE SPRING— CARBONATED 

Laboratory Academy of Medicine, Paris, Analyst 

Mineral Ingredients In 1.000 Grammes Mineral Ingredients In 1.000 Grammes 

Sodium Chloride [ Calcium Bicarbonate 571 

Potassium Chloride i ' Ferrous Peroxide ) ftlQ 

Sodium Sulphate ^ ~ ^qa Manganese ) 

Calcium Sulphate ) Alkaline Iodide traces 

Sodium Bicarbonate 6.040 Lith'm Bicarbonate.. strong traces 

Sodium Arseniate trace Alumina 058 

Potassium Bicarbonate 263 Organic Matter traces 

Magne ;, 'am Bicarbonate 900 

Total Solids in 1.000 grammes, 9.142 

Total in grains per U. S. gallon, 535.88 

Gas 
Free Carbonic Acid Gas 2. 145 grammes 



VICHY, FRANCE 
GRANDE GRILLE— ALKALINE 

Boquet, Analyst 

Temperature, 105.8° F. 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 32.80 Magnesium Carbonate 11.04 

Sodium Carbonate 208.00 Calcium Carbonate 18.48 

Sodium Borate trace Ferrous Carbonate 16 

Sodium Arseniate OS Manganese Carbonate trace 

Sodium Sulphate 18.32 Strontium Carbonate .... .08 

Sodium Phosphate 6.24 Silica 40 

Potassium Carbonate 1 6. 32 

Total Solids, 311.92 

Gas Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid 117.92 



VICTORIAQUELLE, NEUENAHR, RHENISH PRUSSIA 

ALKALINE 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride •. 7.28 Calcium Bicarbonate 26.40 

Sodium Bicarbonate 86.40 Ferrous Oxide ") 

> SO 
Sodium Sulphate 5.84 Alumina j 

Magnesium Bicarbonate 29.92 Silica , 2.00 

Total Solids, 158.64 
Gas Cubic Inches 
Carbonic Acid ♦ 102.88 



EUROPEAN MINERAL SPRINGS 339 

WILDBAD, WUERTEMBERG 

THERMAL 

Temperature, 94 ° F. 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains^ _ 

Sodium Chloride 14.56 Calcium Carbonate 2.72 

Sodium Carbonate 4.24 Ferrous Carbonate ^ 

Sodium Sulphate 3. 20 Manganese Carbonate. . . . j " 

Potassium Sulphate 1.60 Silica 3.12 

Magnesium Carbonate 5.60 

Total Solids, 36.64 

Gases Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid undetermined 

Oxygen undetermined 

Nitrogen undetermined 



WEILBACH, HESSE, GERMANY 
ALKALINE 

Fresenius, Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contains 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 77.3416 Magnesium Carbonate . . 4.4504 

Sodium Carbonate 58.9984 Calcium Carbonate 6.0032 

Sodium Iodide 0080 Ferrous Carbonate 1544 

Sodium Bromide 0448 Manganese Carbonate . . .0312 

Sodium Sulphate 13.7384 Lithium Carbonate 3616 

Potassium Sulphate 3.3864 Silica 7544 

Total Solids, 165.2728 

Gases Grains 

Carbonic Acid 47.6424 

Ammonium Carbonate 6968 

Sulphureted Hydrogen 0208 



WILDUNGEN (STADTBRUNNEN), WALDECK, GERMANY 

CALCAREOUS 

U. S. gal. contains U. S. gal. contain s 

Mineral Ingredients Grains Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 568 Calcium Carbonate 30.224 

Sodium Carbonate 3.936 Ferrous Carbonate 1.112 

Sodium Sulphate 7.352 Manganese Carbonate 424 

Magnesium Carbonate 19.224 Alumina 06 1 

Magnesium Sulphate 2.312 Silica 2.232 

Total Solids, 67.448 
Gas Cubic Inches 
Carbonic Acid 341.60 

A. 22 



340 



MINERAL SPRINGS OF CA LIFORNIA 



WES BADEN" (KOCHBRUNNEN) NASSAU, GERMANY 

SALINE 

Fresenitjs, Analyst 
Temperature, 155.75° F. 



S. gal. contains 
Grains 



Mineral Ingredients 

Sodium Chloride 420.00 

Potassium Chloride 8.96 

Magnesium Chloride 12.56 

Magnesium Carbonate 64 

Magnesium Bromide 24 

Calcium Chloride 28-96 

Calcium Carbonate 25.68 

Calcium Sulphate 5.52 



IT. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Calcium Arseniate. . . 008 

Calcium Phosphate 024 

Ferrous Carbonate 32 

Manganese Carbonate... .032 

Lithium Chloride 008 

Ammonium Chloride 1.04 

Aluminium Silicate 032 

Silica 3.68 



Total Solids, 507.704 
Gases Cubic Inches 

Carbonic Acid 133.60 

Nitrogen 80 



Brines of Michigan 

East Saginaw Bangor 
Company's Well Company's Well 

Mineral Ingredients Per cent. Per cent. 

Sodium Chloride 16.86 19.86 

Magnesium Chloride 96 1.26 

Calcium Chloride 2.27 2.96 

Calcium Sulphate 15 .07 

Total Saline Matter 20.24 24.15 

Water 79.76 75.85 

Total Solids 100.00 100.00 



Brines of New York 

Syracuse 
Mineral Ingredients Per cent 

Sodium Chloride 15.36 

Magnesium Chloride 14 

Calcium Chloride 08 

Calcium Sulphate 57 

Total Saline Matter 16. 15 

Water 83.85 

Total Solids, 100.00 



Salina 

Per cent 

14.94 

.13 

.08 

.59 

15.74 

84.25 

100.00 



bbines and sea water 
Brines of Pennsylvania 



1341 



EAST CLARION SALT SPRING, ELK CO., PA. 



M. H. Boye, Analyst 



U.S. 



1. contains 
Grains 



Mineral Ingredients 

Sodium Chloride 336.80275 

Potassium Chloride .89971 

Magnesium Chloride 15.34206 

Magnesium Bicarbonate. . . .57155 

Magnesium Nitrate 13623 

Calcium Chloride 51.85625 

Calcium Bicarbonate 9.79502 

Calcium Phosphate trace 



u.s 


gal. contains 


Mineral Ingredients 


Grains 


Ferrous Bicarbonate .... 


.72444 


Barium Chloride 


1.72573 


Barium Bicarbonate 


.12791 


Lithium Chloride 


trace 


Strontium Chloride 


.06260 


Strontium Bicarbonate. . 


.00487 


Ammonium Nitrate 


.19172 


Silicic Acid 


.69523 



Total Solids, 418.94407 



Brines and Sea- Water 



Sea-Water 

Von Bibra, Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains 
Mineral Ingredients Grains 

Sodium Chloride 1,671.34 

Sodium Iodide trace 

Sodium Bromide 31.16 

Sodium Phosphate trace 

Potassium Chloride 

Potassium Sulphate 108.46 

Magnesium Chloride 199.66 

Magnesium Sulphate 34. 99 

Calcium Chloride 

Calcium Sulphate 39.90 

Calcium Carbonate trace 

Ferric Chloride trace 

Manganese Chloride 

Ammonium Chloride 

Aluminium Chloride 

Silver trace 

Copper trace 

Lead trace 

Arsenic trace 

Bitumen 

Silica trace 

Organic Matter trace 

Total Solids 2.13S.91 



Dead Sea 

Von Bibra, Analyst 

U. S. gal. contains 
Grains 

6,702.73 

trace 

156.53 

682.63 

4,457.23 



1,376.75 

38.07 

trace 

1.50 

3.35 

3.35 

31.37 



trace 
trace 
34.59 



13,488.10 



342 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

GREAT SALT LAKE, ETC. 

Showing the comparative analyses of the Great Salt 
Lake, the Dead Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. 





, GREAT SALT LAKE , 


DEAD 
SEA 




MINERAL INGREDIENTS 


1849 

Dr. Gale 

Analyst 


1869 

0. D. Allen 

Analyst 


1879 

J. T. Kings- 
bury 

Analyst 


ATLANTIC 
OCEAN 




20.196 
1.834 

"'.'252 


11.8628 
.9421 

1.4962 

".0858 

.5363 

trace 
trace 
.0862 


13.3765 
1.1213 

i.6908 

.1485 
"'.4197 

.1250 


12.110 

7.822 

'.251 

2.455 

.068 

1.217 

".056 


2.6730 


Sodium Sulphate 

Sodium Bromide 

Magnesium Chloride 

Magnesium Sulphate 

Magnesium Bromide . . 


.0417 
.3229 
.1975 






Potassium Chloride 

Potassium Sulphate 

Aluminum Compounds 

Lithium 

Boracic Acid 

Chlorine, excess 


.1290 
.1629 






Total 


22.282 


14.9934 


16.8818 


23.979 


3.5271 



-^$^(^^33— 



CALIFORNIA 343 



California 

" Pious Portala, jouncing by land, 
Reared high across upon the heathen strand, 

Then far away 
Dragged his slow caravan to Monterey. 

The mountains whispered to the valleys, ' Good ' 
The sun, slow sinking in the western flood, 

Baptized in blood 
The holy standard of the Brotherhood. 

The timid fog crept in across the sea, 

Drew near, embraced it and streamed far and free, 

Saying ' O ye 
Gentiles and Heathen, this is truly He. ' 

All this the Heathen saw; and when once more 
The holy Fathers touched the lovely shore- 
Then covered o'er 
With shells and gifts the cross their witness bore." 

Bret Harte. 



Origin of the Name of California. 

Many hypotheses have been advanced relative to the 
origin of the name of California. 

Some writers favor the theory that the word is of 
aboriginal origin depending on some misunderstood words 
of the natives. Several writers among the Jesnit Mission- 
aries point out the possibility of the word being derived 
from the Latin Calida fornax (hot furnace), as the south- 
ern part of Lower California was first touched by the dis- 
coverers during the hot season. Other less reasonable 



344 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

conjectures regarding the origin of the name have been 
found, until the noted antiquarian, Edward Everett Hale, 
promulgated, April 30, 1862, through the American Anti- 
quarian Society the most authentic as well as the most 
probable account of the first use of the name California 
as follows: 

There lived in Seville a favored Spanish novelist, 
Ordonez de Montalvo, who published a romance in 15 10 
entitled " Las Sergas del esforzado caballero Esplandian," 
in which the name appears twice as will be seen b}^ the 
following translation. The romance was very popular and 
rapidly passed through several editions from 15 10 to 1526. 
One of these issued from Madrid in 152 1 is used for the 
translation. 



TRANSLATION 

The exploits of the very valiant Knight Esplandian, 
son of the excellent King Amadis of Gaul. — [Madrid, 152 1.] 

Furnished by Prof. Henry G. Hanks, State Mineralogist of California, in 
his sixth Annual Report, 1886. 

Translated by Mr. Camilo Martin, Consul for Spain. 

Chapter CLVII 

The marvelous and not thought of succor with which the 
Queen Calafia came to the Port of Constantinople in 
favor of the Turks. 

I wish you now to know a thing the most strange 
which ever either in writing or in people's memory could 
be found, by which the city was the following day on the 
point of being lost, and how from there where the danger 
came, salvation came to it. Know then that to the right 
hand of the Indies, there was an island called California, 
very near the part of the terrestrial Paradise, and which 



OBIGIN OF THE NAME OF CALIFORNIA 345 

was inhabited by black women, without there being among 
them even one man, that their style of living was almost 
like that of the Amazons. They were of robnst bodies 
and valiant and ardent hearts and of great strength ; the 
island itself was the strongest that conld be fonnd in the 
world through its steep and wild rocks ; their arms were all 
of gold and also the harness of the wild beasts on which they 
rode after taming them, as there was no other metal in the 
whole island ; they dwelled in well-finished caves ; they 
had many ships in which they went to other parts to obtain 
booty, and the men whom they made prisoners they took 
along, killing them in the way you shall hear further on. 
And sometimes, when they were at peace with their adversa- 
ries, they used to mingle with them with entire confidence ; 
if any of them gave birth to a son, he was put to death at 
once. The reason for it, as it was known, was because in 
their thoughts they were resolved to lessen the men to so 
small a number that they would be able to master them 
without much trouble, with all their lands, and preserve 
those who would understand that it was convenient to do 
so that the race might not perish. 

In this island, called California, there were a great many 
griffins, the like, on account of the ruggedness of the land 
and the very many wild beasts therein contained, were not 
found in any other part of the world ; and when they had 
little ones these women would go covered with thick skins 
to catch them by tricks, and they would bring them to their 
caves and there rear them ; and when they were accustomed 
to them, they would feed them with those men and with the 
male children they bore, so often and with such cunning 
that they very well learned to know them, and never did 
them any harm. Any man who landed on the island was 
at once killed and eaten by them ; and though they might 
be glutted, they would not the less take them and lift them 
up, flying through the air, and when tired of carrying 
them, they would let them fall, where they would be killed 



346 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

at once. Well, at the time when those great men of the 
pagans departed with those large fleets, as history has 
already told yon, there reigned in said Island California, a 
qneen very tall of statnre, very handsome for one of them, 
of blooming age, desiring in her thoughts to do great deeds, 
valiant in spirit, and in cunning of her fearless heart, 
more so than any of the others that before her reigned in 
that seigniory. And having heard how the greatest part 
of the world was moving in that expedition against the 
Christians, she, not knowing what beings were the Chris- 
tians, nor having any knowledge of other countries except 
those which were next to hers, wishing to see the world and 
its different races, thinking that with her great valor and 
that of her adherents all that would be gained she would 
have, b}^ force or by cunning, the largest share of, she 
spoke with all those that were skilful in war, telling them 
that it would be well that, going in their great fleets, they 
should follow the same road that those great princes and 
eminent men were taking, inciting and encouraging them 
by laying before them the very great honor and gain that 
might result to them from that undertaking ; above all, the 
great fame that would resound in the whole world about 
them ; that remaining in the island as they were, doing 
nothing but what their ancestors had done, would be only 
to be buried in life, like living dead, passing their days 
without fame and without glory, like wild animals. 

So many things said to them by that very valiant. 
Queen Calafia, that she not only moved her people to con- 
sent to the undertaking, but they, with their great desire 
that their fame should be published in many parts, hurried 
her to put to sea at once, so as to happen to be in the danger 
jointly with those great men. The Queen, who saw the 
determination of her people, ordered her great fleet to be 
supplied with provisions, and with arms all of gold and 
with all other necessaries ; and she ordered the repairing 
of her largest vessel, made like a grate of thick timbers, 



ORIGIN OF THE NAME OF CALIFORNIA 347 

and she had put into her up to five hundred griffins, which 
as you have been told, she had raised from tender age and 
fed with the flesh of men, and having therein also put the 
animals on which they rode and which were of different 
kinds ; also, the best chosen and best armed women which 
were in the fleet, and leaving such garrison in the island as 
to be secure, she put to sea with the others, and she hurried 
so much that she joined the fleets of the pagans the night 
of the combat, of which you have been told, which caused 
them all very great pleasure, and then she was visited by 
those great lords, who showed her great reverence. She 
wanted to know in what state was their enterprise, begging 
them to relate it to her minutely ; and having heard the 
report from them, she said: " You have fought this city 
with your many people and could not take it; well, I with 
mine, if it is agreeable to you, will on the following day, try 
the reach of my power, if you will accept my advice." All 
those great lords answered her, that whatever was by her 
indicated, they would order it executed. " Then notify at 
once all the other commanders that to-morrow, on no 
account, they nor theirs leave their quarters, until it is so 
ordered by me, and you shall see a fight the most strange 
never seen before this day, and of which you never have 
heard spoken." This was then made known to the great 
Sultan of Liquia and the Sultan of Halapa, who had charge 
of all the armies which were on land, and who thus ordered 
their people, wondering much what could be the thought 
and deed of that Queen. 

Thus leaving very little if any doubt that the name 
" California" had its origin in the fertile brain of Sefior 
Montalvo. 

"Then felt I like some watcher of the skies, 
When a new planet swims into his ken; 

Or like stout Cortez, when with eagle eyes 
He stared at the Pacific, and all his men 

Looked at each other with a wild surmise — 
Silent upon a peak in Darien." 



348 



MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 



Historical Sketch of the Discovery and Early 
Occupation of California 

It was in the year 1534, during one of these waves of 
popular enthusiasm which every now and again pass over 
large communities and inflame the minds of men, that 
California was discovered. These waves attacking the 




OLD MISSION, LOS ANGELES 



deepest interest of ambitious men frequently serve to 
impart an impetus to scientific research in astronomy, chem- 
istry, physics and especially explorations and discoveries of 
new worlds. To-day as for centuries back explorations and 
excavations are constantly being pushed ahead. New expe- 
ditions are fitted out frequently for polar research and 
heroes thirsting for fame and the discovery of the open Polar 
Sea are pushing on with feverish excitement eager to outdo 
their predecessors. At the close of the fifteenth century the 



DISCO VERY AXD EARL Y OCCUPA TION OF CA LIFORNIA 349 

particular enthusiasm of Spain was the discovery of Amer- 
ica. No time was lost in building fleets and sending them 
out, once Columbus had found the way, to fully explore the 
new continent and discover the western passage to the 
Indian seas. 

Accordingly we find that Hernando Cortez, fully 
equipped set sail with his fleet and landed at Vera Cruz in 
April, 15 19. Columbus believed in the Western passage 
until the day of his death. Cortez, while sailing along the 
Gulf of Mexico, thought he had found this coveted pas- 
sage, and when he landed on the eastern coast of Mexico it 
was believed that Asia had been reached. Later on, however, 
when he had taken possession of the Aztec Capital, Cortez 
was convinced that the two continents were not identical, 
although Mexico was still supposed to be a part of the 
eastern continent, separated perhaps by a strait or a penin- 
sula which the older explorers had not discovered. This 
problem the Spanish invader concluded to solve, and 
the easiest and surest way of accomplishing this was to 
go to the west seas and follow the western shores north- 
ward until the mouth of the strait or Asia itself should 
be found. 

Reaching the western shores of Mexico amid great 
hardships and many privations, Cortez followed the coast 
northward until he came to a good harbor. Here he 
founded the city of Zacatula, about 175 miles north of 
Acapulco, and commenced building his fleet. Ship-building 
at best is a tedious undertaking, especially in a new coun- 
try with hostile natives and the intoxication of conquest to 
divert one's attention. Still Cortez persevered and in the 
Spring of 1532 his first ships left Zacatula on their way 
northward. Hearing nothing from the first expedition, 
Cortez the next year (1533) sent out two more ships to 
ascertain the fate of the lost vessels and then push on to 
Asia. The voyage was supposed to take only a few months 
under favorable circumstances. 



350 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA ■ 

The expeditions of 1533 were under the command of 
a cousin of Cortez, Diego Becerra de Mendoza and Her- 
nando Grijalva. This latter commandant soon became dis- 
heartened and losing faith in the undertaking, returned to 
Zacatula with his ship. Becerra de Mendoza, however, was 
made of different stuff and determined to push on with a 
chivalrous spirit — despite the fact that his crew became 
mutinous. Being of a haughty disposition he ruled his 
men with an iron hand, which only added fuel to the fire 
already kindled. The crew became more and more 
unmanageable and finally mutinied, with the pilot, Fortuna 
Jimenez at their head, killing commander Mendoza and 
putting the officers next in command on the wild shores of 
Colima to share the fate of their many comrades who had 
fallen while fighting the savages under Cortez. 

Pilot Jimenez now took command of the ship and not 
caring to meet his fate at the hands of Cortez, pushed up 
the Mexican coast to find if possible the Asiatic continent 
and return to Europe. They sailed northward for many 
months, until one bright morning in the early part of the 
following } T ear (1534) Jimenez discovered what he supposed 
to be an island on the western horizon. Bearing down 
upon it, a good, calm bay was found surrounded by green 
hills covered with shade trees. Here they decided to put 
ashore and explore the new country. The vessel was 
accordingly anchored at a safe distance from the shore and 
Jimenez with many of his crew took to the boats and land- 
ed on a fine sandy beach. No sooner had they landed than 
the beach swam with huge, dusky savages who overwhelm- 
ed the few dozen sailors like an avalanche with such deadly 
effect that Pilot Jimenez and a score of his faithful follow- 
ers were slain before the ship could be reached and moved 
away from the deadly poisoned arrows so fatally wielded 
by the hostile aborigines. 

Thus ingloriously died the discoverer of California, 
a few short moments after setting his foot upon the Golden 



DISCOVERY AND EARLY OCCUPATION OF CALIFORNIA 351 

shore, for the supposed island was in reality Lower Cali- 
fornia and the place of landing was at what is now known as 
La Paz in the little bay about seventy-five miles north of 
Cape Palmo on the eastern side of the peninsula and on 
the western side of the Gulf of California. 

The few remaining sailors who succeeded at length in 
getting their ship under way after several months reached 
Cortez at Zacatula. After recounting to him the unlucky 
passage of the vessel and how they had mutinied and 
killed his cousin Mendoza and how in turn the large 
coppery savages had killed their pilot and many of the men, 
Cortez anxiously inquired what the Indians wore and if 
there were any evidences of richness in their attire. To 
this the men answered that the natives were well armed 
with bows and arrows, stone and copper knives etc., and that 
they wore strings of large pearls around their necks and 
pieces of bright shining metal, presumably gold, on their 
persons. This was enough for Cortez to judge of the 
wealth of the supposed Island, and he at once set to work 
to refit and get in readiness another expedition. Early in 
the following year (1535) Cortez set out with a large fleet 
for Jimenez Bay which he reached May 3rd of the same 
year. This wa}^ was christened Santa Cruz. Here he 
landed many of his colonists and then explored the coast 
up and down the Californian and Mexican shores. The 
Gulf of California was named the Sea of Cortez; it after- 
wards received the name of Mar Roxa (Red Sea) from the 
peculiar red color of its waters, arising probably from the 
discoloration of the Red Colorado (Red River), which 
emptied into it large volumes of dark red water. Having 
cruised around this red sea nearly a year, Cortez returned 
to Santa Cruz to look after his colonists. Here he found 
many of them killed and the rest suffering from great pri- 
vation, heartily sick of their new home and begging to be 
taken away from the hostile aborigines. Accordingly the 




CHURCH AND STUDY NEAR DEL MONTE 



DISCOVERY AND EARLY OCCUPATION OF CALIFORNIA 353 

fleet brought away every European from Santa Cruz in the 
early part of 1536 and he returned to Zacatula very much 
discouraged by the experiment. 

After resting for a few years Cortez again fitted out a 
fleet, which started in 1539, commanded by Captain Fran- 
cisco de Ulloa. This expedition rounded Cape St. Lucas and 
coasted up the western side of California as high as the 
Cedros Island off Cape San Eugenio, more than half way up 
the peninsula coast. It was during this voyage (1539-40) 
that the name California first appears to have been applied 
to the peninsula, having undoubtedly been taken from the 
romance of Montalvo which was published thirty years 
before. 

Everything north of Cape St. Lucas was supposed to 
be an island or peninsula leading northward to Asia, and to 
this whole country was applied the name of California. 

In 1542, another expedition was fitted out, this time 
from Navidad, in Mexico, under instructions from the 
Viceroy of Spain. The command was given to Juan Rod- 
riguez Cabrillo one of the pilots of Cortez. To this man of 
undoubted courage belongs the honor of discovering Nueva 
California or Upper California proper. He sailed over the 
course of Ulloa and pushing on northward, anchored in 
San Diego Bay, naming it San Miguel. 

October 3, 1842, Cabrillo left San Diego with a 
determination to reach Asia. He sailed northward, touch- 
ing at the Santa Catalina Island which he found inhabited 
by natives. Anchoring off San Pedro, he took formal 
possession of a large Indian town named Xuca, on the 
coast of Ventura. As he sailed up the coast, dotted 
here and there with Indian towns, Cabrillo finally reached 
Monterey Bay, and remained there some time to view the 
country which pleased him so much. Proceeding north- 
ward again he passed Point Reyes, and reached as far north 
as Cape Mendocino which he named Mendoza, after the 



MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

Viceroy oi Spain. He thou turned southward, discovering 
the Farallones Islands which he named after his pilot 
Far alio. 

From the records left by Cabrillo there is not the slight- 
est mention made oi San Francisco Bay, making it very 
certain that this daring navigator failed to enter the Golden 
Gate, for had he done so he would undoubtedly have left us 
some description oi the finest harbor on the Coast. 

At this time the Spanish claims in the new world — El 

Dorado or California, extended from Mexico to the Arctic 
circle. Colonization was encouraged and attempted from 
Mexico to San Francisco but not beyond it. 

In the mean time England was watching America and 
especially the Golden West with a jealous eye. Several 
expeditious were sent out to the Atlantic shores. 

In the year 1577 Sir Francis Drake fitted out a ship 
ostensibly for a buccaneering expedition along the Spanish 
Main, but Spanish commerce was the objective point of the 
Spanish Main or anywhere else. Having gathered con- 
siderable booty and sacked several newly settled towns 
along the Spanish coast, Sir Francis desired to head for 
England by way of the Cape of Good Hope. Destiny 
foiled this plan. It is just such accidents which play such 
an important part in the making of history. Drake's 
vessel got into coast currents and tradewinds which took 
him so far north that he got into a very cold region. As 
soon as it became practicable he headed south again and got 
into latitude 3S degrees, somewhere off the cliffs of Bodega 
or Drake's Bay. From the whiteness of the cliffs, Drake 
called the supposed new country New Albion from the resem- 
blance to the coast of England. This was in the year 
1576-9. Here Sir Francis landed. He found the Indians 
going about nearly nude. They were inclined to be peace- 
able and were desirous he should remain with his ' k wonder 
of the sea". The natives offered the " White Chief " their 
whole country. Drake accepted in the name of Queen 



DISCOVERY AND EARLY OCCUPATION OF CALIFORNIA 355 

Elizabeth and set up a post with an inscription thereon 
announcing the discovery and acceptance of this New 
Albion. He then sailed away. 

The exact place of Drake's landing has been a mooted 
question and caused considerable discussion. Drake's Bay, 
Bodega Bay and San Francisco Bay, all claim the honor. 
Drake's Bay is in the same degree of latitude as noted by 
Sir Francis, and the coast even to-day greatly resembles, 
both in height and color, the white cliffs seen on the 
English Channel at Dover and Brighton. Had Bodega 
been the landing place, surely some description of Tomales 
Bay would have been made; and had it been San Francisco 
Bay, which is considerably farther south than 38 degrees 
north latitude, this clever and daring explorer was not the 
man to have left without exploring the many arms of this 
great inland sea, one of the finest harbors in the world. 
Not one word about the Golden Gate reaches us from the 
accounts of Drake's expeditions, a fact, taken with others, 
which goes far to prove that Sir Francis Drake did not even 
dream of such a bay as that of San Francisco. 

Many of the Spanish explorers and vessels both before 
and after Drake's voyage found Point Reyes, but not one of 
them say a word about San Francisco Bay. 

In 1584 Francisco Gali, sailing a Philippine vessel from 
Macao and Japan to Acapulco, was taken by the great 
Oceanic current and tradewinds and carried as far north as 
Cape Mendocino. Putting about, he succeeded in coasting 
down to Cape St. Lucas, but discovered nothing new. A 
few years later, Carmenon, another Philippine commander 
was commissioned to explore the coast more minutely to 
find a safe harbor for Spanish vessels. He also passed the 
Golden Gate without seeing it, although his vessel ran so 
closely ashore as to founder off Point Reyes. 

Philip III of Spain, commissioned Sebastian Vizcaino 
in 1602 to explore the coast of California ; to find a suitable 
harbor for the Philippian ships, and to hunt for the western 

A. 23 



356 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

passage to Asia. He arrived at San Diego Bay the follow- 
ing year and changed the name from San Mignel to San 
Diego. He then proceeded on his voyage np the coast reach- 
ing as far north as Point Reyes and Mendocino. His 
chroniclers noted carefully many ports of the coast and 
described them in detail but not one word about San Fran- 
cisco Bay — a further proof that it had never been discovered. 

Histories and exaggerated accounts of the exploits of 
Cortez, Jimenez, Cabrillo, Drake, Carmenon and Vizcaino 
continued to attract attention and excite the adventurous 
spirits of another hundred years. Exploring expeditions 
were sent out tinder royal charter and nnder individual 
patronage to discover and explore this wonderful country 
whose shores were sands of gold and strewn with pearls of 
fabnlous value. Adventurous spirits headed commands 
for this new world in 1615, 1633 and half a dozen more up 
to 1668. Most of them coasted up and down the Pacific 
shore without discovering anything new. None of them 
ever entered San Francisco Bay, or if they did so, left no 
record behind them which they would have been most 
likely to do, had they entered the Golden Gate. 



The Early Mission Fathers 

For over one hundred years from 1668 to 1779 slow 
progress was made in civilizing and colonizing California. 
Occasional expeditions followed in the track of their 
predecessors with similar results. Still the highly colored 
accounts of the rich El Dorado with mountains of gold and 
shores of pearl, continued to spread and enthuse the adven- 
turesome souls of the age. 

In 1677 the Spanish government decided that the Cal- 
ifornian conquest and colonization should be undertaken 
again, this time with more vigor and with the additional aid 
of the Fathers of the church. Accordingly the Crown 



THE EARLY MISSION FATHERS 



357 



appointed Admiral Don Isidro Ontoudo commandant of the 
expedition. The evangelizing missionaries were selected 
from the Jesuits, the most powerful spiritual organization 
in Mexico at that time. The Archbishop of Mexico con- 




Oi,D MISSION CHURCH AT SANTA BARBARA 



ferred the honors of leading the evangelizers, on Father 
Eusebio Francisco Kuhn-a much beloved German priest. 
Admiral Ontondo was to afford military protection while 
Father Kuhn and his priests converted the Indians. It 



358 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

was not, however, until 1683 that the expedition set sail up 
the Gulf of California and active operations commenced. 
For two years the brave expedition met with varying suc- 
cess in the Lower California. Many natives were christian- 
ized and much good was done. 

The Spanish exchequer was not in a particularly 
flourishing condition at this time, and the court determined 
that such a heavy drain on its resources could not be main- 
tained as nothing of much value was returned to Spain in 
exchange for her expensive conquest and evangelizing 
expedition, and the scheme was deemed impracticable. 
After a second effort by Ontondo and Kuhn the Spanish 
government withdrew the expedition and offered the entire 
control and large grants to the Jesuits if they would con- 
tinue the projected undertaking. This proposal was not 
accepted by the Fathers and thus abruptly terminated for a 
short time the grand undertaking. 

Father Kuhn, who had affectionately been called El 
Padre Kino, was bitterly disappointed at this unexpected 
turn of affairs, as he had fondly dreamed of the day when 
his missions would extend over the entire new country. 
While pondering over the subject Father|Kuhn met with a 
priest as zealous as himself and these two courageous and 
uniting heroes, in their love and their great enthusiasm for 
the Catholic faith undertook themselves without means and 
without support to accomplish what the Spanish Crown 
had failed to bring to a successful issue. The second 
hero was Father Salvatierra. Later on Fathers Picolo and 
Ugarta joined Fathers Kuhn and Salvatierra and the four 
pioneers set to work with zeal and determination. Almost 
insurmountable obstacles were overcome and painful hard- 
ships endured, and it is pleasing to record that at length 
success crowned their efforts. The faithful servants estab- 
lished missions in various parts of Lower California. 

In 1691 Kuhn explored the Gilda valley and noted the 
ruins of a once flourishing race. Between 1700 and 1709 



THE EARL Y MISSION FA THERS 359 

Kulm and his associates discovered that Lower California 
was not an island bnt part of the main land. The missions 
now extended from Cape St. Lucas to San Diego and from 
the City of Mexico to the Arizona line. 

From 1725 to 1760 the Jesuits lost ground in their own 
dominion. Popular feeling ran high against them-al though 
they had converted the desert and barren country into a 
veritable oasis. Miners and settlers began to pour into the 
land of wealth. Hatred was fomented against the priests 
and secularization assiduously advocated. So much pres- 
sure was brought to bear against the pioneer Fathers, that 
King Charles III of Spain issued an ordinance in 1766 
making it imperative for all Jesuits to leave the Spanish 
dominions. The decree of banishment reached our 
peninsula in 1768 and they were forced to leave the field of 
their hardships and toils — the field of their early depriva- 
tions and painfnl though prosperous progress, and Califor- 
nia was once again inhabited by aborigines alone. 



The Franciscan Friars 

During the latter half of the eighteenth century Eng- 
land, France and Spain were much interested in America 
and their respective colonial possessions. England had 
succeeded in obtaining the upper hand of France in several 
engagements which resulted in the great possessions of 
France in Asia ( Hindoostan ) and America (Canada) becom- 
ing English provinces. England, becoming bold, was 
looking after further conquests. Spain took warning and, 
although friendly with England, yet desired to look after 
her Californian possession. 

Shortly after the Jesuit Fathers had been banished, 
Spain decreed that the Franciscan Friars should take 
charge of the Peninsula or Lower California missions and 
also establish missions in Upper or New California as 



THE FRAXC1SCAS FRIARS 361 

rapidly as possible in order to occupy and be in possession 
of the country should England or France direct attention to 
the Golden West. 

The chief establishment of the Franciscan Monks in 
New Spain was located at San Fernando, and to it was 
intrusted the labor of evangelizing the Indians and estab- 
lishing missions up the coast. The head of this influential 
convent honored Junipero Serra by selecting him director 
and head of the California Missions. 

The early history of California is inseparable from that 
of Friar Serra — a man of superior intellect and fervid 
religious zeal who had early been ordained and attracted con- 
siderable reputation as a preacher. He had spent many 
years among the Indians of San Luis Potosi and was well 
fitted to undertake the task. Friar Serra had renounced 
the world and all its amusements. He found no attraction 
in woman's society and less in the jovial companionship of 
his own sex. He was ever serious and never indulged in 
a smile or jocularity of any kind. His habits were austere 
and he frequently practised personal chastisement, lashing 
himself with wire ropes and stones and burning himself 
with torches. He sought to be a simple, humble, obedient, 
zealous Friar, without hypocrisy or pride. He made many 
friends and few enemies and lived as pure a life and did as 
many noble deeds as has fallen to the lot of any priest 
before or since. 

Early in the year 1769, several expeditions both be- 
laud and by sea brought the Fathers of St. Francis to San 
Miguel ( now San Diego ) . They suffered much and sev- 
eral died from starvation on the trip from Mexico. Shortly 
after the arrival of Friar Serra active work began, and on 
July 11, 1769 the first Mission was founded — the Mission 
of San Diego. 

About the same time a small expedition with Portala 
in command set out for Monterey. With this party were 
Friars Crespi and Gomez. Onwards they marched and 



362 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

finally reached the mouth of the Salinas River. The coast 
by land looked different from what it had been described by 
sea and our party were not able to discover Monterey Bay. 
Thinking that perhaps it was still farther north the expe- 
dition resolved to push forward. On the last day of 
October the company reached one of the heights on San 
Pedro and here halted for recuperation. While camping 
here, a small expedition under sergeant Ortega set out to 
explore the coast for a few days. Reaching the shore of 
the Pacific they tramped along the beach. Arriving at the 
cliffs opposite Seal Rocks they were unable to go farther ou 
the shore and took to the hills. Ascending the cliffs, not 
by the well built road and beautiful grounds of Sutro's 
heights, but up the rough and rugged rocks they 
climbed. Imagine the amazement with which Ortega gazed 
on the extensive inland sea and the Golden Gate. This 
was the first time of which we have any xecord that San 
Francisco Bay was seen by European eyes. 

During Ortega's absence, all remained quietly in camp 
excepting a few soldiers who were out hunting for game in 
the northeastern hills. Having ascended several hundred 
feet above the surrounding country they too saw the large 
inland sea. So San Francisco Bay was discovered by the 
two companies of Portala's expedition about the same time. 
On receiving the news Portala and Crespi broke camp on 
the 4th of November 1769 and determined to look at this 
large sheet of water themselves. They could scarcely 
believe that it was correct as the many earlier explorers by 
sea had never even hinted at the existence of such a large 
body of water and surely it could hardly have escaped their 
experienced eye. Reaching the San Bruno summits the 
whole expedition saw what Ortega and the soldiers had 
simultaneously discovered. The company now retraced 
their steps to report the discovery of a harbor large enough 
to contain the whole Spanish fleet, and arrived at San Diego 
January 24, 1770. 



364 M/NERA L SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

April next, two more expeditions, one by sea and the 
other by land, were sent out to discover Monterey. The 
San Antonio with Father Serra on board sailed April 
17, 1770 and reached the harbor of Monterey May 31st, 
They found the bay just as it had been described over a 
hundred and fifty years before. The land expedition reached 
the bay a week preceding. There was a grand jubilee and 
on the third of June the Mission of San Carlos was founded. 
The fort of Monterey was established and the whole coun- 
try was formally occupied and taken possession of in the 
name of the King of Spain. 

Immediately the news of these important discoveries 
and occupations were sent to Mexico and to Spain. High 
Masses, congratulations and receptions followed this impor- 
tant extension of the Spanish Crown. 

Liberal and extensive provisions were made for the 
further establishment of missions. Expeditions were fitted 
out and missions established in rapid succession. The San 
Antonio Mission was located at the Santa Lucia Mountains 
July 14, 1 771. Another one, that of San Gabriel was 
founded in August of the same year and located on the San 
Gabriel River. The San Luis Obispo Mission was founded 
the following year. In 1776 two missions were founded — 
one the San Juan Capistrano and the other the Mission 
Dolores at San Francisco. 

From the time Portala's expedition discovered San 
Francisco Bay in 1769 several exploring companies had 
been sent out to report on this wonderful sea which had so 
completely escaped detection. Friar Crespi explored the 
eastern side of the bay as far north as the Carquinez Straits 
in 1772. Here he discovered the San Joaquin and the Sacra- 
mento Rivers. In 1774 another expedition explored the 
western shore of the bay as far as the Golden Gate, and in 
1775 the ship San Carlos, with the Saint Ayala entered 
the Golden Gate — the first time its waters had been dis- 
turbed by an3'thing excepting the Indian canoes. In 1776 




MONTKRKY BATHS 



366 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

Friars Palou and Cambon with several married civilians 
and soldiers established the San Francisco Mission. This 
was the first occupation of San Francisco now 114 years 
ago. The military and the civilians occupied the presidio 
whilst the Fathers set to work building the old Mission 
Church. Many other missions were now being established 
in several parts of California. Evangelizing the Indians 
was pushed as rapidly as possible. The country becoming 
populated and the soil cultivated, herds of cattle and horses 
and sheep flourished and the golden shores of California 
were soon made to blossom like the rose. The Missions 
rapidly prospered and soon became very wealthy and influ- 
ential, ruling and governing the country for many years. 

Within about fifty years, the Franciscan Friars had 
established twenty-one missions, with large farms and exten- 
sive flocks. They were carrying on extensive trade in 
hides, tallow, wool and wine. They owned about twenty-five 
to thirty miles of the choicest land around each mission. 
These "golden days" continued from 1770 to 1822. About 
this time the Spanish power in Mexico had its downfall and 
with it the Missions and powers of the Franciscan Fathers 
commenced to decrease, until finally in 1845 they were 
formally abolished and their property confiscated. 

For several years prior to this confiscation settlers had 
been constantly increasing. The Mexicans had been 
attracted by the richness of the soil and the healthfulness 
of the climate. Trappers and hunters and citizens in deli- 
cate health and with adventurous spirits crossed the high 
Sierras and flocked to California. Between 1840 and 1845 
more than 5,000 people had crossed the long plains and 
scaled the high mountains to make their homes on the 
shores of the Pacific. 

Before the close of 1846 there were 8,000 persons who 
had come by land and by sea to live in California. From 
1822 to 1845 occasional skirmishes and petty wars occurred 
between settlers in the north and settlers in the south, and 



THE FRANC ISC AS FRIARS 



367 



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_!iiiiliiiiii;'ii'iiiiiiMi;iiiiiii[;iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniir;iii!iimiiiiiiiiiniiii; iiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiimiiiiniiiiiiiiii'nmiu 




^IIUIIIIIIIIIIIll! 



368 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

The news spread like wildfire. In less than fonr years 
from this date over 250,000 people were in the State and 
mining became the universal occupation. With such an 
enormous immigration, necessarily a large number of outlaws 
found their way here as well. It was during these stirring 
times that the noted " Vigilance Committee," composed of 
some of our best citizens, was obliged to administer justice 
and restore law and order. From this time on the State of 
California has increased in population, mineral and agricul- 
tural worth more rapidly than any other State in the Union. 



Know'st thou the land where the lemon-trees bloom, 
Where the gold orange grows in the deep thicket's gloom, 
Where a wind ever soft from the blue heaven blows, 
And the groves are of laurel, and myrtle, and rose ? " 



The Climate of California 

" The empire of climate is the most powerful of all empires." 

— Montesquieu. 

So much has been written regarding the climatic 
advantages of the Pacific Coast, that I shall confine myself 
to giving a brief outline of this subject, merely touching 
upon the most salient points, and then, only as they bear 
upon the subject of health and health resorts. 

The continuous tide of emigration to California is 
largely the outcome of an effort on the part of Eastern 
people to escape the rigor that characterizes the climate of 
the vast extent of country east of the Rocky Mountains. 
In California the changes from the oppressive heat of 
Summer to the intense cold of Winter are unknown nor do 
Californians suffer from the many atmospheric eccentricities 
that sweep over the Eastern country in the form of blizzards, 



THE CLIMATE OF CALIFORNIA H69 

cyclones and tornadoes. Even thunder storms are practi- 
cally unknown here. The configuration of this State, 
which is nearly 800 miles long and traversed by two 
mountain ranges, would give rise to the greatest climatic 
variations were it not for certain modifying influences 
which do not exist anywhere else in the United States — 
influences which reduce the differences that would other- 
wise exist in a range of over sixteen degrees of latitude. 
Professor Whitney remarks, in his recent work on the 
United States : 

" The causes of this condition of things in the Pacific 
Coast belt are as follows : The proximity of the great area 
of water from which the prevailing winds blow toward the 
land, as will be seen farther on ; the modification which the 
temperature of this ocean undergoes near the American 
Coast by the Asiatic Coast current and the northern or 
Arctic Coast current ; and the position of the mountain 
ranges near the coast. The fact that the prevailing winds 
blow from this great water area toward the land has a power- 
ful influence in bringing about a uniformity of climate along 
the edges of the land, and this is still further aided by the 
peculiar nature of the currents along this coast. The 
influence of the warm Asiatic current, the Kuro-Siwo, is 
distinctly felt in raising the temperature as far south as 
the northern border of California; from here south, the cold 
Arctic current which apparently emerges from under the 
warm current, makes its presence felt in lowering the tem- 
perature along the coast nearly or quite as far south as the 
southern boundary of the country." 

A little farther on he states that "on the California 
coast the winds are very strong and steady from the north- 
west in the Summer, but decidedly more to the southwest 
in Winter. In Summer the intensely heated plateau to 
the east draws the air from the Pacific, which blows with vio- 
lence through every depression in the Coast Ranges towards 
the heated land-mass. There is, no ' wind-gap 1 in the Coast 




±W/S£HGQQ,£QSTOm 



TYPICAL SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 



THE CLIMA TE OF CA LIFORNIA 371 

Ranges so deeply and widely cnt as that of the Golden 
Gate at San Francisco. At this point the cold winds from 
the sea find entrance to the Great Valleys of Sacramento 
and San Joaquin, and the mass of air thns set in motion 
spreads itself out fan-like after passing through the Gate 
so that the prevailing winds in those valleys during the 
Summer are always from the Bay of San Francisco towards 
the mountains. The hotter the weather in the interior the 
more violent the wind at San Francisco. But this condition 
is limited to the daytime. At night the rapid cooling of 
the higher plateau checks or stops altogether the indraught 
of air, and an almost entire calm prevails at San Francisco, 
while the cool air flows in a gentle breeze down the slopes 
of mountains, in a reverse direction from that which it had 
during the daytime." 



Velocity of Winds 

Protected from the ocean by the Coast Ranges, the air 
as a rule is dry, so that a degree of heat varying from 95 
to ioo° F. can be borne with perfect comfort, whereas in 
the humid atmosphere of the Atlantic Coast this temper- 
ature if kept up for any length of time would be insuffer- 
able and in many cases fatal. Now this dryness and 
lightness of atmosphere, relieved by cool dewy nights, 
gives California a first place among sanitariums, as these 
two attributes, accompanied by a uniform mean temperature 
are of prime importance in all lung and throat affections. 

A glance at the appended table will satis f} T the reader 
that California is unrivaled as far as uniformity of climate 
goes, and that it will compare favorabl} T with the most 
celebrated resorts in the world, either in the United States 
or abroad. 

A. 24 



372 



MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 



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VELOCITY OF WINDS 



373 



The following table, obtained from the records of the 

United States Signal Service office, gives the average 
monthly velocity of the wind in miles during the past three 
years. 

1886 1887 1888 

March 13.5 15.2 13.3 

April 15.5 17.6 16.7 

May 16.9 18.7 17.1 

June 22.5 21.5 19.6 

July 21.7 20.0 19.6 

August 21.2 21.4 19.5 

September 18.1 17.2 17.4 

October 14.0 13.6 13.3 



Mkan Temperature 



Coronado, California 

Naples 

Mentone , 

Rome , 

Nice 

Florence 

Mean Temp, at Cor-) 
onado for 16 yearst 



R 

OS 




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OS 


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55.9 


58.5 


55.0 


57.2 


60.4 


63.1 


67.0 


70.5 


66.6 


59.7 


46.5 


48.5 


52.0 


57.0 


66.5 


71.0 


75.0 


76.5 


72.5 


65.0 


48.0 


48.0 


52.0 


57.0 


63.0 


70.0 


75.0 


75.0 


69.0 


64.0 


47.6 


49.4 


52.0 


56.4 


64.5 


69.2 


73.3 


74.0 


69.5 


63.6 


45.8 


49.0 


51.4 


57.0 


63.0 


69.0 


73.6 


74.3 


69.4 


61.8 


41.0 


45.0 


48.0 


56.0 


64.0 


69.0 


77.0 


76.0 


70.0 


59.0 


53.5 


54.7 


56.0 


58.2 


60.2 


66.6 


67.1 


69.0 


66.7 


62.9 



56.0 
54.5 
54.0 
58.8 
53.7 
53.0 

58.1 



56.0 
50.5 
49.0 
49.6 
48.6 
47.0 

56.0 



Mean Temp, of Mean Temp, of Mean Temp, of 
Year Summer Winter 

San Francisco 56.00° 60.0° 51.00° 

Washington 56.07° 76.3° 36.05° 

Difference in San Francisco 9° 

Difference in Washington 36.25° 



Rainy Season 



While we have two seasons, the dry and the wet, a very 
general impression regarding the latter needs correcting. 
Eastern people suppose that when the rains once begin thev 



374 



MIXERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 



are continuous for six months. Rains may begin in Octo- 
ber or November and continue for several days. Then we 
enjoy a period of several weeks when the air is free from 
dust, the roadbeds are hardened, the vegetation takes a new 
start, and the sun beams over a land of balmy luxuriance. 

The following figures, representing the mean temper- 
ature of January and July, and the average annual rainfall 
(in inches) in Mentone, St. Paul, St. Augustine (Florida), 
and also in San Diego, Santa Barbara, Los Angeles, and 
Monterey (California), afford a subject well worthy of con- 
sideration. 



TEMPERATURE 

January July rainfall 

Degrees Degrees Inches 

San Diego 57 65 10 

Santa Barbara 56 66 15 

St. Augustine 59 77 55 

St. Paul 13 73 30 

Mentone 30 69 23 

Los Angeles 55 67 18 

Monterey 50 65 14 



Rainfall 



The very finest climate in California will be found 
near the coast between the 34th parallel and the 38th 
parallel, taking in Los Angeles, Santa Barbara, Monterey, 
Santa Cruz and San Francisco. Again taking the center 
of this region which will be in and around Monterey in 
latitude 36°, 37', the following table shows the maximum, 
minimum and mean temperatures and rainfall for each 
month during the eight years, as follows : 



MONTHS 



TEMPERATURES AND RAINFALL 375 

Temperature for the Month 



Maximum 

1884 

January 64.00 

February 74.00 

March 70.00 

April 71.00 

May 78.00 

June 69.00 

July 76.00 

August 77.00 

September 77.00 

October 77.00 

November 71.00 

December 6S.O0 

1885 

January 65.00 

February 68.00 

March 81.00 

April 76.00 

May 77.00 

June 69.00 

July 75.00 

August 76.00 

September 72.00 

October 72.00 

November 74. 00 

December 73.00 

1886 

January 70.00 

February 75.00 

March 72.00 

April 70.00 

May 72.00 

June 78.00 

July 76.00 

August 79.00 

September 79.C0 

October 72.00 

November 71.00 

December 70.00 

1887 

January 68.00 

February 72.00 

March 80.00 

April 78.00 

May 85.00 

June 80.00 

July 76.00 

August 74.00 

September 83.00 

October 90.00 

November 74.00 

December 6G.O0 



Minimum 


Mean 


RAINFALL 


31.00 


49.51 


2.60 


28.00 


50.60 


5.34 


40.00 


54.51 


6.08 


45.00 


56.95 


3.75 


50.00 


59.68 


.36 


56.00 


61.13 


1.80 


53.00 


61.01 




50.00 


61.11 


.07 


44.00 


57.52 


.03 


40.00 


54.39 


1.81 


40.00 


52.23 


.30 


30.00 


52.01 


5.33 


35.00 


49.90 


1.22 


35.00 


52.46 


.09 


41.00 


55.95 


.40 


43.00 


58.43 


1.70 


52.00 


59.35 


.20 


52.00 


59.40 


.03 


54.00 


62.50 




53.00 


60.31 




44.00 


59.10 




41.00 


58.13 




38.00 


56.52 


6.65 


35.00 


54.29 


1.73 


30.00 


52.10 


3.09 


39.00 


54.70 


1.14 


33.00 


52.10 


2.52 


42.00 


56.10 


3.39 


50.00 


59.90 


.08 


51.00 


59.90 




55.00 


60.80 




54.00 


60.12 




47.00 


58.90 




38.00 


54.55 


.70 


32.00 


50.90 


.78 


36.00 


51.70 


.60 


31.00 


49.60 


.35 


29.00 


48.30 


4.92 


35.00 


53.65 


.60 


43.00 


53.30 


1.16 


50.00 


56.51 




55.00 


62.00 


.05 


55.00 


61.60 




54.00 


62.10 




50.00 


62.60 


.25 


48.00 


61.40 




38.00 


57.50 


1.35 


37.00 


51.51 


LSI 



376 



MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 



We have necessarily a great variety of climates in a 
state extending through ten parallels of latitude, and in 
some places nearly the same number of parallels of longi- 
tude— 32 to 40 North Latitude and 114 to 124 West 
Longitude. 








VIEW OF OAKLAND 

Comparative Annual Meteorology of San 
Francisco and Neighborhood 



For the years of 1877, 1878, 1879, 1880, 1881 and 1882. 

TEMPERATURES 1877 1878 1879 1880 l88l 1882 

Mean Temperature of the year.... 56.29 55.28 55.11 53.69 55.62 54.49 

Mean Temp. of warmest day 76.00 69.33 75.33 70.66 70.00 69.33 

Mean Temperature of coldest day 41.63 37.00 33.66 41.00 42.00 35.00 

Maximum Temp, for the year 96.00 84.00 93.00 89.00 87.00 84.00 

Minimum Temp, for the year 30.00 27.00 27.00 29.00 31.00 30.00 

Greatest daily variation of Temp. 38.00 33.00 46.00 36.00 35.00 31.00 

Least daily variation of Temp.... 1.00 2.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 

Greatest monthly range of Temp 47.00 46.00 46.00 48.00 40.00 42.00 

Rainfall in inches for the year.... 11.09 31.71 28.91 28.07 26.07 18.87 

No. of clear and fair days for year 301 255 266 258 276 276 

No. of cloudy days for year 64 110 99 108 89 89 



COM PA RA TI VE TEMPERA TURE 



377 



1878 


1879 


1880 


1881 


1882 


55.73 


56.15 


52.97 


56.35 


54.12 


59.36 


60.07 


58.95 


60.27 


60.06 


56.92 


56.73 


55.86 


54.78 


56.44 



SEASONS 1877 

Mean Temperature of Spring 55.18 

Mean Temperature of Summer... 61.17 

Mean Temperature of Autumn .... 57. 67 

Mean Temperature of Winter 50.39 50.12 47.60 45.38 51.10 46.80 

The above table may be considered a fair average 
of the meteorological phenomena obtaining in the yellow 
territory along the coast (52 to 6o°), with this exception, 
that in going north, the rainfall increases while the temper- 
ature slightly decreases, and in going south the opposite is 
the case. 



Comparative Temperature 

Points in California and points in a corresponding lat- 
itude on the Atlantic Coast. 

From this comparative temperature table it will be seen 
that California Climate is much more equable. 



a « 

r 


2* 


u 

V* 


11 


DEG. 


DKG. 


DEG. 


DEG. 

42 


63 


45 


88 


41 


64 


48 


83 


40 


60 


49 


74 


39 


56 


51 


60 


38 


57 


52 


64 


37 


63 


50 


85 


36 


61 


53 


68 


35 


65 


58 


73 


34- 


61 


54 


68 


32 



POINTS IN 
CALIFORNIA 



Yreka 

Redding 

Chico 

....Sacramento 
San Francisco 

Monterev 

Tulare 

Santa Barbara 
...Los Angeles 
San Diego 



POINTS ON 
ATLANTIC COAST 



Boston 

New York ... 
Philadelphia 

Baltimore 

Washington. 
Richmond... 

Norfolk 

Raleigh 

Atlanta 

Savannah ... 



V 
T3 


u 


V 






S3 


DEG. 


DEG. 


DEG. 


42 


69 


28 


41 


71 


31 


40 


72 


34 


39 


73 


33 


38 


76 


36 


37 


75 


37 


36 


74 


36 


35 


76 


42 


34 


80 


48 


32 


81 


53 



r 



48 
51 
52 
53 
56 
56 
54 
60 
64 
67 



Looking over that State from east to west and north to 
south, the following schedule will show the mean annual 
and the maximum and minimum temperatures, with the 
latitude and altitude of most of the points of interest in 
California : 



378 



MIX ERA L SPRIXGS OF CALIF0RX1A 



•ANNUAL TEMPERATURE - 



location Latitude Altitude 

Anaheim 33.51 133 

Auburn 38.57 1,360 

Caliente :... 35.17 1,290 

Calistoga 38.38 363 

Chico 39.44 193 

Colton 34.02 965 

Colfax 39.08 2,422 

Dunnigan 38.51 69 

Fresno 36.45 292 

Gait 38.18 50 

Geysers 38.49 

Gilroy 36.59 

Indio 33.46 

Keene 35.12 

Livermore 37.42 

Los Angeles 34.03 

Martinez , 38.02 

Marysville 39.10 

Merced 37.20 

Mojave 35.02 

Monterey 36.37 

Napa 38.21 

Oakland 37.49 

Paso Robles 35.38 

Redding 40.37 

Red Bluff 39.08 

Reno 39.31 

Salinas 36.41 

Sacramento 38.36 

San T)iego 32.45 

Santa Barbara 34.26 

San Mateo 37.34 

San Luis Obispo 35.18 

San Francisco 37.48 

San Jose 37.21 

Santa Cruz 36.58 

Spadra. 34.03 

Stockton 37.58 

Sumner 35.24 

Summit 39.20 

Tehachapi 35.06 

Truckee 39.20 

Tulare 36.13 

Woodland 38.41 

Yosemite Valley 37.47 

Yuma 32.44 140 



Average 
Maximum 

92.00 
83.00 
83.00 
86.00 
88.42 
89.42 
85.42 
90.00 
90.12 
88.00 



Average 
Minimum 

50,00 
39.00 
45.00 
36.00 
46.08 
41.66 
41.50 
45.00 
45.00 
43.00 



Mean 

67.00 
58.00 
64.00 
59.00 
65.00 
62.08 
56.91 
63.00 
64.34 
62.00 



193 


87.00 


38.00 


58.00 


20 


100.00 


50.00 


73.00 


2,705 


81.00 


32.00 


54.00 


485 


88.00 


39.C0 


58.0^ 


293 


89.67 


51.00 


64.75 


10 


76.00 


42.00 


56.00 


m 


88.17 


42.75 


63.58 


in 


89.00 


41.00 


63.00 


2,751 


87.00 


47.00 


63.00 


5 


78.50 


42.83 


57.40 


20 


87.58 


37.50 


59.19 


12 


69.33 


42.58 


54.75 









56.00 


557 


86.33 


43.16 


61.58 


308 


90.50 


45.67 


64.00 


4,497 


72.00 


32.00 


49 00 


44 


75.00 


42.00 


56.00 


30 


80.58 


44.92 


60.33 




82.83 


47.50 


61.00 


30 


81.00 


46.18 


60.00 


22 


78.00 


44.00 


54.00 
56.96 




76.25 


42,33 


55.25 


91 


83.08 


39.83 


56.75 


18 


82.67 


42.42 


58.08 


705 


93.00 


45.00 


64.00 


23 


79.50 


41.50 


58.00 


415 


89.00 


43.00 


64.00 


7,017 


58.17 


21.00 


40.66 


3,964 


78.00 


32.00 


52.00 


5,819 


68.83 


21.25 


43.00 


282 


87.00 


43.00 


64.00 


63 


86.00 


49.00 


61.00 



93.00 



58.00 



"4.00 



corresponding tempera ture in the old world 379 

Localities in the Old World Corresponding in Tem- 
perature with Points in California 

The following interesting table gives the annual 

temperature and latitude of corresponding places in the 
old world. 

FROM 44 TO 52 DEGREES 

Mean Annual 

CITY LOCALITY Temperature Latitude 

DEGREES DEGREES 

Carlstad South-western Sweden 44 59 

Dover South-eastern England 45 43 

Dantzig North-eastern Prussia 46 54 

Stromness Orkney Isles 46 58 

Breslau South-eastern Prussia 46 51 

Copenhagen Denmark 46 55 

Dresden Austria 46 51 

Edinburgh South-eastern Scotland 47 55 

Hamburg Northern Germany 47 53 

Dublin Ireland 49 53 

Munich Bavaria 49 48 

Prague Bohemia 49 50 

Leyden Holland 50 52 

Geneva Switzerland 50 46 

Frankfort-on-Main... Germany 50 50 

The territory included in 44 to 5 2° is the higher 
Coast Ranges and the lower Sierras, the atmosphere of 
which is dry, pure and invigorating. 

The mean Summer temperature is from 50° to 62 . 

FROM 52 TO 60 DEGREES 

Mean Annual 

CITY LOCALITY Temperature Latitude 

DEGREES DEGREES 

Turin Northern Italy 53 45 

Milan Northern Italy , 54 45 

Toulouse Southern France 55 43 

Venice North-eastern Italy 57 45 

Constantinople. Turkey 57 41 

Marseilles Southeast France 57 43 

Bologna Northern Italy 57 44 

Madrid Central Spain 57 40 

Mentone South-eastern France 57 43 

Toulon Southern France 59 43 

Florence Northern Italy 59 43 

Rome Western Italy 59 41 



380 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

FROM 60 TO 68 DEGREES 

Mean Annual 
CITY LOCALITY Temperature Latitude 

DEGREES DEGREES 

Nice South-eastern France 60 43 

Naples South-western Italy 61 40 

Lisbon Portugal 61 38 

Barcelonia North-eastern Spain 63 41 

Algiers Northern Africa 64 36 

Gibraltar Southern Spain 64 36 

Smyrna Western Asia Minor 65 38 

Messina Sicily 66 38 



This territory (6o° to 68°), extends on the Coast from 
San Diego to San Pedro at an average width of twenty-five 
miles, narrowing at the latter point to a few miles and 
extending north to Point Concepcion, also the valleys of the 
Sacramento and San Joaqnin jointly from Sumner (latitude 
35 24') to Redding (latitude 40 37') varying from forty to 
fifty miles in width and four hundred and fifty miles in 
length. 

The mean Summer temperature of this region is from 
68° to 72 , the mean Winter temperature from 45 to 55 . 



FROM 68 TO 72 DEGREES 



CITY 


LOCALITY 


Mean Annual 
Temperature 


Latitude 






DEGREES 


DEGREES 


Tunis 


Northern Africa 


68 


37 


Canton 


China 


69 


23 


Las Palmas 


Canaries 


70 


28 


San Croix 


of Teneriffe 


71 


28 


Cairo 


Bgypt 


.. 71 


30 


Macao 


China 


72 


22 



This territory (68° to 7 2°) extends from Yuma to San 
Gorgonio along the line of the Southern Pacific Railway, 
and includes the larger portion of the south-eastern part of 
the State. 



CORRESPONDING TEMPERATURE IN THE OLD WORLD 



331 



The mean Suinrrier temperature of this region is from 
So° to 88° and the mean Winter temperature 55 to 6o°. 

The territory running from 30 to 44 embraces the 
high timber Sierras and a portion of the North Coast Range 
extending from near Clear Lake to Oregon. 

The territory running from 52 to 6o° extends in a 
narrow strip along the Coast from near Point Concepcion 
(latitude 34 ) to the Oregon line (latitude 42 ). From 




CLIFF HOUSE SCENE. SAN FRANCISCO 



Point Concepcion in a southerly direction this belt leaves 
the Coast and trends in a south-easterly direction until 
near Tehachapi, where it divides, one branch running south 
to State line, the other running northeast, diminishing at 
State line in latitude 37 . This region is also represented 
along the foothills bordering the great valle} T s of the State, 
particularly the Sacramento and San Joaquin. 



382 



MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 



The mean Summer temperature of this territory is 
from 56 to 68°, and embraces a large number of the health 
resorts of the State, including nearly all the hot spring 
regions. Mean Winter temperature, 40 to 5 2°. 

It will be observed from the following extensive 
monthly schedule that California compares favorably with 
the most noted health resorts of the world. 

San Francisco having 330,000 inhabitants, 16.72 per 
1,000 die. In Los Angeles where there are 80,000 people 
only 8.26 per 1,000 die, and in San Diego with 30,000 pop- 
ulation there are only 6 die per 1,000. For the general 
mortality of 79 towns in California, the average is only 
i4.88 per 1,000. 

Compare the figures with the mortality of the East 
and Europe. 



In Manchester (N. H.) the mortality is 

' Boston 

1 Fitchburg (Mass.) 

' Danburry (Ct.) 

( Albany (N. Y.) 

' Long Island City 

' New York 

' Cleveland (O.) 

' New Orleans 

' Pensacola (Fla.) 

1 Raleigh (N. C.) 

[ Charleston (S. C.) 

BRITISH AMERICA 

' Gait 

' Hull 

' Montreal 

' London 

' Liverpool 

' Man Chester 

' Glasgow (Scotland) , 

' Dublin (Ireland) 



EUROPE 



' Genoa . 
' Havre.. 
1 Naples. 



26.00 per 1,000 

23.80 

29.00 

27.30 

20.51 

33.71 

23.11 

23.62 

24.14 

26.40 

26.80 

33.10 

32.00 
48.00 
25.95 
18.82 
20.54 
29.68 
20.32 
22.76 

26.67 
37.95 
39.59 



CORRESPONDING TEMPERATURE IN THE OLD WORLD 



33; 



With perfect sanitation such as we hope will soon be 
inaugurated in San Francisco, we do not hesitate in saying 
that the mortality will be reduced to 10 per 1,000 inhabi- 
tants. In Los Angeles, San Diego, San Jose, etc., the yearly 
mortality ranges from 5 to 10 per 1,000. In San Francisco 
however, many sick and dying people arrive from all over 
the coast and from the East, making the death-rate greater. 
But with perfect sewerage and the excellent purifying trade- 
winds, San Francisco will be one of the healthiest cities in 
the world. 




MONSTER GRAPEVINE AT SANTA BARBARA 

To thoroughly appreciate California one should leave 
the East in January or February ; cross the Mississippi 
Valley where everything is bleak and desolate, and where 
the northwest wind whistles mournfully around house 
corners; then cross the broad Western prairies where the 
only sign of life to be seen is the thin, blue smoke floating- 
upward from the snow -covered housetops ; then over grim 
mountain ranges, dark snowsheds, and over frozen streams. 



384 MINERAL SPRINGS OF CALIFORNIA 

until the summit of the Sierras is reached, when the prom- 
ised land gladdens the eye. Here are sunny slopes, 
budding trees, hills carpeted with wild flowers, throngs of 
song birds, cloudless blue skies, and life and warmth every- 
where. Twenty years ago Bayard Taylor enjoyed this 
experience, and wrote : 

" Then let me purchase a few acres on the lowest slope 
of these mountains, overlooking the valley, and with a dis- 
tant gleam of the bay : let me build a cottage embowered 
in acacia and eucalyptus, and the tall spires of the Italian 
cypress. Let me leave home when the Christmas holidays 
are over, and enjoy the balmy Januarys and Februarys, the 
heavenly Marches and Aprils, of my remaining years here, 
returning only when May shall have brought beauty to the 
Atlantic shores. There shall my roses outbloom those of 
Paestum ; there shall my nightingale sing, my orange 
blossoms sweeten the air, my children play and my best 
poem be written. " 



Thy tawney hills shall bleed their purple wine, 

Thy valleys yield their oil ; 
And Music with her eloquence divine, 

Persuade thy sons to toil. 

Till Hesper, as he trims his silver beam, 

No happier land shall see ; 
And Earth shall find her old Arcadian dream 

Restored again in thee ! 

— Bayard Taylor. 



1 Sm 




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